History of Africa from the 16th to the 20th Century

The scramble for Africa is, I think, one of the worst understood periods in

history

, as I understand it, most people seem to believe that one day the colonial powers sat around a map at the Berlin conference, drawing borders around of the parties who wanted it and that was it, but the fighting had already begun by the time of the 1884 conference, in addition to the conference data that any claimant must demonstrate effective occupation of a region before it would be granted , this meant that in some cases there were literal races between explorers much more intense than the destruction of lines. on a map during the fighting, great powers like britain and france almost went to war, it caused a revolution in portugal and i would say that, with the exception perhaps of the zulus and the ethiopians, the

africa

ns and their battles against colonialism a They are often completely ignored, plus The fact that some African countries like Egypt and Ethiopia actually expanded is also often overlooked, but to understand the struggle you really need to go back in time, well maybe not, but there are some empires. fascinating wars and cultural exchanges before the first European colonies.

In Africa they were established by the Portuguese as bases along their route to India, these included Madeira in the Atlantic, Sofia and Mozambique, Luanda in Angola and Mombasa and Zanzibar in East Africa, all proved to be important stopping points. for international trade and this was pretty much The standard for colonialism at the time it was much more profitable to set up factories for trade and control sea routes rather than taking over entire regions as such. The Portuguese would also establish colonies on the spice islands of Hormuz and Persia, and it is important to this story in In Oman, the Spanish and the Portuguese had agreed to divide the world in two, so they had little competition from the Europeans in Africa. , but at the end of the

16th

century

the Iberian Union united Portugal with Spain and, as such, the Portuguese entered Spain's wars against the Dutch and the English.

The Dutch were quick to enter the colonial game and took Mena from the Portuguese. They expanded into West Africa. In the 17th

century

they entered Cape Town, an important intermediate point for ships sailing between the oceans. The Dutch who settled in this region became the Boers. However, the locals in South Africa they encountered during this period were not Zulus, but were like earthquakes. These are often. grouped together with the San hunter-gatherers, but were a distinct group of people, the Zulus, on the other hand, did not come onto the scene for a few decades, as they were Bantu who migrated from the north;

However, to complicate matters further, there were also coasters in South Africa at the time and they are closely related to the Bantu. There is some debate about when the Khosa arrived, but their language shows that they may have been there much earlier, as they adopted some of the clicking sounds from the local San. So, thing is usually pronounced something like gnosa, but I think it's time to explain a little about the African people and their kingdoms, so this will be an oversimplification, I'm aware of this since I'm trying to explain about 200 years of African

history

, but here goes, let's start with the Bantu, they probably originated in Cameroon and migrated south and east.

This migration lasted potentially thousands of years, so don't think of it as a mass movement of people, they became the dominant group in many countries. central and south

africa

over time, but they often lived alongside the original inhabitants, so in south africa and especially in namibia there are still the san and, next to the bantu in the congo, there are the pygmies, in addition they were the bantu who established the kingdom of the congo in central africa and this kingdom at the beginning of the 17th century sent an ambassador to meet with the pope in rome, his name was emmanuelle nevunda, but after traveling through brazil and spain he died just two days after arriving in rome , this kingdom also built cities larger than some in Europe and many of its rulers became Christians very early and adopted European fashions.

Congolese men also joined Christian religious orders. They had their own coats of arms and the kingdom survived in one form or another until the 19th century, so there was a quasi-European Christian kingdom at the center. Africa which had connections to the papacy and a large urban population, but its country was often torn apart by civil war and, strangely, during one of these wars in the late 17th century a prophet emerged. This prophet was Kim Pavita and she had visions claiming that Jesus was in In fact, he was born in the Congo, so it was something like an African version of Mormonism;

Otherwise, in central Africa there were many kingdoms such as the kingdoms of Burundi and Rwanda, which were established there in the late 17th century and from very early on these kingdoms were based on Tutti rule. on the Hutus and this power dynamic would continue to be very important in the

20th

century, leading to genocides in the respective countries and the outbreak of the first Congo war in southern Africa. It was also the Bantu, specifically the Shona people, who built the great Zimbabwe in medieval times. But by 1600 Great Zimbabwe had fallen and power in the region was transferred to Mutapa in Mozambique.

However, this Mutapa kingdom eventually weakened due to infighting and Portuguese interference, so in the late 17th century they often accepted vassalage from the Portuguese or even their other new neighbor, the Rosvi empire, the Rozvi. They became rich in gold and were a formidable power, so they were able to fend off numerous Portuguese attempts to seize their gold mines which ran further north along the coast and the Muslims once ruled the important trading centers of Zanzibar. and Mombasa, but their slaughter was the sultanate, it was already in decline when the Portuguese arrived and finally collapsed. This allowed the Portuguese to take over these trading centres, but a new power soon emerged in the region and anyone who has played Victoria 2 will know this.

The power of Oman, its capital Muscat, had been in the hands of the Portuguese, but they were expelled from there in the 17th century and the new Yeruba dynasty took advantage of their victory and pursued the Portuguese west and seized the east coast of Africa. Zanzibar in particular would become a major trading center for the lucrative Arab slave trade, something that played a huge role during the scramble for Africa centuries later, furthermore, it was from Zanzibar that many Arab slave traders would form trading centers deep In the interior of Africa, further north, there were still more Muslim sultanates. in Somalia as Ajiran, which defended a couple of Portuguese invasions, while nearby the adult sultanate in the

16th

century attempted to conquer its Christian neighbors, the Ethiopians, but the Portuguese came to the aid of the Ethiopians and prevented the taking of the power, the Ottomans, on the other hand, came to the aid of the Muslims who started the Ottoman-Portuguese war that spread from East Africa to India.

Now, in previous centuries, Somalis were quite intrepid explorers, as people like Saeed of Mogadishu headed to China in the 13th century. Although they began to fall behind the Europeans in terms of maritime technology and trade, the port of Berbera continued to be incredibly important well into the 19th century. It was said during this time that thousands of camels would arrive at the port bringing ivory cattle hides in their likes ready to be shipped across Arabia and beyond, but their failures against Ethiopia meant that Ethiopia would remain an independent Christian kingdom trapped behind of Muslim lands, so many Christians believed that this was the homeland of Presta John, a fictional Christian king of great wealth who would help the Europeans in their conquest of the Islamic empires and this idea of ​​Presta John encouraged many Europeans to explore the region, furthermore, as a Christian kingdom, Ethiopia, like the Congo, had connections with Europe and the papacy, for example they sent ambassadors to the Council of Florence in the 1430s and even attempted to form an alliance with the king of Aragon against the Muslims before that, even further back, their ruler Lali Baylor built huge stone churches named after him in the 12th century as a sort of second Jerusalem, this came shortly after the Muslims.

They reconquered the city of Jerusalem so they were present in the Middle East during the Crusades and the Ethiopians, along with their Christian neighbors to the north, were sometimes present in the courts of the Byzantine Empire, but this entire area of ​​East Africa, like unsurprisingly, it had a completely different racial composition; its position on the Indian Ocean attracted several Arab traders who brought Islam to the area; then within Ethiopia they had several different ethnicities like the Tegrayans and the Amharans. America was the language of the empire for the most part. but this was a Semitic language closer to those of the Middle East than to any of Africa, furthermore, in future centuries, many of the Ethiopian rulers and elites, like many of the Europeans, would consider the Caucasian Ethiopians, e.g. , a journalist from Haiti named Benito.

Sylvain met Emperor Menlick II in the 19th century and hoped to become honorary president of his society, promoting the course of blacks, but Menelik refused and declared that he was actually a Caucasian man, but don't think that Caucasians are simply white. . like in the united states today as at that time it included everyone from india to england then ethiopia and even the islamic sultanates in the 16th century were facing a sort of migration crisis when the oromo people of the south From Ethiopia began migrating north of this Oromo people and the ruling United States were never fully unified into a single entity and conflicts between them continue to this day.

The Ethiopians weren't even the only Christian kingdom in the region as just north of them was the Medribari that survived for centuries, but just to the west of them you had more Islamic kingdoms and empires like Darfur will die and you'll buy new ones now to Borneo. In medieval times they were a much more powerful empire, but by this point they had become something of a residual state in modern-day Chad. Further west still were the estates made up of Africa's largest ethnic group, the Hausa, then to the west of them was the declining empire of Mali.

This empire, like others across the Sahara, grew rich from the trans-Saharan slave trade in gold and salt and the tastes passed through these great states and the ruler of Mali Mansa Musa was once said to be the most richest that has ever existed. The salt mines here kept food preserved on long voyages and entire salt mine towns depended on this trade to bring them in. food in the middle of the desert and just south of them they had many gold mines and I often think that the slave trade somewhat overshadows the West African gold trade the desire for gold was not just among a few rich Europeans looking to get even more rich but at the beginning of the age of exploration it was essential for the survival of European economies.

This is because between 1457 and 1464 there was a bullion famine and Europeans were running out of gold and silver. This was caused in part by wars like The Hundred Years War and the huge trade deficit that the Europeans had with Asia, so the Europeans started exploring and discovered West Africa and its gold mines, and these pretty much saved Europe. Gold from this region circulated so well in Europe that this is where the name comes from. of the old guinea coins because from where else but guinea could such a large amount of gold be obtained? As such, there were numerous African states that emerged along the coast here.

Benin and Oyo, for example, had existed since medieval times, while others such as Dahomey and Ashanti arose around AD 16 to 1700, but there are too many to mention in this summary in the far reaches of West Africa, around present-day Senegal, existed. the powerful Jolof empire, but in the mid-16th century, Cura was freed and the empire disintegrated. in several states, however, as Europeans began to enter West Africa, stories of earlier settlers in the region began to emerge, for example, in the 17th century, the French claimed they had evidence that the Normans attacked the coast of West Africa back in the 13th century.

This was based on documents that have now disappeared and the alleged testimony of a 130-year-old man from Guinea. He apparently mentioned a French battery in the region, but without those original documents it is impossible to know if this was based on any truth. Another story came from the Genoese who had their own explorers in the medieval and early modern period, the best known being of course Columbus, but there were also the Vivaldi brothers who attemptedcircumnavigate Africa back in the 13th century. However, they disappeared en route, but Antonio Tonio Damari, a later explorer, wrote about 150 years later he claimed to have found his descendants.

Now Uso Damari was one of the first travelers to Africa in the hope of obtaining funding for future expeditions, so his reports are often full of exaggerations and lies, for example, he wrote about the incredibly rich lands of Presta John along from Gambia. river and, strangely, a group of people who spoke the Genoese dialect, so apparently the great-great-grandsons of the Vivaldi brothers now these medieval explorers may not have reached West Africa, but ancient people did, the Phoenicians for example , they explored the area and Hanno, the navigator. He even tried to enslave guerrillas back in the 5th century BC.

C., but although successful trade stopped in medieval times, that does not mean that Europe was completely isolated from West Africa, obviously gold found its way from West Africa to Europe, but some strange items. it could have traveled in the opposite direction, as in the 19th century, the British took over Ashanti and discovered a uh dating back to the year 1300. It was inscribed with the English royal seal of the time and had English writing on the side, so it was clearly made in Plantagenet. England, but how it got there remains a mystery. It came with slave traders later in the 18th century or embarked on a grand medieval voyage being traded with people from Spain, Morocco, Mali and the like before finding its new home in the Ashanti kingdom.

It's really hard to tell now in West Africa. There was a powerful empire just east of Senegal, the Songhai Empire, they had largely driven the Mali Empire into decline and taken the city of Timbuktu from them, but the Songhai Empire had virtually collapsed in the 17th century and their defeat It did not come into the hands of the Europeans but Morocco the Moroccans of North Africa in 1578 had repulsed a Portuguese invasion and their new sultan Ahmed al-Mansoor launched an invasion towards the south and crushed the Songhai the Moroccans at that time were so powerful They were seen as a potential ally for the dynasty of Judah and even the French who hoped to fight their mutual enemy of Spain plus the Moroccans were so convinced that they could defeat the Spanish that al-Mansour planned how to divide the Spanish colonies into the Americas however their rule over West Africa did not last long, the logistics of maintaining such a large empire across the Sahara proved too difficult, especially after the plague swept through the region, killing Al Mansour and weakening the kingdom, for which were treated in the north only a couple of decades later. and this brings me to one of africa's most forgotten colonizers: the northern muslims, after the ottomans defeated the mamluks in the early 16th century, annexed egypt and this in turn paved the way for taking the coast of libya. , algeria and tunisia, and this in turn paved the way for them to take the coast of libya, algeria and tunisia, these would later become the barbarian states that would launch infamous pirate attacks on ships passing through the mediterranean sea and if any nation wanting safe passage would have to pay tribute to the respective countries, many Europeans would join the ranks of these pirates, in particular Yan Yan, soon a Dutch pirate appeared who wanted to attack his Spanish enemy under his command, the pirates would launch raids as far north as Iceland, where hundreds of people were captured in the 1620s.

These people, like many Europeans at the time, were then brought back to the barbarian states and sold as slaves. Now this slave trade at its peak, around 1580 to 1680, probably saw about 1 million Europeans enslaved and taken to the North African states, but if this number were added to the number of Christians. enslaved by the Ottomans to fill the ranks of the janissaries and their likes, the number would of course be much larger. Furthermore, during this period, pirates temporarily took over the English island of London, near Bristol, while in Morocco they formed their own republic, the republic of Sali.

Among the population of this republic there were many Christian converts to Islam such as Yanyan soon In addition, there were many Muslims who were forcibly evicted from Spain in the previous decades and also a group of Jewish pirates who also wanted revenge against the Spanish for expelling them from their home, the Ottomans and the Muslim pirates were, therefore, the most dominant force in North Africa, but the Ottomans also began to seek lands further south and expanded along the Red Sea, for example, back in 1557 they seized Misawa in present-day Eritrea and it was from There they became involved in the war between Adal, the Ethiopians and the Portuguese.

In addition, there were also several European colonies in North Africa. The Portuguese attempted on numerous occasions to invade Morocco and sometimes managed to establish bases along the coast. These were claimed by the Moroccans, but there is an interesting story there when Catherine of Bruganza, a Portuguese princess, married King Charles II of England in 1662 and gave tanjia to the English as part of her dowry. This dowry also included Bombay, which marked British expansion into India on the move, so the same could have happened in Tangier with the English expanding into North Africa, but English Protestants already suspected Charles of being Catholic and there was a large number of Catholics garrisoning the city, so they then destroyed the fortifications and abandoned Morocco.

Also in the 16th century the Spanish were able to seize many important cities along the North African coast, for example they took Tripoli in 1510 and handed it over to the Knights of St. John in Malta. Algiers was also temporarily occupied by them and Tunisia became a Spanish puppet and so was Gerber. They later lost most of them to the Ottomans. However, to this day the Spanish still retain some of their North African possessions, Malila and Sueta, so you had Portuguese Spanish and English in the north. Also, there was a very small French attempt and they established a fort called the French stronghold at Anaba.

There they hoped, like many, to exploit the coral trade in the region, but very little came from this colony, the largest coral traders at the time. There was a time when the Italian Genoese owned tobacco in Tunisia until the 18th century, however, European or at least Christian attempts to take over North Africa date back centuries, for example, back in the 12th century, the city of Pisa attacked a naba while the The Sicilians clung to gerber sporadically between the 12th and 15th centuries. In fact, when the Normans ruled Sicily, they launched Mary's campaigns in the 11th century and seized large sections of Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.

They controlled so much land that the Norman rulers took the title. of the king of Africa and ruled the area until the Al Mohad caliphate expelled them anyway, when the Europeans began to accumulate more wealth, they too sought to create their own colonial empires and most of them came to the west coast, after After all, this place was rich in gold and many of them sought to get involved in the growing slave market, particularly on the Gold Coast or in modern-day Ghana, large numbers of Europeans arrived, but these Europeans, as in other regions, They were not controlled by the governments of each country. but they were more like private commercial companies, so like the Virginia Company in the United States or the numerous companies in the East Indies, there were also groups such as the English African Company of Merchants or the Guinea Company, so in West Africa they were Of course, the English and Dutch, who were establishing colonies around the world at the time, but there were also Danish and Swedish colonies, plus a brief Prussian attempt that lasted from 1682 to 1721, but arguably the darkest colonial power It was coal and this was a small vassal state of the Poles.

Lithuanian Commonwealth located in present-day Latvia, but the population was a mix of local Baltic Poles and many Germans who had arrived there during the Northern Crusades, established a colony on the Gold Coast from 1651 to 1661, however, they also had a colony in in Senegal and had a Caribbean colony on the island of Tobago, so the language of many African countries could well have been German or even Swedish if things had been different, but, again, although this is an oversimplification, many of these countries would become distracted or in debt due to wars in europe and many of them would sell their colonies to the dutch or english, on the other hand the danes maintained colonies in west africa and the caribbean until the mid 19th century , but since the abolition of slavery many of their settlements were abandoned and eventually sold, then as we move towards the end of the 17th century, the Dutch were in decline and in their place the French appeared as a power in the colonial game, For example, Corey took this island from the Dutch by the way. has a somewhat controversial history, as it is often claimed to be one of the main centers of the transatlantic slave trade, but this has been questioned in recent years because less than five percent of the 12 million slaves crossing the Atlantic are If they are said to have departed from the Senegambia region, then even a smaller percentage of them would have reached Gauri, so compared to other regions, this 5 percent is quite low.

The Gold Coast, for example, sent more than 10 of the slaves to Bernin's bite, more than 20, and by far the largest number came from the area around the Congo and Angola, at about 40 percent. This, by the way, makes quite a bit of sense since this is the region in which the Portuguese largely operated and most of the slaves were not sent to the Caribbean or the United States but in fact about 5 million arrived in Brazil in compared to 2 million in the British Caribbean 1 million in the French Caribbean and Spanish America and half a million in Dutch America and the current United States respectively, in addition it should also be said that more than a million of those who left Africa never crossed the Atlantic but now we are entering the slave trade and this is another thing that seems to be completely misunderstood by many, on the one hand it is said that the Europeans went out to capture the slaves themselves while on the other hand it is often said that Africans were the largest slave traders, but in reality the situation was much more complicated, as one would expect to try to simplify the situation: the slave trade, of course, lasted a long time.

Before the Europeans arrived, Muslim traders had been carrying slaves across the Sahara or the more regular route for slaves was through ports such as Zanzibar. In fact, there were so many African slaves in the Muslim world that there were large slave rebellions, for example, there was the Zanz rebellion. In 9th century Iraq, where hundreds of thousands of men were supposedly involved, the Islamic slave trade in Africa continued into the

20th

century and, in some cases, such as present-day Libya or Mauritania, well into the 21st century. Also, this slave trade would be an important justification for Europeans to start taking colonies in Africa, but I will talk about that in later videos and as a side note, although it is not Islamic, Mussolini would use the Ethiopian slave trade as a justification for invading the country in the 1930s. but anyway, in the European slave trade, now some African kingdoms participated in the trade, but not all, other nations were completely destroyed by it, as their neighbors waged more aggressive campaigns against them only to capture slaves to sell them to Europeans or keep them. for themselves, while, on the contrary, some nations and people flourished due to the slave trade, the Oyo empire, for example, launched campaigns to capture slaves and sometimes even campaigns of conquest, they also demanded tribute from the slaves. conquered peoples in the form of slaves that they in turn sold. to buy European weapons and the cycle continued near Dahomey also had a largely slave-based economy in the 18th century the king of Tahomi even sent a diplomatic mission to Brazil in hopes of encouraging greater trade and was also one of the first nations to recognize brazil independence on that basis, but because it was forced to give male slaves to oyo as tribute each year, they decided to create an all-female military unit called homie amazons, these amazons often carried out slave raids and During some festivities they held simulated battles. showing them capturing male slaves, these female soldiers actually continued to be a powerful force in West Africa into the 19th century and were present in the war against the French.

Further east, some archersThey moved towards the coast and established their own confederation to take advantage of the slave trade, while in southern Angola there were the Imbangala who would later form the Kasanji kingdom, but initially they were marauders and mercenaries, attacking settlements, capturing slaves and, according to In some accounts, they filled their ranks with captured children, plus there are reports of cannibalizing their victims and forcing their new recruits to eat human flesh, thus providing a much better slave trading partner for the Portuguese than the nearby kingdom of the Congo. This is because the Congolese often tried to limit the number of slaves in the Portuguese exported countries.

They sometimes tried to cut off trade completely and even sheltered runaway slaves, so some nations were interested in trade and others were not. Furthermore, as with the Islamic trade in East Africa, the transatlantic slave trade made some people incredibly wealthy and allowed some kingdoms to prosper. but mainly it created a state of anarchy since war was almost constant. Agriculture suffered as fields were destroyed and many young workers in our era of struggle were taken from their homes to be sent to nearby kingdoms or the Middle East or the Americas. However, there was another important center for slaves that I have not mentioned and that is Madagascar, where more than five percent of the slaves in America come from, but in Madagascar the population was completely different to the rest of Africa, they were obviously divided by the sea. but the original settlers did not come from Africa at all, they came from Southeast Asia and were ethnically Austronesian, meaning they had more in common with the Maori of New Zealand or the Hawaiians than with the Kenyans and Nigerians from whom they first came to across the continent.

Indian Ocean around 500 AD, but soon after Muslim traders also began to arrive bringing their religion with them and supposedly more Austronesians crossed the Indian Ocean a couple of centuries later, followed in the 9th century by the Bantu who came from Africa continental, the English, French and Portuguese tried it. establish colonies on the island, but disease and rather ferocious locals meant they did not survive more than a couple of decades, but the French were able to establish bases on nearby islands such as Réunion and Mauritius in the mid-17th century. They established the kingdom of Marina, this kingdom would expand until it took over most of the island until the 19th century, when they were conquered by the French, but due to the numerous races that lived on the island, they would organize their society in a kind of caste system.

At the top were the navy people, the highlanders, they were known as Andriana and as expected they held positions of power and were seen as more Austronesian in appearance, below them were other people who spoke the local language.de Malagasy, but were absorbed into the kingdom later, these were called hover and were the three commoners, while below them were the Andean slaves who were brought to the country in large numbers to work on the plantations that were purchased from the French and Arabs mainly. who brought them from Mozambique on the east coast of Africa, so similar to the United States, it was a rather racial form of slavery and, according to a recent UN report, there is still great discrimination against this caste of slaves, while supposedly there were strange colonies.

Established in Madagascar by pirates, although piracy is much more famous in the Caribbean, many pirates in the 17th century began to terrorize the Indian Ocean captain Kidd, for example, became a pirate after he was tasked with trying to catch pirates off the coast of madagascar which was a great place to loot treasures brought from india one of the pirates who made a name for himself was henry each time he captured a ship belonging to the mughal emperor aurangzeb and this led to possibly The first manhunt in the world was established against pirates like Adam Baldridge, bases around Madagascar such as on the island of Santa María and there was also a somewhat mythical colony called Libertasia where pirates went to war against the oppressors and defended the rights of people;

However, many historians wonder whether or not it really existed as we entered the 18th century. There really wasn't a big change in terms of colonization, for example during the Seven Years' War the British took French posts in Senegal, but they were returned to the friends shortly afterwards. Most colonial efforts at the time were still focused on America, which was far away. It is easier to settle in India, home to great wealth and cities, but Spain entered Africa when they agreed to give up Portuguese land in South America in exchange for Spanish Guinea (present-day Equatorial Guinea), but Spanish influence in Africa under of the Sahara will be greatly reduced. just stay in this area in the south the dutch settlers began to form their own unique culture and these wild boars are africans they began to undertake journeys into the interior of south africa in london the african association was created in the last years of the century with the aim to explore plus the continent they sent mungo park to timbuktu, but by then it was a shadow of its former self, since since the moroccan invasions the city had been weakened and had been invaded by tuareg tribes a couple of times plus the increase in transatlantic travel .

The slave trade meant that it had lost its strategic importance as a trading center as money began to move further towards the coast. This was quite a recurring theme across the continent, as the 18th century saw the demise of many once-powerful nations, such as the Kingdom of the Congo, for example. He was caught in an almost endless struggle for the throne, while in Ethiopia there was the era of princes, when the country was divided between several lords and the emperor had no real power, which in turn led to several ethnic clashes and, ultimately, to the weakening of the empire.

To the north of them, the former Christian Nubian states of Makuria had been defeated, but the new Muslim states of Darfur were Dai and Funge who fought several wars against each other during the 18th century and also faced droughts that lasted for years. The monarchs began to erode and Ethiopian raids plundered a great deal of wealth, so by the early 19th century the Sana Palace in the Sultanate of Fung was essentially in ruins, but there was a peculiar state caught between the Christians and Muslims in this area: shilluk kingdom here their religion was based on their kings and their capital was soda, a place that would gain much fame during the scramble for africa in the southeast, the kingdom of mutappa faced numerous civil wars and competing factions constantly called on the the Portuguese for help, the Portuguese were obviously willing to participate and the kingdom simply disintegrated in that century, but the Portuguese were able to expand their possessions in Africa at the expense of kingdoms such as the Congo, however Portugal was weakening, for which they had very little direct government.

Otherwise, the Portuguese also helped the rise of the Zulu kingdom in nearby South Africa. This is because they brought corn from America and it had spread inland by the mid-18th century. This led to a huge population increase in the region and stimulated the desire to seize arable lands that had dramatically increased in importance due to cultivation, so the Zulus along with other Bantu began to establish their own kingdoms in the following decades. in the West. In Africa, a series of palace coups weakened the Oyo empire and also saw the fall of the great Falu empire to an entirely new threat.

The jihadists. These jihads began in the 1720s and were largely launched by foolish people who today can be found in almost every country. West African country were inspired to launch jihads by the Tirodby, a group of clerics whose origins are not entirely clear; In fact, they started launching jihads in the late 17th century, but they really came to prominence in the 18th century, starting with Karamoko Alpha. With the conquest of Futa Gelan they destroyed many sacred animist objects belonging to the locals, including a ceremonial drum, and made a large amount of money by selling slaves to Europeans, but like Christians in Europe, they refused to sell Muslim slaves and They even banned the French.

By not using the rivers of their kingdoms to transport Muslim slaves, their success in turn led to the formation of more jihadist states in West Africa, such as Futatoro, which was founded in 1776 at the expense of the great empire and then, at the turn of the century XIX, they took over Timbuk2. and formed the messina empire, but its largest state was probably the sokoto caliphate, this caliphate conquered the hausa kingdoms and pushed back the borno empire which was also largely islamic, and the sokoto caliphate ruled the region until the early 20th century, also in the north The 18th century was also a disaster for the Moroccans, while in the north the Moroccans, the people who once tried to create a huge empire in West Africa, were also in decline under Ismael ibn Sharif, the Various tribes and ethnic groups in the country were placed under central control. control at the end of the 17th century and even managed to retake many Spanish cities in the region such as madiya and asila and then, to further weaken the Europeans, sponsored pirate attacks against them, but the various divisions were never completely overcome, this is evident In the creation of the Black God a personal god made up entirely of sub-Saharan African slaves, they were seen as more loyal than any of the various people in Morocco and were tasked with collecting taxes to crush rebellions and the like, but when Ishmael died In 1727, the country began to fall apart. and descended into anarchy over the following decades their eastern neighbors, the Ottomans, were also in decline in the 18th century, although their decline in Europe is better known, they had been losing control of North Africa since the early 18th century, For example.

In Tripolitania, a janissary named Ahmed Karamanli assassinated the region's Ottoman ruler in 1711 and he seized power. Towards the end of the century, a Turkish officer named Ali Pasha attempted to restore Ottoman control through a coup of his own, but the civil war of In the 1790s, the Karamanli dynasty reestablished its authority. The same thing happened in Tunas with Al-Hussein and Ibn Ali, who took power in 1705, and in Algiers, where Baba Ali Chok overthrew the Ottoman officials. Furthermore, in Algiers they began to demand higher tributes from the European powers and when this was rejected, they actually started wars against them long before the barbaric wars of the 19th century.

Baba declared war on the Dutch in 1715 and then in 1769 the Danes declared war on Algiers, the Algerians responded by enslaving the crew on a number of Danish ships and refused to surrender despite the threat of the city was bombed and, fortunately for them, at least many Danish soldiers died of typhoid during the conflict, meaning that the Algerians defeated the Danes and the Spanish would declare war in the 1770s to round up more Algerians. raids, but despite having their cities heavily bombed, the Algerians still refused to surrender and a poorly planned Spanish assault on Algiers was repulsed, so once again the Algerians were successful, but their appearance would eventually be exhausted in a couple of decades when the Americans under the command of Thomas Jefferson. and also the british would defeat them and just at the end of the century, further east, napoleon invaded egypt, although he was defeated and abandoned the region, this triggered a huge chain reaction that completely changed the course of african history, this is because Because Egypt, although under Ottoman control, had been ruled by the Mamluks for centuries.

This was a military cast made up of slaves brought from the Caucasus, the Balkans and similar places, so the ruling elite of Egypt was a different ethnic group than the general Arab population, but they had now been defeated. by Napoleon, resulting in a power vacuum, eventually a man who may well have been Albanian took power. He was Muhammad Ali and his density would rule Egypt virtually independently of the Ottomans, but his dynasty would change the world. They created their own empire. They built the sewage canal. and went into debt, which brought the British into the country and this led to modest wars, so I'll look at the beginnings of the fighting in the next episode and I'll leave it here for now, at the end of the 18th century, where we have a power vacuum in egypt declining powers everywhere on the continent jihadist states in the west slave-trading kingdoms like homie's ashanti in rural arab madagascar in the east and a collection of very small european colonies around the coast but then, although often ignored, Napoleonic forces The wars and their consequences caused a series of changes inAfrica in particular, the British entered South Africa, the Americans defeated the barbarian states, the British fought the Ashanti and the government took direct control of the West African colonies, then the restored French monarchy invaded Algeria and probably most .

It is important to note that for many African kingdoms slavery was abolished, which meant that the kingdoms that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, those that built their economy on the basis of the slave trade, were economically paralyzed and this further weakened The main powers of the continent, although the African continent had a number of powerful kingdoms in the early modern period such as the Congo, Ethiopia Mutapa and Morocco, by the end of the 18th century, most of them had been weakened by civil wars, intervention Foreign trade and constant wars, many of these wars were fueled by the demand for slaves, but then the The continent would change completely with the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars which began with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt.

At the time, Egypt was ruled by the Ottomans, but that was just another declining power in the 18th century and by then the barbarian states of North Africa were acting. independent of their government, meanwhile in Egypt the Mamluks had largely ruled the country for centuries. This was a military cast made up of slaves brought from the Caucasus Balkans and the like, so the ruling elite of Egypt was a different ethnic group than the general Arab population, which meant. When Napoleon invaded Egypt, he largely fought against the Mamluks in his armies and despite some initial victories, Royal Navy blockades and disease forced Napoleon to flee, but the Mamluks' defeats had created a vacuum of power in the country, since power was disputed among the Turkish Mamluks. the government is sent by the ottomans and muhammad ali a leader of the albanian troops that the ottomans sent to fight the french during the following years of chaos muhammad ali managed to defeat the mamluks consolidating their control and even expanding the borders of egypt his first war was against a new sect of islam in saudi arabia called wahabis after this war he invited the remaining blocks of men to celebrate but when they entered the city they were massacred.

Those who survived by remaining in the countryside fled south to Sudan, but Muhammad Ali pursued them in 1820. Egypt's conquest of Sudan began, however, Muhammad Ali had another reason for the conquest, as he wrote: You are aware that the end of all our effort and expense is to get blacks and in this he was successful, the kingdom of the foons in the surrounding area was conquered. with only approximately 10,000 men, which showed the world how a small, well-trained force using modern weapons can defeat an entire kingdom. After this, the Egyptians would launch new campaigns of conquest, taking Casala to Sookin Equatoria and Darfur in 1874.

But one country they did not conquer was Ethiopia, meanwhile the Muhammad Ali dynasty would fight wars against the Ottomans and for a short time they even took Syria so that they could be seen as the first true colonizers of Africa who not only sought trading posts but large expanses of Furthermore, although their dynasty would officially remain under Ottoman control, they practically acted independently and Egypt under their rule would attempt to modernize rapidly, e.g. , the sewer canal would be built that would bring European traders and colonizers to East Africa, however, Egyptian wars and modernization. plunged them into debt and this led to the British entering the country, modest wars and much more, but if we go back to the beginning of the 19th century, there were some changes that occurred during the Napoleonic Wars, for example, the British took Mauritius from the French , but most important was the formation of the Zulu kingdom made up of Shakazulu and Bantu who migrated south simultaneously, the British took the Dutch colony in South Africa pushing the boring Dutch on their great journey in 1836 to establish their own states, this meant that There was a three-way power struggle between the poor, the British and the Zulus.

However, these three powers obviously did not arise peacefully, but rather conquered and ruled a number of different races - the British, for example, almost immediately went to war against the Kosa people. The first confrontation between them took place in the 1810s, when the coaster occupied the Zerfelt region, which had acted as a buffer, but they were quickly expelled from it. There was another wall. That decade beginning in 1818, which was largely led by a coastal prophet named Makana and Xaili, now supposedly had the power to turn bullets into water and hoped to unite the Kosa against the British who had seized thousands of cattle. which belonged to them, but the British had with the support of the San people and together defeated the Kosa, as McCanna became the first person to be sentenced to prison on Robben Island, which became the infamous site of the imprisonment of nelson mandela In the intervening years, thousands of British settlers arrived in South Africa while the Kosa angered the Boers with their cattle raids, so Pietrotif sent his wild boar commandos on punitive expeditions against them, while the Sixth Coastal War broke out in 1834.

It was another quick victory for the British, who took more land and even imprisoned King Hinsa, however, while they negotiated payment. Because of the stolen cattle, the king tried to escape and died in the chase; However, despite this victory, Britain's inability to protect the poor colonists convinced them to take matters into their own hands and thus embark on the great journey north. However, tensions between the British and the Boers had increased. been rising for some time, obviously English became the official language and British laws and culture alienated wars, but what possibly angered them most were Britain's racial policies, for example back in 1815, the The British declared that the natives of South Africa would be citizens and share the same rights.

The British banned slavery in the region in 1834, freeing some 30,000 African slaves. At the time it is believed that over 90 per cent of the Boers in some regions such as Stellenbosch owned slaves, so this, together with British weakness during mountain cattle raids, caused the women to set out northwards and They established their own republics. These voyages lasted a couple of years and only about 6,000 people or a fifth of the Dutch population made the trip and they faced attacks from all sides. The Bailly mata, for example, attacked them from the beginning. But in 1836, in the battle of Veg Cop, only 35 wild boars resisted the attack of more than 5,000 Mata Bailey warriors.

The following punitive attacks drove the Mata Bailly out of the region and into Zimbabwe, where most of them live today, but their arrival came at the cost of the Shona people and tensions between these communities continue to this day, But probably the worst attacks came from the Zulu, for example, in 1838, Pietratif met with Tinggani, the Zulu king, to discuss a land treaty and witness a ceremonial performance; However, it was a trap and 100 people, including Ratif, were massacred. This was followed by other massacres, such as the winning massacre in which over 500 wild boars were killed, so the Boers could well have been destroyed and driven from their new land, but the betrayal and massacres encouraged them to retreat.

He encountered the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in late 1838. In this battle they were victorious and established the Republic of Natalya, while the Zulus descended into civil wars when the Boers under Pretorius helped Umpande remove his brother Dengane from the power, but the boers were not allowed to remain in natalya for long as the british moved troops there in 1842 and expelled them, so other boer republics were established such as a clip river before, in the 1850s, The Orange and Transvaal Free States were established, but the Brewers were not the only people who established new republics, as there were also the Greeks, a group of mixed race people who established their own republics like Greece to the east and west in the 1860s, centered on mining areas and finally the Zulu, who probably launched the most destructive campaigns in In the region, approximately between 1815 and 1840, the Zulu launched their expansion walls and the original inhabitants called this period umphikane.

This word has many meanings but consider it as a dispersal of people as people were driven from their lands and it is estimated that over a million people were killed, people fled in all directions and established their own kingdoms in states. For example, after the defeat of Unduan Duishoshingani, he went to Mozambique and established the Gaza empire. The Fengu people, on the other hand, arrived in Kosaland, putting more pressure on its resources and if you look at a map of South Africa today you will see a small nation trapped within it. This is Lesotho. The origins of this country date back to this period when Mashosho, the first, led his Sutu people into the mountains to escape.

The Zulu Wars, the other small nation in this region is Swaziland or Eswatini, which still has a monarchy, but their monarchy dates back to the mid-18th century. The Swazis used to live around Delgoat Bay in Mozambique, but they settled in the area where they are. today under the leadership of dlamini iii and are quite unique in that they were not affected by the zulu wars to the east of them, the portuguese still continued to rule mozambique but their power was already largely in decline and there was much trade throughout the this. The coast was now ruled by the Omani people who ruled in Zanzibar, but like the Greeks in South Africa, there was a group of mixed-race people on its borders who became incredibly influential in the region and often served as intermediaries between the two. groups of people who, however, acted more like feudal lords who managed large estates or arms that they received in exchange for an annual fee.

Their enormous estates were protected by slave soldiers known as chikundu and some families owned a few thousand of them. Some of these families would also become a little Africanized. and even became chiefs of local tribes in later decades, the Portuguese would try to bring them back under their control, especially after David Livingston began exploring the region, but some of these families, such as the De Cruz family, were able to expel them from He returned in 1868. David Livingston, by the way, was a Scottish missionary who largely on his own began exploring Africa in the middle of the century from South Africa, traveling north and establishing a mission as far away as Blantaya, in present-day Malawi, from From the 1840s to the 1860s, he traveled. around Africa and made some pretty strange alliances in the process, for example the makalolo traveled with him from Zambia to Malawi and they would then fight alongside the British throughout.

He reported all of his findings to the Europeans, including the continent's resources and the Arab massacres of Africans plus the ongoing slave trade, but very few cared initially, he finally disappeared in 1869 and Henry Morton Stanley was sent to look for him. . They met on the shores of lake tanganyika in 1871 with the famous words dr. Livingston, I presume in Stanley. He was also struggling to find funding for exploration and often relied on newspapers rather than his own government. In the end he relented and went to Leopold II of Belgium, the only European leader willing to colonize the area, but he would later be horrified to discover Leopold's intentions.

These might be two of the most famous explorers, but they were far from the first. The Scots in particular had several explorers throughout Africa, such as McGregor Lay, who traveled along the Niger in the 1830s, and Alexander Gordon Lang, who traveled to Tim. Book 2. In the 1820s, the Irish-born Frenchman Antoine Thomas de Abbedy explored Ethiopia in the 1830s, and Richard Francis Burton, a peculiar explorer, attempted to find the source of the Nile, but Burton also went to the Mecca dressed as a Muslim and earned the nickname Dick Ruffian for getting into fights and collecting measurements of people's penises wherever he went, but he was probably inspired by a much earlier explorer, Johan Lundvid Burkhardt, a Swiss explorer who performed the haj and rediscovered incredibly famous sites such as petra and abu simbel in the 1820s, but was ultimately prevented from traveling further. egypt by local authorities there were also some german explorers such as heinrich bart who explored the sahara and west africa and the german george august swinevote, born in latvian, who explored sudan but, aAgain, these were largely privately funded expeditions led by botanists or missionaries and did not really arise from the colonial ambitions of any European government at least before the 1870s, so British explorers traveled outside South Africa as they continued to fight the Khosa.

These wars lasted until the 1870s and one of the strangest episodes of these wars was The cattle slaughter movement of the 1850s began when a 16-year-old prophetess claimed that she had spoken to the Kosa ancestors and they promised to help them drive the Europeans into the sea, but they were only willing to help the living roller coaster if they destroyed them all. of their current resources, they burned their own crops and killed thousands of cattle, even the leaders began to demand that the people do it, but when the day of judgment was supposed to come in 1858, they were obviously disappointed and thousands died. of hunger meanwhile.

The fighting the British were waging in other parts of Africa dated back to the beginning of the century. In the west, the British were engaging in wars along the Gold Coast because, just as in America, the Europeans often aligned themselves with different tribes of nations there, the British often aided the Fanta confederacy, while that the dutch historically helped the much more powerful ashanti kingdom, the fanti, by the way, also flew asafoe flags in battle, something very similar to a regimental flag, many of which featured a british flag, so the british, although in a very minor way, they got involved in the Ashanti fantasy war of 1806, then the Ashanti fought the phanty again in 1811 and won again, but the Ashanti kingdom's most ambitious war of conquest occurred in 1814 when they conquered large sections of the Gold Coast with an army of 20,000 men and threatened to drive the Europeans out of the area, so in 1817 the British African Trading Company signed a treaty of friendship with them recognizing their recent conquests;

However, the British African Trading Company was soon dissolved in 1821 and the British government took control of West Africa. The colonies soon after, in 1823, the Yushanti killed soldiers of the British Royal African Regiment leading to the first Anglo-Ashanti War. During this war, the British were defeated in the first battles and their commander, Charles McCarthy, was killed and his skull was turned into a cup and his heart was supposedly eaten, but during that fatal battle only four boxes of supplies were taken to the front line, three of which only contained macaroni, so the 500 people of the British army were doomed against the ten thousand Ashanti, so to counterattack the British brought concrete rockets. to the region and expelled the Ashanti back securing a large part of the gold coast, either directly under their control or under the control of their allies such as the Fanti, in addition, it must also be said that the African company of traders also was disbanded because they were still supposedly trading slaves, something that was banned in 1807.

This ban was taken incredibly seriously by the British, as they also created the West African Squadron which patrolled the seas in the area in hopes of stopping the slave ships to further assist in this effort. They formed a new base at Banjuel in 1816 and this would be the Gambian base for decades to come, however only 20 ships patrolled the entire West African coast so perhaps only 10 of the ships were prevented from crossing the Atlantic. and it is believed that thousands of slaves were simply thrown overboard. As the slavers did not want to pay the fines to the British, it is believed that more than 150,000 slaves were freed in these decades and were returned to Africa, while in Africa this ban on slavery had important consequences for the powers that had arisen during the The last two hundred years they had based their economies on the export of slaves along with other items such as palm oil and the like, so the ban weakened their states and was met with indignation by many African leaders such as King Bonnie in Nigeria, who wrote to the British said we believe this trade must continue say that their country, no matter how large, could never stop a trade ordained by God Himself and furthermore the ban did little to stop the slave trade within Africa, the Igbo people , for example, continued to trade while the Dahomey used slaves.

As a display of wealth and prestige, as King Ghezzo of Dahomey wrote in the 1840s, the slave trade is the guiding principle of my people, it is the source and glory of their wealth, the mother lulls the child with notes of triumph over an enemy. Reduced to slavery, these kingdoms continued to find some markets to export mainly to Brazil, which only abolished slavery in 1888 and in addition there was still the option of selling to Islamic slave traders, while within Africa, Mauritania only abolished slavery in 1981 and still had slave owners in the Otherwise, in the 21st century, the abolition of slavery made the colonies in Africa much less profitable, as mentioned above, leading nations like Denmark to sell their colonies. in the 19th century, then things became more complicated when many of the freed slaves migrated to Nigeria starting in the 1830s where they were called the people of pain, some of these people when they migrated were simply re-enslaved or were used as some kind of political tool, for example, the ruler of Lagos, a major slave trading port, was Oba Akitoya, he was willing to ban slavery throughout his country. state to secure British support, but this was of course unpopular with the slave owners and traders, so they rebelled and placed their Kosoko brother on the throne in exile.

He asked the British for help and they obeyed him in 1851 with the assurance that he would do it. ban the slave trade a fleet was sent to lagos they bombarded the city and installed akitoya on the throne but he died shortly after and there was another power struggle between his son tosunmu and kosoko then there was another problem for britain the french had been forming trade agreements With nearby rulers such as Sodji the King of Porto Novo who was obviously concerned about British military action the rulers of Lagos also flirted with the idea of ​​accepting French protection and this convinced Lord Palmerston to act before the French did so in 1861.

British ships arrived once again and Lagos became a British protectorate, thus establishing a foothold in what would become Nigeria. This also placed the British remarkably close to one of the oldest kingdoms in Africa, the kingdom of Benin, which is most famous for its remarkably large capital and enormous In fact, in the 17th century many European explorers said that the city was equal in size to some of their own cities in their country, but large walls or at least large gates were not unique to Benin, as in the north estates such as Kanu zazao and katsina had huge gates defending their palaces and cities. , but on the coast the French and local African rulers were obviously angry at British expansion, while the British were supposed to be foreign slaves and were simultaneously taking new colonies in the Gambia and Nigeria, so in 1863, Soji de Porto novo signed an agreement with the French, but the French were no better in this regard, since nearby, back in the 1840s, they signed an agreement with the Unzema people of the Ivory Coast, which allowed them to establish a strong in great basam and expand their influence in the region, but going back to slavery, the British even began to bring freed slaves from all over North America and even Europe to their main base in West Africa, Sierra Leone, this colony was the home to the infamous Buns Island, but even when slavery was legal there was a grand plan to resettle blacks in this area many of these blacks fought alongside the British in the American Revolution in exchange for their freedom, while others like olauda equiano were able to buy their freedom in the Caribbean, he, like many others, went to live in England and formed the group Sons of Africa aimed at abolishing the slave trade, meanwhile the white abolitionists created the committee for the relief of the black poor.

They believe that sending poor black people from Canada or the United Kingdom back to Africa would help. alleviate their poverty, but this plan also gained the support of many racists who hoped to expel blacks from their countries. Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger said they should be sent somewhere and no longer allowed to infest the streets of London, so with government approval, former slaves from England and Nova Scotia were resettled in Sierra Leone. where they founded the city of freetown, when they arrived they had many rights and even elected their officials but they were given very few supplies they faced conflicts with their African neighbors and back in 1799 they rebelled to crush the rebellion the British used Jamaican maroons now these maroons had They escaped from slavery and lived in the countryside of Jamaica but in the 1790s they also rebelled against the British many of them were deported to Canada but at the beginning of the rebellion in Sierra Leone 500 of them were transported to Africa to crush the rebels, in exchange they were given land and became part of the new social elite, so within this new society there were maroons, the neo-scots, as they were called liberated Africans that the West African squadron had taken from the ships of slaves and the local people, these groups rarely got along, for example a Maroon leader called Major Jarrett was murdered by his freed African employee, this led to attacks from both sides until many Maroons fled across the Atlantic, but with Over time, during the 19th century, these three groups of immigrants began to merge with the Creole people of Sierra Leone, lived in homes that were clearly inspired by their former homes in the southern US, developed their own known language as I believe and even began to trade on the west coast of Africa and settle in new countries.

Just across its eastern border, the country of Liberia had a very similar origin story there, the American colonization society acquired land from the Gola ruler called King Peter in 1821. This land served as a base for former slaves to arrive, but from the beginning they also faced attacks from the locals, specifically the Malinka people, but the freed slaves in Liberia also had the support of President Monroe's government and in his honor they named their first city Monrovia. Only a few thousand people actually made the trip to Liberia and of those, less than two. Thousands of people were still alive in 1841, when Joseph Jenkins Roberts declared the country independent.

However, Liberian history took a rather dark turn when American Liberians began to emulate the slave owners of South America, so their society was based on segregation with them at the top despite never representing more Five percent of the population, their numbers were bolstered by the arrival of people from the Caribbean in the 1860s and a mass exodus of former slaves from South Carolina a decade later, this ruling class of America Liberians were criticized as late as the 1920s for continuing to use slave labor and maintained power until the outbreak of the civil war in Liberia in 1980, however, Liberia's independence was recognized by the great powers very early, meaning that It was the two countries that were never colonized by However, for Europeans to compare it to the Ethiopians is a bit problematic since Liberia was apparently born from the efforts of the colonizers, just a different type of colonizer, in addition to slavery elsewhere still there was the threat of Islamic slavery in Europe thanks to barbarian states. of North Africa in the early 19th century, but the Americans under the command of Thomas Jefferson refused to pay homage to them when the Barbarian Wars began, Algiers and Tripoli were bombed by the American fleet and then, after the Napoleonic Wars, the British also bombed Algiers when they massacred Christians. slaves, this, as well as more advanced European ships, greatly reduced the power of these once feared states, then Algeria would also be the first state in North Africa to fall to the Europeans, specifically the French , the French conquest began in 1827 when Charles the Tenth blockaded his capital.

However, the justification behind the blockade was a farce, as it began when the ruler of Algiers demanded that the French pay bills for supplies they had been given.delivered during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt. The French initially refused to respond, but their ambassador was flogged by the Algerians, causing the blockade. However, this only gave Charles the direction for the war he wanted, as he was eager to find a distraction for the French people. After all, he was king and his unpopular Bourbon dynasty had been restored after Napoleon's fall, so to gain public support he invaded. Algeria in 1830, this did not help Charles much, as he was removed from power during the July Revolution.

However, the invasion continued and initially the French had very little power outside Iran's main cities, Algiers and Bonne, so they had to pacify the rest of the country. region and to do so they created the French Foreign Legion in 1831, this had a number of benefits for the new ruler of France, Louis Philippe, for starters, he came to power with the help of French liberals who were largely opposed to the war from Algeria, so by sending foreigners he could appease them and also served as a place to throw out the old gods of the French kings such as the Swiss gods who had defended Charles during the July revolution, so this new foreign legion It helped the French gradually expand their control in Algeria and by the mid-19th century they controlled most of the coast, forcing many Algerians to go to Morocco to organize their resistance.

This only resulted in the extremely short Franco-Moroccan War of 1844, which the French won and the Moroccans formally recognized their control over Algeria. Then, in the 1850s, the French launched a new campaign of conquest in Senegal. This could be seen as part of a much broader French effort to expand its empire under its new ruler Napoleon III, who also moved into Southeast Asia and Mexico, but considering these conflicts as connected is often problematic and this will be especially true during the fighting, this is because the governors of various colonies often acted independently of the central government or responded to immediate problems, so the campaigns in Senegal could actually have begun in the 1820s, after the French invasion.

The colonies were weakened after the British took them during the Napoleonic Wars and only returned them to France if they promised to abolish slavery. Therefore, trade and acacia gum began to become more important as a source of replacement income, as it was extremely important as food. in Europe's growing textile industry, but the weakened French outposts in Senegal faced the growing power of the Tracen Emirate, which often attacked its neighbors, the Walu kingdom. However, these two were close to being united through marriage, which would give them control of both banks of the river. Senegal River, so the French attacked them in 1825 to end this union and then in the 1840s and 1850s, French companies were building more forts along the banks of the Senegal River, which angered the local states, so Trasa once again joined Walu and even his former rivals.

The Brachner Emirate launched a united raid on the French port of Saint Louis in 1855, but the French responded quickly and successfully and took control of Walu, which had existed for centuries, but the last Queen of Wales faced invasions from the northern Muslim states. and the French for most of his reign, so he really had very little chance of surviving, the French victory brought them closer to the borders of a new African state, the Tucola empire that had been created by Omar Been Tall, think of This as an extension of the West African jihadist states, as they were essentially just the unification of the most Western ones under Omar, they launched an attack against the French in 1857, but were repulsed and the new spheres of influence were recognized, so the French were free to begin attacking. the small kingdoms of Senegal and a new enemy quickly appeared: the king of Siney, attacked the French only two years later, but was defeated at the Battle of Logan Demi and lost some of the provinces to him, but the wars obviously did not end there.

Synonymously, they spent the next decade destroying French infrastructure until their king was assassinated by the French in 1871. A very similar fate awaited the other Senegalese kingdoms such as Kaiosalum and Baol, despite fierce resistance and occasional jihad, They were all absorbed. In French Senegal, however, these wars and raids destroyed much of Senegal's farmland and infrastructure, leaving the area crippled, but it would become the center of French West Africa and the French would later hope to connect it with their new colony on the east coast of Africa. In Djibouti, this colony was created in 1862, when the French port landed around Obok of the sultan from afar called Rajita Dini Ahmet and this brings me back to Egypt because two events that occurred in the 1860s set the stage for the fight for Africa as declared before the Egyptians launched campaigns of conquest in the Sudan and their wars against the Ottomans in the 1830s divided support from European powers, as France supported Egypt while Britain and Austria sent ships to help. to the Ottomans, but the country was largely free of European ambitions until the outbreak of the American Civil War when cotton from South America did not reach Europe.

Factories in Britain and France were paralyzed. Many Britons hoped to enter the war on the Confederate side to end this cotton famine and the French who were already active in Mexico were even more interested, but the Confederates' King Cotton plan ultimately failed when the Europeans found another solution. They began to look at Egypt's growing cotton industry, but to encourage this trade, the Egyptians went deeper into debt by building railway lines. However, American civil society. the war and this new market made egypt and africa as a whole a more attractive option for resources so the second big event was the construction of the sewer canal the construction began with the french sewer canal company created by ferdinand de la sepz saeed the ruler or boy of egypt also invested a lot of money in stocks and as a side note when the french and egyptians started working together saeed agreed to help napoleon in his invasion of mexico and sent hundreds of sudanese slaves To fight alongside them anyway while construction was on the way, the Europeans began to correctly see that East Africa would be incredibly important for international shipping, so the French bought part of what would become Djibouti several years before the Suez Canal was opened, but just across the Red Sea there was already a British colony in Aden. and this dates back to the 1830s when the british took over the town to serve as a hill station for their ships on the way to india.

Also nearby another colonial power joined the race. The Italians. His ambitions in East Africa are largely the result of Giuseppe Sepanto's ambitions. Ethiopia's explorations and his insistence on Italian expansion, so in 1869 the newly unified Italian kingdom heeded his calls and sent him to purchase land around Assad Bay from the Danukil chiefs. This territory was initially owned by a private company, but would serve as a base. of Italian Eritrea and this brings me to a crucial part of history in the 19th century Europe saw the creation of a series of new states, all eager to establish colonies dating back to the July revolution in France, this inspired another revolution, the Belgian revolution against the Dutch rulers of this small country and their new kings, the German Leopold the First and his son Leopold II, would desperately try to seek new colonies, this included the Philippines, Cuba, several Caribbean islands and even at one point Texas , but they were only successful in the Congo, the Italians entered the scene in the 1860s and then in 1871 the Prussians defeated the French and created the German empire, which encouraged both sides to develop colonial empires to begin with.

The humiliated French sought land and resources outside of Europe, while the Germans wanted their place in the sun, so the arrival of new European powers completely changed the status quo in Africa, leading the old powers to claim territories. in which they had not previously been interested. but just before ending this episode I need to highlight the events in one country and that is Ethiopia. They had been weakened in the 18th century when various leaders ruled independently of the emperor during his era of princes; However, in the 19th century, a bandit named Sahih Ding Gil began to gather a large following, he became so powerful that the Empress married her granddaughter to him, but this did not help much, as in 1852 he rose up against his in-laws, took the throne and became chodros, the second emperor he was.

Wary of the growing Egyptian power in the north, he also tried to rapidly modernize his country, but to do so he forced European missionaries to produce cannons for him that were obviously terrible and wrote numerous letters to Queen Victoria asking for weapons, but these letters were Ignoring this would have seemed strange to him since, like Ethiopians of centuries past, he believed that an Ethiopian-European alliance could have destroyed the Muslims; However, the British were now invested in Egypt and had very little to gain through an Ethiopian alliance, so Teodoros imprisoned the foreigners in his country and demanded weapons for their release, this was disastrous, although the British in 1867 They sent an army to Ethiopia to free them.

Theodore had very few followers among the various ethnicities, so the British were able to take the capital city from him while he committed suicide, this created a power vacuum in the country as different factions fought for the newly vacant throne, but eventually Johannes IV would triumph. He would continue to defend Ethiopia against the attacks of the Egyptians and even the modest Sudanese, in addition he would also become a kind of colonizer as in his government, Ethiopia would expand its empire from its homeland in the north to the borders of Kenya in the south, therefore, the Ethiopians like the Egyptians would become forgotten participants in the struggle for Africa, but that is where I will leave it during the first half of the 19th century the Americans founded Liberia and defeated the barbarian pirates Great Britain expanded their control in south africa and west africa the french took senegal djibouti and algeria the italians entered eritrea the portuguese maintained their control along the coast the egyptians became essentially independent they took sudan and built the sewage canal four republics were established in the South and jihadist states expanded in the west, all of which predates the traditional starting point of the scramble for Africa in the 1850s.

The French had moved to Algeria, took up posts on the Ivory Coast and expanded their holdings. Meanwhile , in Senegal, the British expanded their possessions in the west and south at the expense of the Ashanti and the like, but the greatest colonizers of the early 19th century were the Egyptians who conquered all of Sudan and in the 1870s even attempted to invade Ethiopia, but this was a disaster although some former Confederate soldiers were employed to assist in the expedition, they were quickly rejected by the new emperor of Ethiopia, John IV, in 1876. This campaign, along with previous campaigns, the construction of the canal sewer and various other projects plunged the Egyptians into more debt and with these defeats their Misawa remnants fell and eventually allowed the Italians to take control, but there was another major event in the world that is often overlooked and which encouraged the British and many Europeans to force the Egyptians to pay. pay their debts and begin to settle new lands - this was the Panic of 1873.

Simply put, this was a result of overinvestment in railway lines in some industries, too many were being built and generated limited returns, so the banks They began to close, which caused a depression in the United States and Europe and this depression would last until the 1890s. This, of course, is a very simplistic view of the depression, as other people have attributed the causes to different things. , such as the French war debts caused after their war with Prussia or even after the construction of the Suez Canal, many argue that this panic led to a right in protectionist policies, so compare it to the depression of the 1930s , in which some countries like Germany and Japan became angry with international markets and financial systems causing depressions, so sought to produce aA much more self-sufficient economy through the conquest of land.

The same could be said here, since Europeans were producing too many goods that could not be sold in a stagnant Western economy, as explorer Henry Morton Stanley said when he was in the Congo. There are 40 million naked people and the cotton spinners of Manchester are waiting to clothe them. This theory behind the cause of the fighting was developed by Lennon, who described imperialism as the last stage of capitalism, but I personally believe this is overly simplistic since Europeans largely propped up declining empires elsewhere, such as China. and the Ottoman Empire, there a strong and stable government was better for trade and provided even larger markets without the expense of direct control, but returning to Egypt, the British were now determined to pay their debts after the panic. and together with the French they sent a commission to oversee the country's finances, but the Egyptians were still officially under Ottoman rule and had to provide funds to aid them in their war against the Russians during that decade, as the British offered diplomatic support to The Ottomans during this war were given Cyprus, which put them within striking distance of Egypt.

British interference in Egypt would eventually lead to the Urabi Revolt, but we will leave Egypt aside for now, since in the decade From 1870 further development occurred in other parts of the south there was a brief civil war in the Boer republics of South Africa which helped Paul Kruger rise to power, but some people sought British protection from the hum as the Basutu land came under British control in 1869 and which would eventually become the nation of Lesotho, otherwise a group of mixed countries. race people known as the Greeks established their own republics as a drifting paperclip, there after the discovery of diamonds thousands of British immigrants would appear and they too would fall under British protection, putting Britain firmly on the borders of the poor republics , so the Panic of 1873 also encouraged the British to take more interest in the new diamond wealth of the Boer republics and, fortunately for them, the Boers suffered a defeat at the hands of the petty people nearby in 1877.

This, together With the continuing Zulu threat, he encouraged the poor to accept the British. protection and the British then sent an army to crush Sekokuni, the king of the mean people, around the same time the British also finally defeated the Kosa whom they had been fighting for decades, but now, under governors like Freya, the British were more interested in expanding so they completely annexed the coastal lands and then came the Anglo-Zulu War. Governor Freya was presented with a cause of war when a colonial engineer and a traitor were taken prisoner by a group of Zulus when they were working near the border.

They were released but Freyja issued an order. ultimatum which he knew Zulu kings like Swayo could not accept as it included the disbandment of his entire army after the deadline for the ultimatum passed, the British declared war in January 1879, but famously their first invasion ended in disaster at the battle of isandlawana, the british public were outraged and in some ways forced a reluctant british government to send reinforcements to defeat the zulus and i say reluctant because the israeli prime minister and many prime ministers before him were more focused in Russia, India and people like, for example, Lord Palmerston advised the Belgians not to buy Cuba since Spanish times back in the 1830s, arguing that colonies are unwieldy and expensive, even the Israeli colonial secretary himself , sir michael hicks beach, wrote that the fact is that the issues in eastern europe and india were so serious that we cannot have a zulu war.

In addition to other major and all too possible problems, the British favored the idea of ​​a soft empire that would allow the British to dominate trade throughout the world, particularly in South America, without the need to govern the people, so The anti-colonial stance was not born from a noble idea, but it was more pragmatic and it was not just the British who felt this, the Germans under Bismarck were more focused on Europe and maintained alliances there, but the independent colonists would force their hand, so that the entire struggle was defended through the actions of a few men rhodes leopold freya luderitz and others now this may seem a bit oversimplified but there was never a unified protectionist plan to acquire new markets and resources this is especially true since the african colonies very They rarely made a profit and never provided a huge market for European products which were still mainly shipped to America or Asia, of course some people made a lot of money exploiting rubber and diamonds, but more was done through the soft empires in South America or even opening and modernizing Japan.

China and the like, colonies as small as Hong Kong or Singapore turned out to be a better investment than fighting in the deserts of Sudan and this policy of simply collecting small trading posts had been the policy of the Europeans in Africa for centuries, but coming back to South Africa, The Zulus were defeated in the drift of Rorke while reinforcements arrived, these new troops launched a second invasion of the Zulu kingdom, they captured Cesueo and divided their kingdom into small chiefs, all of these would later come under British control, but there was a problem for the British. , now the Boer republics no longer needed their protection, so they declared their independence in 1880, starting the first Boer War between Transvaal and Great Britain.

The British Gatling guns that were so effective against other opponents proved to be quite useless against the poor marksmen and their guerilla tactics, so after numerous embarrassing defeats, Prime Minister Gladstone conceded defeat and the Boer republics remained independent for now, as the Boers had been diversifying and seeking to expand their influence in southern Africa, so throughout the 1870s they had embarked on voyages to Dorsland which took them through Botswana, Namibia and even as in the far north of angola, some of them would remain in angola for decades before returning south to namibia, but many died along the way and large poor communities were not established in their new home countries and of course the portuguese did not They were open to allowing new republics to form in their colonies and faced opposition in Namibia from the ruling Hiro chiefs, as well as Egyptian debt in British South Africa.

The third major event that occurred in the 1870s was that Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry Morton Stanley to explore the Congo and this brings me to what I believe. was the main cause behind the fighting: the rise of new colonial powers and a kind of panic to claim colonies for fear that someone else would take them. Three European nations emerged in the 19th century and continued to claim colonies: Belgium, Italy, and Germany. The Italians, as discussed in the last episode, bought land in Eritrea, while the Belgians had been desperate to acquire colonies since they achieved independence in 1830, plus Belgium was something of an economic powerhouse, at least compared to its size, as they were going through a rapid period. of industrialization they built hundreds of miles of railway lines and produced more coal and iron than the Austrians for most of the 19th century, so they had wealth, but no empire Leopold II had heard of the voyages of Henry Morton Stanley and he He was the only person who agreed to finance further exploration of the Congo, but Stanley was a little surprised to learn of Leopold's intentions, as he said that it was about creating a new state as large as possible and administering it, it is clearly understood that there should be no doubt.

Granting even the slightest political power to blacks in this project would be absurd, but for the rest of the world Leopold envisioned a much more humanitarian mission. In 1876 he organized a geographical conference in Brussels and created an international African association of philanthropic cartographers and scientists. Everyone was invited to attend and discuss how to map Africa to better stop the slave trade and even provide medicine to the people, but of course this was all just a mask. Stanley was tasked with purchasing land in the Congo in exchange for gifts for his friends. like bolts of cloth, you might wonder why African leaders were willing to sell their lands to Europeans, but I think French explorer Christian de von Chumps said it best with the treaties with these little African tyrants, which usually consist of four long pages of which they do not understand a word and those who sign a cross to have peace and receive gifts are really only serious matters for the Europeans in case of disputes over territories.

In addition, there was the immediate threat of being murdered by the Europeans as happened. For some particularly resilient leaders there was another threat from the east and that was the slavers of Zanzibar, under the leadership of tipu tip. It had thousands of slaves working on clove plantations in Zanzibar, but by the end of the 19th century it had traveled far into the heart of Africa, destroying hundreds of villages and capturing thousands of slaves, this caused panic and left large parts of the Congo depopulated while it he proclaimed himself leader of the eastern Congo and, within the various African states and on the Congo side, a great change had occurred.

Taking place, the kingdom of Luba that was formed back in the 16th century was the ancient power and had several tributary states but with the arrival of the Zanzibaris its power began to decrease. The same thing was happening to the kingdom of Cuba, a kingdom that incorporated a couple dozen ethnicities, including the Pygmies, but they were notably suspicious of Europeans and would kill any missionary, so Christians had to rely on a black American named William Henry Shepard to enter the country in the 1880s and establish Christian missions. ; Then, in the south, the kingdom of Lunda once controlled a larger expansive land.

Instead of France, they used to hire the Chokwa people as warriors and hunters, but the Chakra would break free from their rule and in the 1880s they took over much of the ancient kingdom of Lunda. The chakra that was then in power began to enslave people and trade with the Tibu. tip the zanzibari trader the chocolate itself was a big war between the people and fought more wars against the umbunda people the umbunda won this war but their new power worried another neighbor known as the luvala now the luvala have some customs that are somewhat As unique as they believe in maternal inheritance, coming of age can be quite intense, for example, a boy is sent to live alone for months in a jungle camp, while a girl remains hunting grass for months being educated by a old lady.

This Luvala people were defeated by the Umbundu, however, despite all these wars between the different groups, they continue to have a fairly extensive trade network. This was because only the Ovin Bundu who lived on the Angolan coast had direct trade with the Portuguese and Europeans, but they received their products such as wax and rubber from Congo, therefore, they depended on caravans of people traveling between the states. from Umbundu Luvala and other states like Kazembi. By the way, most of these rulers would remain in power until the 20th century and some, like the king of Umbundu, have even recently been restored below the land of tibu tip.

There was another newcomer to the area he was umsiri and came from Tanzania took a militia to the west armed with modern rifles to forge its own state formed an alliance with Tipu Tip to conquer the kingdom of Kazembi and kill its king Umwatika Zembi VIII He then conquered more villages and in each of the conquered villages he would take a wife for himself in the end he had more than 500 wives and these allowed him to form alliances, have a hostage in case of rebellion, wine and a permanent spy who worked against his own families and also, since he was in the center of Africa, he exchanged weapons with the eggs.

Bundu and the Portuguese in the west and the Arabs in the east, then there was another newcomer to the region and this was Marambo whose name literally means corpses and he was a hissing Nyam warlord whom Stanley called the African Bonaparte now Murambo had learned a lot from Shakazulu as the Zulu expansions in the south pushed the people north and eventually revealed tactics and information to Marambo and then used these tactics. In addition to modern firearms he created a formidable army and also a state for himself, this again was mainly based on the slave and ivory trade, but he would later die in 1884 and his state would disintegrate, so there were three powerful warlords decimatingthe interior of the Congo. and tanzania the states of angola zambia and the congo were all fighting each other the belgians and stanley had arrived on the coast and then the french also came close they came just north of the congo river where the kingdom of luango ruled now they were probably once under control of the nearby kingdom of Congo, but had since been liberated, the Kingdom of Luango was famous as a producer of cloth and exported much to Europeans, while its neighbors, the Anziku Kingdom, produced a large amount of metal and the metal It was very important to the Anziku kingdom. that it was not unusual for the technological people who lived there to choose a blacksmith as their boss in times of succession crisis, while the Italian-born Pierre Savagnian de Braza began to explore this region largely using his own funds and then In the 1880s, he arrived in the kingdom of Anzuku and met King Elo, the first who was willing to put his kingdom under the protection of the French in exchange for increased trade, so within months of each other, France and belgium had settled on different sides of the congo river.

Ilo the first died shortly after reaching the agreement, but his wife Ungaliforu remained close to the French and would remain so for many years. She was born in the 1860s but lived to be 90, so she died in 1956, just a couple of years before the Republic of the Congo. would gain their independence now, this puts the entire colonization of Africa into perspective, as a woman who was old enough to agree to fall under French protection encouraged her people to fight in two world wars, met Charles de Gaulle and was almost there when the French left anyway. Brazil secured some land and created an outpost called Brazerville, while nearby Stanley created Leopoldville.

The two men would enter a race to build their cities and become the dominant commercial center, while the navigator himself did not stop there, he left behind a Senegalese volunteer named Malamin Kamara to oversee the city, but all of this was being watched by the Portuguese nearby, although the Belgians and French managed to avoid signing any inland treaties claimed by the Portuguese. The Portuguese, of course, were suspicious of the European newcomers and this was In the only area that was warming, since in the north the British and the French ruled the financial affairs of the indebted Egyptians, their ruler Ishmael agreed to be a ruler constitutional and had to appoint a prime minister, but tried to stop paying debts to The British and French rebelled after the unpaid soldiers, so all Europeans united to force Ishmael to resign and his son Chufik he took power, but Chufik was not the best leader, for example, he followed the advice of his officers by banning peasants from the military academy.

This move was somewhat motivated by race, as the Egyptian officers, like the Mamluks before them, were largely Albanians, Circassians and the like, so many Arabs were angry about this and also about the fact that The Europeans controlled Egyptian finances, so they rallied behind only one of the four Arab colonels named Ahmed. Urabi and rebelled in 1881 marched towards the palace and forced Tufic to create a nationalist parliament. The European nations were of course worried about this, especially when foreigners began to be attacked in the streets, so the French and British sent ships to Alexandria, but Urabi rejected their demands and an anti-Christian riot broke out, the British then they would invade alone because, although the French had been calling for war for much longer, they had been distracted elsewhere, as when the great powers met at the end of the Russian-Turkish war in 1877, it more or less put pressure on the french to take tunisia and this was all part of the same negotiations that saw the british take cyprus now there was some reason for them to push for france to take tunisia first of all italy the newly formed nation was determined to take more colonies in addition to its position in eritrea and tunisia were a main target, but britain did not want italy to control both sides of the strait of sicily and have the ability to cut off trade from the suez canal, germany on the other hand wanted to stay with france. he was distracted with empire building instead of trying to recapture lorraine as well, while france under jules ferry was willing to accept it, he was a supporter of colonialism and wanted to expand french holdings in asia and africa, plus tunisia would also secure the borders with algeria and would prevent italy Italy, far from becoming too powerful, meanwhile, during the vendetta, Cairoli encouraged Italian migration to Tunisia, applying a longer-term strategy and believed that the British would never allow a takeover like the that Tunisia had been ruled by Muhammad III Asadik since 1859.

He attempted to modernize his country, but lacked the funds to do so, after all, Tunisia had lost a large amount of revenue due to piracy. Most of its million inhabitants were nomadic farmers and suffered from many droughts. Therefore, he welcomed European investments and, as in Egypt, an international commission arrived to manage the country's finances so that taxes were increased and this pushed some tribes to launch raids. The Cromier tribe raided across the border into French Algeria, giving them a reason for war. 36,000 French quickly moved into Tunisia and forced the bay to accept the French takeover, but he still remained head of state in theory, Italy responded by formally annexing their colony in Eritrea and expanding it somewhat while they were in Egypt with the French far, this meant that the British attacked alone when Iraqi refused to respond to their ultimatum: the Anglo-Egyptians next.

The war did not last long. Urabi was exiled and Tufrick was restored to the throne, but the British would remain until their debts had been paid and this in practice meant that Egypt was now in the British empire. It also meant that the British would now become involved in the Egyptian wars. In Sudan, which was becoming a very volatile place back in 1873, Ishmael appointed General Charles Gordon to govern the equatorial provinces, but there he made a very powerful enemy: Sebir Rama and the British described him as the slave king, but had conquered Darfur in the name of the Egyptians, wise branch attempted to make his position as ruler of Darfur official through bribery, but on his journey north he was arrested.

His son Suleiman rebelled without success, but the most important thing is that a general of his armies called Rabi, while Zubair continued the fight, took a The mercenary army reconquered some lands and began to advance westward, taking over Borneo, the ancient empire, so a state was created and continued the slave trade and will be very important in the coming decades, but in Sudan, a cleric named Muhammad Ahmad began to meet. followers who despised the Egyptian occupation and high taxes, then declared himself the mahdi or redeemer of the Islamic world and launched a jihad in 1881. The Egyptians, on the other hand, despite having all the modern weapons, led similar terribly planned expeditions which they did during their wars with the Egyptians, so in 1882 they were ambushed and lost their weapons, uniforms and supplies and this is around the same time the British took over Egypt and another poorly planned expedition under by William Hicks was sent south in 1883 at the Battle of El Obid, they were again crushed, so the British encouraged the Egyptians to leave the area to oversee the withdrawal.

They would send Gordon to Khartoum but this would end in disaster as the city would be captured and the modest war would begin, but that was in 1885 so "I'll leave it again for now, meanwhile in the west there was more movement during By this time, the British had already taken Lagos, bought the Danish colonies and fought the Ashanti War along the west coast and then, in the 1870s, bought the Dutch colonies on the Gold Coast altered the balance of power in The Dutch had signed a protection treaty with the Ashanti kingdom in the 17th century, while the British often supported their enemies, so now that the Dutch were gone, the Ashanti invaded in 1873.

They responded quickly and Troops were sent from the West Indies, Wales and Scotland, and using locals, they began to build roads through the dense forests to the Ashanti capital of Kumasi. The Third Ashanti War ended quickly, the Scottish Black Guard in particular charging. against them with bayonets. forcing the Ashanti to flee the battle of Amuafl, the capital city was evacuated, but tragically the British burned it down. This city, of course, contained a wealth of art and treasure, but what I find most tragic is that the British supplemented the city's art collection. The books contained in the palaces that were apparently written in many languages ​​the Ashanti could not recover from this war and would be annexed a couple of decades later, meanwhile in the region the French had a new enemy of their own, they were a solo empire this It was a branch of another recently established empire, the Tuklur Empire, which was founded by Umar Zaido Tall.

When he died in the 1860s, his generals began to assert their independence and the most successful was Samori Torre, the solo empire he created was composed mainly of Mandinka. people you may have heard of if you've seen roots, but slaves were instrumental in their military successes as their armies would not function without the couch. A slave military unit dating back to the ancient Mali empire. However, these were also equipped with modern rifles, most of which were purchased from the British who became concerned about French expansion in the area. The French first clashed with Samori in 1883 and then angered him further in 1885 when they established bases along the coast of what would become Guinea.

He was so concerned about this that he even offered to accept British protection, but this was rejected because it would almost inevitably have led the British and French to war with each other, so the Somori would continue to rule independently for about another decade, mainly because after of their first The French were alarmed by their well-trained soldiers using modern rifles and did not seek confrontation until later, another event occurred just before the conference that divided Africa into spheres: this was the French invasion of Madagascar, now the The French controlled a couple of islands near Madagascar, but the British had taken Mauritius from them during the Napoleonic Wars, so both wanted to control or at least influence the ruling Morinda dynasty.

This dynasty in Madagascar under Radharma, the first had united most of the island, but in the mid 19th century there were a series of coups and power continued to change hands, each of the respective leaders began to side of the British or the French, for example, Radema II, who ruled in the 1860s, signed an agreement with the French promising them many concessions, including the right to exploit all minerals from forests and unoccupied lands, but Radamel II he only ruled for two years before he was assassinated and successive governments and rulers would ignore this treaty with the French called the Treaty of Lambert, the leader of this coup against Radimed II. called the aristocratic coup he became the new prime minister, he and his younger brother who succeeded him were more interested in cementing ties with the British and began to modernize their country, this included abolishing slavery, improving the system educational and hire British to train their army;

However, this was almost too late, as the French acted quickly to prevent them from falling under British control. influence in 1883 they used the previous treaty to justify an invasion and in 1885 they forced the Malagasy into their sphere of influence, but this fact was often denied and another invasion would be necessary 10 years later to consolidate French control and finally in 1884 a new colonial invasion. Power had arisen and that was Germany. Bismarck had not been interested in the colonial game preferring to focus on Europe, but he could do little to stop various colonial groups and private businessmen from going to Africa and almost forcing their hand.

One of these societies was being run. by Prince Hermann of Hohenlohe Langenberg and had over 15,000 members, most of whom were obviously very influential aristocrats, politicians and businessmen, one of them was a merchant named Adolf Luderitz who went to present-day Namibia and signed an agreement with Chief Joseph Fredericks II of the Nama people bought amuch larger tract of land than Joseph had anticipated because in the treaty they purchased 20 German geographic miles, which was closer to 140 kilometers, not the 30 kilometers that Joseph would have thought this land was Luderitz. It was believed that it would be a much better place for the German immigrants who were already leaving en masse to the Americas to go and it would also give Germany the prestige they wanted, but the Germans would also expand in the west, especially in Cameroon, this region at the time was being ruled by kings bell and aqua, they had traded with the british and even sought their protection on occasions, for example king bell wrote to the british saying i finally despaired and received no response.

Therefore I concluded that neither the consuls nor yet The English government cared about my entire country, so he wrote to the British but got no response, so when a German company called Janssen and Tamalen arrived in 1884, the kings agreed to sign a treaty with them, but this treaty again became vague and simply a treaty. of friendship and traits Initially Gustav Nachtegul was instrumental in establishing German colonies in Cameroon and also in Togo, where they negotiated a treaty with King Um Lapper III, but some stories suggest that the chiefs had been kidnapped and forced to sign the treaties, in addition there were other The Germans were to pursue objectives such as the capital and Cobra in Guinea, but the Anglo-French convention of 1882 divided Sierra Leone and Guinea between the two countries, meaning that if the Germans moved to Guinea they would risk a war and other German colonies were established. back in the east, where carl peters formed the east africa company and traveled to present-day tanzania to sign agreements with small groups of people such as the ukami and unguru, this new territory was called peter's land and he would later threaten to sell it to The Belgians, if not receiving German imperial protection for themselves, this tactic was used throughout Africa when the colonists forced the German government to offer protection, so in 1884 the Germans sent fleets and commissioners to the new colonies and brought them all to the German empire, but Bismarck then needed the international community to recognize them as German colonies, so the Berlin conference was held in late 1884 and early 1885.

Meanwhile, the British took over some small posts to counter German influence, such as Engager Bay in Namibia, but this was all quite inconsequential. Bismarck was interested in hosting the conference to maintain peace and consolidate control over his new colonies, but a few years earlier he had held the Berlin Congress that divided the Ottoman Empire after its war with Russia and now he was the center of the scenery. treaties dividing africa people have debated why he suddenly went from anti-colonist to settler almost overnight, as before he once said he would be happy to see france take over all of africa to keep them busy, but in just a few months. he was claiming chunks of africa maybe it was all due to public opinion or despite the anti-colonial liberal party he wanted to undermine, either way it's very hard to say. 14 countries attended the conference, five of which had nothing to gain austria- hungary denmark netherlands sweden norway and the united states now you will wonder why these countries claimed nothing good simply put plus the united states were all too poor to enter In the colonial game it was expensive to take over the land police and have a navy large enough to protect your interests.

Sweden, for example, was particularly poor in the 19th century and its population was in decline because large numbers of people fled to the United States, meanwhile, the United States at least for the moment was opposed to the creation of empires and Furthermore, Liberia had no interest in the continent and, furthermore, the Ottoman Empire could also be included in this group. They held on to Libya, but they didn't really have much to say. They were weakened and on their last legs at that time, so was Russia. who can also be seen as a useless member of the conference, but as you will see in the following video, they had some colonial ambitions, although very small, the Spanish were also quite inactive, they would soon lose their colonies such as the Philippines in Cuba and they would suffer political instability , so they kept their territory in Equatorial Guinea and made a very small claim on the coast of southern Morocco or Western Sahara.

These were nearby islands that they already owned, but their control was quite limited for a time. The fierce resistance of the locals and the only people who accepted their protection had no right to give it away, but in about 15 years they would form an alliance with the French and divide Morocco and the Portuguese, on the other hand, despite being one of the most poor. Nations in Europe would desperately try to expand their holdings, especially after Brazil gained independence in the north. They did little to expand Guinea Bissau. They kept their islands like Cape Ferdi, but their real objectives were in the south.

Her pink map as it was. call highlights his ambitions to unite the colonies of Angola and Mozambique so that it would have included Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi, while for the other nations, the Belgians had taken land in the Congo and would set about expanding it and the Italians would move further towards East Africa. Meanwhile, the French sought to connect their colonies of Guinea and Senegal in the west with Djibouti in the east, while the British hoped to claim everything between Cape Town and Cairo. Well, this is the oft-repeated story, but French and British ambitions really only became prominent in Cecil Rhodes of the 1890s, for example, he only rose to prominence in the years after the conference and was the champion of the Cape's ambition to Cairo, furthermore it was never an official position more like the words of a man, even if he were a very influential man, the same could be said in favor of the French, so it really does not They brought these ambitions to the conference.

The conference mainly only discussed the current claims and established the boundaries between them. One of the most important topics discussed was the theory of the interior where countries had the right to claim. any land beyond their coastal possessions, but this was largely ignored in later years as it presented more problems than it solved. However, the conference established the idea that each country had to establish some type of control over an area in order to claim it. This meant that the Portuguese claims based on the discovery were null and void and each country would have to at least establish some sort of base or sign treaties to claim a region, so this meant that the conference was something of the opposite of drawing lines on a map in addition to Of course, the boundaries between already established colonies, as in West Africa, the conference actually began a race, sometimes a literal race to sign treaties and establish control, since only when they established control The colony would be recognized as theirs in 1885, Europeans and Americans met.

At the Berlin conference the future of Africa was discussed after Germany and Belgium in particular took over colonies. Their arrival on the continent apparently frightened the older empires and this is evident from the land expedition that took place while the powers were meeting in Berlin, this British expedition saw four thousand men march north from Cape Town to present-day Botswana. , along the way they took over the newborn republic of Stellaland without any bloodshed. The wilderness towards the north of Botswana was home to several different tribes, most of them were Tswana people, one of the largest groups was the Bamanguato and they were under the leadership of Karma III who converted to Christianity and fought in several wars against his political rivals to keep Botswana Christian, but there was also Kagosi garberoni who ruled the clock people and lived to be 106 years old, but as for karma, like some of the other leaders, he began to Be wary of the expansion of the wild boars and even the expansion of the Germans would establish a camp in Namibia and the Africans kill Bailey to the north. from it, so when the British arrived, although some resisted, most fell under British protection, after all, this was ultimately the goal of the expedition to prevent the Germans or even the wild boars from surrounding the British colony of the After all, local rulers in Botswana for the most part maintained their position.

Although people like Cecil Rhodes advocated complete annexation and incorporation into the Cape Colony, but to the north, in East Africa, the British and Germans were willing to work together and establish spheres of influence across a treaty in 1886, but this land that would become tanzania in kenya was until then controlled by oman under saeed bin sultan the capitals were actually moved from muscat to zanzibar and he expanded his holdings by taking mombasa in 1837. however, He died in the 1850s and two of his sons divided the kingdom between Oman and Zanzibar, which was taken by Majib Bin Saeed, so Zanzibar was then an independent country ruling the east coast of Africa, but under Carl Peters the Germans They had already established a protectorate inside Tanzania and the Germans had also signed an agreement. with the vituland rulers now this state had separated from the arab rulers who ruled in zanzibar and became a safe haven for runaway slaves, outraged by this the sultans of zanzibar launched many attacks and slave raids but this only pushed them to accept German protection.

However, the new Sultan of Zanzibar, Bargashpin Saeed, refused to accept the loss of his mainland territories, but he died in 1888 and his brother Khalifa bin Saeed was only too happy to recognize European control, especially as there were British and German ships in the area. However, this takeover was not peaceful as both the Swahili people and the Arabs united behind a man called Abu Shiri and rebelled, but the Germans had already formed the shoot trooper, a force made up of Africans also known as ashikari and helped put down this rebellion, but I hesitate to say. local Africans because many of the soldiers active in this campaign were employed from as far away as Egypt or across the border in Portuguese Mozambique, so now the British and Germans were expanding into southern and eastern Africa , but even further north along the coast of Somalia, the British also made claims around the same time, the last time I mentioned Somalia, there were the Adal and Adrian sultanates, but they were long gone.

The Somalis had in fact lost territory to the Ethiopians and suffered raids from the Oromo people who had migrated north, but in place of these old sultanates a number of new smaller sultanates emerged, such as Izak, which had actually fought against the British in the 1820s, at which time the British were active in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and forced the leaders of what would become the United Arab Emirates under their protection after the Persian Gulf campaign, but while one of Their ships were docked in the important trading town of Berbera, the locals attacked and killed them, leading to a blockade and assault on the town, as would be the case with most of these Somali sultanates.

There was infighting between clans and many of these Somali clans fractured, such as the Orgadin who are now found outside of what would become Somalia, while within the country many of the inter-clan disputes persist, for example in the 20th century , President Barra and his Derod clan committed genocide against the Asak. northern tribe, so in the late 19th century many new sultanates emerged, for example the Habia Yunus Sultanate would eventually break away from the larger Isak Sultanate and then at the tip of the Horn of Somalia was the Maja Sultanate teenager, who was then led by Osman Mahamud, but there were even challenges to his throne, especially from his cousin Yusuf Ali Khanna.

Yusuf was initially unsuccessful and was forced to flee to Yemen, but returned with Yemeni soldiers and created his own sultanate in the south, the Sultanate of Hobbyio in 1878, just before the revolt took place, between Izak and Marjetine he was in Galilee and in the far south, the Gelati, who were so powerful in the 1870s that they sailed to Zanzibar, attacked the city, freed some slaves and obtained tribute in 1887. The British had signed treaties with the sultans of Isaac, Xavier Younis and Warsangali. Initially these formed British Somalia and fell under the control of British India and the British often ignored this resource poor region as it mainly only supplied someof meat to their base in Aden, but would then lose many men and resources fighting the dervish movement a decade later, many of the leaders who once signed a treaty with the British such as Mahamud Ali Shaya to back the rebellion and, as a result , they would be exiled.

As a side note, he was another ruler who saw the end of colonialism as he lived until 1960, much like a galiforo from the Congo if you saw the last episode, just a year after everyone signed treaties with the British Yousef Ali Khan Adid of Hobio and Osman Mahamud of Majateen signed a treaty with the Italians, but this was largely just to protect themselves and they used the Italians to seek support. in their own expansionist ambitions, so much like the British, they left local rulers in power and left the territories largely alone. However, the Italians had managed to get more colonies but they were unable to connect their colonies with Eritrea due to British and French Zamaland, but this brings the settlement as the story differs a lot across the board but in these early days the Number of Europeans in the area was remarkably small overall, for example in Kenya the British would settle large numbers of people in the region known as the White Highlands. but that was in the 20th century, so even during the First World War only 1,300 white people had settled there and most of them were South Africans, whereas if we go back to this period only 100 people had moved there In 1903, government was therefore remarkably indirect in most places and it would not have been possible to govern nations without the help of local rulers, for example you can take German lands from Togo.

This was possibly one of the most developed colonies in terms of railway lines and the like in the first world. During the war only 300 Germans lived in the country, but in this period only 31 Germans lived in the capital of Lomei, obviously this is not true across the board, for example in Algeria the French were moving there in large numbers. quantities and the new population was called pied. Black people made up 10% of the population even in the middle of the 19th century and then obviously South Africa and the diamond mines attracted more European immigrants, but just to give you one more example, in the Ivory Coast, a colony that French maintained for decades.

The total number of white people living there, even in 1960, just before independence, was 0.009 percent of the total population. To put this in comparison, there are more Montenegrin Americans in the US than there are French settlers in the Ivory Coast or, as another comparison, you know that very In reality, few British were able to rule India, but the numbers were much more high, since in 1901 the number of British living in India would have represented 0.05 percent of the population and, of course, they had the help of the princely states to govern this country, so if you traveled to many places within the colonies outside the capitals, life would have seemed the same as 30 years before, obviously this is not everywhere like if you went to Belgium, Congo, in the countryside.

You would have seen a noticeable difference, but getting back to the fighting just west of Somalia, the Ethiopians were also expanding at a rapid pace. Emperor John came to power shortly after the British expedition into the country and quickly sought to conquer the small kingdoms. Around them now, an interesting side note here in Ethiopia was that their coin was Maria Theresa Taylor, this would continue to be their coin until World War II and you can probably tell from the name that it was not a locally minted coin, it was produced throughout the year. The road to Austria, but so many of these currencies came to the south that they simply adopted them as their own currency.

Anyway, Johannes was initially just the king of a province of Tigre, but he soon became her and got his king Menelik. submit to him therefore johannes was the king of kings and menelik was the king of shiva together they continued to expand and took jima in 1881 and the kingdom of gojam in 1882 and the league soon after, they now ruled over several ethnicities and often the treated quite brutally, for example in Hatosa, just south of the newly created city of Addis Ababa, Menelik massacred 11,000 Iromo people in a single day in 1886 and also cut off body parts from many of the dead, but although they could be made charge the small argodin were prevented from taking geladi when menelik's forces were crushed at the battle of lucas, however, just across the ethiopian borders were the italian colonies in eritrea and the modestos of sudan, these modestos had rebelled against the Egyptians and actually launched a jihad against them, the British who had already entered Egypt sought to abandon the area as it had no real strategic value, so Charles Gordon was sent to supervise their withdrawal;

However, in 1885 he was besieged with an internal caricature and killed when the martyrs took the city just before. A relief expedition arrived there, this caused outrage among the British public who called for revenge, but it would take them a while to get it; However, after the fall of Khartoum, Equatoria was cut off from the north and its governor was trapped behind enemy lines. an evil pasha, an ottoman doctor who hoped the british would completely annex the region, but was rebuffed, so a scottish businessman named william mckinnon lobbied to send henry morton stanley on an expedition to find him, but this aid expedition to emon pasha was a colonial quest.

McKinnon himself owned a shipping company that dominated trade in the Indian Ocean and would later create the East Africa Company that sought to expand British control into the interior of Uganda. Additionally, Stanley was still employed by Leopold II who agreed to release him from his contract in exchange for taking a longer route to Equatoria traveling on Belgian steamers through lands he would later seek to expand to the public although this was not a military expedition, it was just humanitarian, however, during this expedition a series of atrocities were committed with one member in particular named William Stairs killing people at random, however, Edmund must also knock Bart down a lot, he was another person who beat and killed people at random and apparently He descended into a kind of madness and believed he was being poisoned, but he also had a story. to kill as he had killed a Yemeni for a minor indiscretion during the campaign to relieve the siege of Khartoum.

Then there was the Irish heir to the Jameson whiskey company, James Sligo Jameson, who bought a 10-year-old girl to sell to cannibals in order to outline the ordeal and write about it, all of these people were also open to buy slaves from tibutip and Arab slavers or capture yours along the way. his exploration in the region opened the congo and even uganda to the europeans decimated the local population through disease and murder and most importantly expanded belgian rule this is because stanley met tipu tip and persuaded him to accept Belgian rule and divert trade to the Atlantic rather than the Indian Ocean, and it must also be said that they found emin pasha, but in Sudan the A modest uprising made Misawa a major problem.

This was Egyptian property before the rebellion, but the British signed an agreement with the Ethiopians, the Hewitt Treaty, giving them permission to move in and turn Misawa into a free port. Furthermore, this would also have prevented the French from taking over. However, in 1885 the Italians moved into the city also with British approval, but the Ethiopians could do very little about it now that their situation was becoming more volatile. The new leader of the Mardi al Khalifa invaded the country and sacked Gondor in 1887. The same year the Italians moved to Dungale near Misawa and although this small invading force was repulsed, the Italians allied themselves with Menelik, who in turn he formed an alliance with the king of gojam, so johannes had modest italian shiwer and gojam against him, plus he also had the occasional raid of the dervishes into somalia and johannes would die in the battle of galabat against the modestos in 1889, which allowed Menelik to come to the throne.

However, the Modests could do very little with their victory as they were now on their last legs and had lost too many men in different campaigns, they also had enemies everywhere and would later come into conflict against the Italians and even the Belgians, as they Menelik signed a treaty of friendship and trade with the Italians, the Treaty of Wuchali, but the translation of this treaty caused some problems as the Italian version said that Ethiopia was obliged to conduct its foreign affairs through Italy, essentially making it in a protectorate, while the translated version said that they simply had the option to do so, which would eventually lead to the Italo-Ethiopian War a few years later, but luckily for the Ethiopians they had a strange sort of ally in the Russians and the Russians I haven't really mentioned them because they aren't really a likely contender to enter the colonial race that they were bogged down with controlling.

Countries like Poland were expanding into Central Asia and had a relatively small navy and by any measure their wealth was comparable to Italy's, but with a much larger population. However, there was a very small attempt to create a colony in Djibouti, a rather poor choice. location, since the french were already in the area, this whole plan was the idea of ​​nikolai ivanovic achimov, who traveled to djibouti with 165 cossacks there in 1889 occupied the abandoned egyptian fort of cigalo and renamed it new moscow, but the cossacks quickly made enemies by attacking the nearby danakil, the French found out about this new settlement, sent ships to bombard the fort and forced Achimov to surrender while the tsar distanced himself from the whole matter, so the whole plan failed, but this expedition seemed to open a dialogue between Russia. and ethiopia and the russians would agree to arm their fellow orthodox, perhaps this was all part of a plan to acquire some colonies along the red sea and many of the other powers believed this to be the case, however, as you know, Russia never became a colonial power. but the weapons they sent proved to be the decisive ones when the Ethiopians went to war against the Italians.

Then, as another side note, there was another famous Russian in Africa, technically a Polish man, his name was Rogozinski and he was hired by the British to explore. Cameroon back in 1882, but this could have been much more, one of his companions later admitted when in 1880 I met Rogozinski and he revealed to me his research plan and one of his necessarily hidden main objectives, namely the search for a place suitable for Polish colonization as a future refuge for those who are not only physically but spiritually too restricted under one of our three invaders. These three invaders, of course, were Germany, Austria and Russia, so a homeland for Polish refugees in the heart of Africa could well have been a possibility, but it did not yet hold in West Africa.

There was more British expansion there near their colony of Lagos. Here the Royal Niger Company established a protectorate and this was confirmed at the Berlin conference. In this entire area, British expansion was largely led by George Toberman Goldie, who was willing to sign as many treaties as he could with local chiefs before the Germans and Edward Robert Flegel did the same; However, these treaties were strangely broad to the extent that local rulers gave away a lot, for example. in one they said that we, the undersigned kings and chiefs, with a view to improving the condition of our country and our people, make this day seeds for the African national company forever throughout our territory, we also understand that said African national company has full power. to mine, farm and build in any part of our country why they agree to do this is difficult to say maybe it was fear of jihadists in the north maybe not everyone fully understood the implications maybe they just wanted better business opportunities maybe they feared the British, it's really hard to say, so Britain and Germany rushed to sign treaties.

This made the main focus on the borders of what would become Nigerian Cameroon, but in Nigeria the British had already been expanding their power and also their wealth thanks to the After exporting palm oil, from their established bases they were able to expand to the kingdom of Bonnie, which had existed since the 15th century. Fortunately for the British Tribble, it was already brewing in the kingdom when King George Pepple, who was educated in England, began to change his society, for example, declaring that the iguana would no longer be a sacred animal because it went against his own Christian beliefs, for which he was deposed in 1883, butas we will see again and again the british helped him return to power in 1888 and in return he agreed to accept british protection that same year the british also arrested jaja de opobo he was a former slave who freed himself from bonnie's kingdom and also won a large amount of money with the new palm oil trade to which his territory was subjected to British control at the Berlin conference but he continued to collect taxes from British merchants this led Harry Johnson to invite him to negotiations but he simply arrested him haha ​​he exiled him and took over a state harry johnson by the way was kind of the cecil rhodes of west africa as he drew maps detailing his plans to divide the continent, he hoped to connect nigeria and sierra leone with kenya and egypt, and this just shows how uncoordinated he was The entire struggle, furthermore, in 1886 imagined that Germany would take Somalia and Ethiopia, Great Britain would move to the Arabian Peninsula and Portugal. connecting their colonies in the south but he correctly predicted that the Italians would take Libya decades before them, however I didn't mention the French for a while and also in the west they were expanding into Gabon, in fact they had already established cities there .

In the middle of the century, in particular Libreville, this city was created to house about 50 slaves freed in 1849, but the French really had very little influence in the region; However, as soon as the conference concluded, they established a colony in they would later join the French Congo in 1891 to form the base of French Equatorial Africa. They then attempted to rapidly expand northwards from there through northern Congo and into Nigeria when Antoine Mazon was dispatched. An expedition in 1890 but its rival in Nigeria was met with anger by the British, so the French withdrew, allowing British Nigeria and German Cameroon to expand inland as far south as French Gabon.

The once powerful kingdom of Congo was only a rum state at the time and was constantly in civil war, so King Peter V accepted Portuguese protection in 1888 and used their help to consolidate his control, but the Congo would rebel. later in 1914 and the kingdom would simply be wiped off the map, so overall the 1880s were of course a very busy period, but the 1890s also saw a flurry of activity across the continent keeping in the west The French went to war against Tahomi This occurred after the death of King Galilee in 1889. Kotenu had agreed to hand over a newly built fort and village to the French, this is now the largest city in Benin, but the capital remains Porto Novo, which became a French protectorate in the 1860s.

As for shining, he, like many of his compatriots, practiced vodun, which was brought across the Atlantic and became voodoo in Haiti, New Orleans, when he died. When his son took the throne, he became much more reluctant to deal with the Europeans and hoped to reassert Homie's influence throughout the country, so he began attacking Porto Novo, so the French, the city's protectors, They sent a small force to confront the Dahomey army. At the Battle of Atchukpur, two thousand Amazon Homies, the feared female warriors, fought alongside seven thousand other female warriors, but were defeated by a few hundred French troops and the weary Senegalese behind Zinn were forced to make peace, but It wouldn't last long. began to rebuild his forces and equip them with modern rifles, they fired on the French sent to inspect the area, so the second homie war broke out in 1892, this time the Dahomey and their Amazons equipped with thousands of German rifles were able to hold out much longer. . of a fight, but after a series of defeats, Berenson burned his former capital and fled north, the French then installed an Agbo porter on the throne.

He was a relative of Behan Zin and agreed to accept French protection. As for bahan zin, he eventually surrendered and was exiled to martinique, but the french were prevented from expanding further inland for the time being thanks to samori tori. Their Wasalu empire had been fighting the French since the 1870s and had even approached the British to fall under his protection. The British rejected this but he sold him weapons which he used against the French and refused their numerous expeditions throughout the 1880s. At this time he had an army of 30,000 men, most of whom were well trained and kept at bay the colonizers until the end of the 1890s, but the French at this time probably launched the most daring attempts to conquer large areas of land, for example, there was the flatter expedition of 1890, there they tried to march from Algeria through the Sahara and towards West Africa, but it was a complete failure and they were killed by tourist platforms.

Eugene Bonier suffered a similar fate outside Timbuk2 when the French took it over, but this expedition was much more successful as in 1894 the French were able to raise their flag over this once powerful city, but now only had around 4,000. inhabitants and was stagnant. In the Sahara, behind French enemies with no railway connections, the Germans, on the other hand, were having a bit more difficulty colonizing areas in the 1890s, to start in East Africa, although the British were able to expand in Kenya quite quickly, the Germans found themselves. with the resistance in tanzania since 1891, they had to fight against the jeje, the people led by chief umkwawa, finally the tribes turned against the jeje and supported the germans, so umkwawa committed suicide years later, but in the meantime More rebellions broke out in the region in the following years.

In the west, leaders in Buffet, a small town in Cameroon, killed a pair of German couriers demanding ivory. The Germans responded by burning their cities, but lost a large number of men in ambushes. Also this really did little to end the power of the foot because just like in tanzania they would have to go to war against them again, all this is not to say that the germans were not succeeding as they did sign some treaties during this period , the most notable was the illegal Zanzibar land treaty which gave the British Vituland and put Zanzibar in their sphere of influence in exchange for Heligoland a small island in the North Sea many Germans saw this and said their chancellor Leo von Caprivi made a terrible deal some said it was like trading pants for a button and others in Imperialist groups said it actually amounted to treason, but Caprivi managed to gain some land in southwest Africa that still bears his name, the Strip of Caprivi, this gave them access to the Zambezi River and pushed them closer to uniting with their East German colony.

However, there was another claimant to this land in the Portuguese back in 1885, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barros Gómez, published the pink map showing the Portuguese claims and then to gain foreign support they signed treaties with the Germans and agreed their borders in the new colonies with the French, while renouncing their claims. at the casa manche river in guinea they then set to work subjugating the africanized families living on their borders in mozambique and then sent serbia pinto on several expeditions to form alliances with the local chiefs at which time the british were even willing to allow them to connect their colonies but not take Zimbabwe, which was a much more lucrative region;

However, the Portuguese rejected this; Then, in 1888, Cecil Rhodes founded the British South Africa Company and the idea of ​​connecting the Cape with Cairo was taken much more seriously, in addition to all the In Malawi the African Lakes Company had been formed and its claims on the The region was only based on a couple of Christian missions established there during Livingston's expeditions, but Malawi had undergone a great deal of change throughout the 19th century. It was once dominated by the Maravi empire, which a century earlier came to the coast, but with the arrival of Europeans, many Yao from Mozambique and German East Africa began to migrate to the region.

They were also joined by coastal Swahili and even Arab traders. He brought Islam to the region and also the slave trade, which was the main cause of the Little Kurunga War. In this war, the British African Lakes Company and their Makalolo allies fought against slavers in sporadic engagements when this war subsided. Harry Johnson, the British Consul General. For Mozambique declared British protection over the highlands of Malawi county without authorization from London, this obviously prevented the Portuguese from advancing inland through Malawi, then the situation worsened for the Portuguese when Rhodes' South African company received permission to administer territory as far north as the limpopo, upon which he quickly acted and would send pioneer columns to zimbabwe now that the british had established themselves in the disputed areas, so prime minister salisbury rejected international arbitration largely because in the The past had always favored Portugal, instead they went directly to Charles the First of Portugal and offered him an ultimatum in January 1890 to withdraw his claims, as this was happening in Africa while the British and Portuguese were negotiating. .

The South Africa Company began expelling Portuguese officials from Zimbabwe and even clashed with them in Manikaland. The Portuguese government initially refused to sign such an ultimatum so amendments were made giving them more land around the Zambezi in exchange for Manicaland in Zimbabwe. Charles, who had just become king a few months earlier, soon had to deal with widespread anti-British riots in throughout the country and in Africa antonio de silva porto a famous explorer immolated himself in protest in january 1891 the republicans used the discontent to launch a failed coup in porto so carlos, who already ruled a nation in decline and now faced internal conflicts , finally relented and signed the treaty in June 1891, renouncing their claims on Zimbabwe, Zambia and the like, however, throughout this process they managed to have their claims on the interior of Angola recognized, but the truly Portuguese influence in the region continued.

Although minimal, the humiliation of the ultimatum inspired many to join the republican cause and this ultimately led to the assassination of King Charles and the 1910 revolution that overthrew the monarchy in southern Africa. 1890 also saw the British expand their influence in Zambia, where Lawanika ruled the land of Barozza, he signed an agreement with Cecil Rhodes and, although he claimed to have been deceived. The British company had very good relations with Great Britain and would attend the coronation of Edward VII. In addition, the pioneer columns of Rhodes had established Fort Salisbury. From there they would enter into direct competition with the brilliant people and under Bailey Yoon of Bailli.

In fact, there was no No. They lived in Zimbabwe for a long time, having only arrived there under the leadership of Umzilikarzi, who fled the Zulu expansion in the 1830s. Upon arrival, they began fighting with the Shona people, the people who had built the great Zimbabwe and formed kingdoms such as Mutapa by At this point, the vulnerable people were being led by the lower Bengulla. He initially signed agreements with the British and even gave them grants of Tati lands in exchange for weapons, but many of his own vassals began to separate from him and seek the protection of white settlers.

So to assert his authority he launched raids against these separatist towns but this gave the British South Africa company a reason for war even though the Bengal ensured that no white people were killed in these raids this war the first war of mata bailey broke out in 1893 karma iii britain's ally in botswana sent troops to help in the conflict, equipped with maximum weapons, they decimated their opponents and took over the region, the region would be named after rhodes, but the British rule was challenged almost immediately when the Second Mata Bailey War broke out. In 1896, this began when Limousine, a religious leader began to rally support to expel the British from Bulawayo and the wider region.

Like many religious leaders, including boxers in China, he promised his followers an almost certain victory because he could turn bullets into water. and cannonballs to eggs, then marched towards Bulawayo, but the British were under the command of people like Frederick Silas, the famous big game hunter, they were able to break the siege and pursue the most vulnerable into the countryside, also among the troops British was Robert Baden-Powell and his wartime experience was instrumental in him creating the scout movement, but Baden-Powell was accused of illegally killing Chief Uwini, who was a prominent pardon if he surrendered and was also involved in possibly one of the most daring plans to end a war. in the murder of um limo, although he was not an active participant, he helped two men inThis task, Frederick Russell Burnham and Bonar Armstrong, managed to sneak among thousands of Mata Bailey warriors and enter the sacred cave of Umlimo, there they waited for Umlimo to return to perform their dance. of immunity, but upon his return he was shot, the murderers were able to flee the cave, jump onto their nearby horses, and flee from the warriors who were pursuing them.

This ended the war and in Burnham he had quite an interesting life as he was born on a The Sioux reservation learned many skills from them and would become the father of American exploration, so the fathers of British and American exploration were present during these mata bailey wars while all this was happening from malawi, then known as nyasa land, alfred sharp set out on an expedition to katanga, this land was and still is incredibly valuable as it is full of resources, but most importantly for Britain was crucial to secure if they ever wanted to connect Cape Town to Cairo.

He hoped to meet with um Siri and get her to accept the British. protection, but um siri, according to many, was a cruel leader who left stretches of the region unpopulated and devised cruel ways of killing people, such as burying them up to their necks in the ground so as not to give up his authority and never abandoned the lucrative slave trade, but unfortunately for Mizziri, King Leopold also sent William Stairs to Katanga. A year later, he had already massacred Africans for no reason during Emin Pasha's relief expedition and was now in command once again. His men killed many people for no reason, including Umziri with his death, Katanga then came under Belgian control, but the Belgians also entered into a war with the Zanzibar slavers who occupied the eastern parts of the Congo, now in the middle From Great Britain and Belgium were the Kazembi people of northern Zambia, although the British sent several people to try to convert their king and convince him to fall under their influence, they were all rejected when Watakazembi 10th even met with the same man who he failed to convince mziri and although he obtained some mining concessions in the resource-rich region he largely failed again, in reality it would not be until the end of the century that kazembi was forced to accept british protection, but right in the congo belgium in years past they were willing to allow Tibu Tip, the famous slave trader, to control large sections of their country on their behalf, however, when Belgium's power began to grow, they were determined to assert their dominance, in addition to that a slaver named Rumor Lisa saw Tippletip's dealings with the Belgians as traitorous and refused to fly the Belgian flag which he would often continue to fly. the red Zanzibari flag or sometimes even the German or British flag in the hope of accepting protection from him.

Rumilisa then carved out a piece of land around Oojiji and Tanzania, the same place where Livingston met Stanley decades ago. He also became suspicious of the Belgian missionaries. especially those who attempted to end the slave trade, so the African Missionary Society sent Leopold Louis Giuber to the region to protect the missionaries and establish bases, but he was soon attacked by Lisa's rumor, as Another side note Chober was a French Christian who had participated in the defense of Rome when Italian nationalists attacked the city and together with Archbishop Charles Lavigari hoped to create an African kingdom in the middle of the continent possibly under the control of Mutisa the King of Buganda but I will come back to this person and central Africa in the next episode anyway, the anti-slavery expedition sent more troops to relieve Job as men and over the next year more soldiers arrived from the free state of the Congo.

Slavers had very few modern rifles at the time and their leaders often acted against each other. The Zanzibari position was then weakened further when Tipple Tip returned home and left his son Sefu Bin Hamid in charge, but the conflict created some rather strange bedfellows, as Gongo Lutetti, a former Congolese slave, led his Batitella people in battle alongside their former owners, but when the Zanzibarians could not pay him, he changed sides and then, in 1893, the Congo Free State began to suspect him and he was executed for treason, for which he was enslaved , fought alongside the slavers and then fought against the slavers, but was executed by the Belgians, eventually the Belgians and the abolitionist forces together with their Congolese allies gained the advantage that they completely destroyed the city of Unyangwa, an important trading center of slaves, and they killed Sefu bin Hamid in battle in 1893.

Thus, the central African slavers had been destroyed while the Zanzibars were expelled and Umziri had been killed, thus the Belgian government was consolidated throughout the congo, but this would be infamously as cruel as it was in the 1890s when Leopold and his private police, the public force, began implementing draconian laws that turned the country into a privately owned feudal state where all resources were collected by officials and those who could not produce their quota would be severely punished. The majority of the population went to work producing rubber, and as it grew in value, the Belgians moved further and further into the interior of their vast colony on the opposite side.

On the colony side the Germans were trying, albeit slowly, to advance westwards and the British were moving inland from Kenya, they were all about to congregate in some countries I haven't really talked about in Uganda , Burundi and Rwanda, but as I said, I will get to them in the next episode since we have reached 1894 and as you may have noticed, large portions of the continents were not yet colonized. Kingdoms such as Benin and Wasulu still ruled in the west. The modest warlord Rabbi Azubair still controlled parts of the Sahel states, then there were the Boer republics in the south, Morocco and Ottoman Libya in the north and many more, then of course there was Ethiopia, who the Italians had already attacked but would expel them in 1896 and thus secure their independence in the 1890s.

The fight for Africa was underway, but many countries still remained unclaimed, especially throughout the Sahara in the south, such as the republics at war and in central Africa. Indeed, Central Africa was home to some ancient kingdoms, but now they found themselves in the midst of colonialists rushing in their direction. the belgians had just defeated the slavers and had moved to the east of the congo the british had expanded through kenya and the germans through tanzania also in the north the modests were still in open rebellion all of them were about to meet and claim the Central African kingdoms for themselves as For the locals, let's start with Uganda, this was the location of several kingdoms such as Bonyoro Toro Busogo and Ancholy, but the most powerful during the 19th century was Buganda.

These kingdoms date back hundreds of years, but the euro, for example, dates back to the 14th century. They used to be the most dominant kingdom, but in the 19th century they lost a lot of power to Uganda. Since the mid-19th century, the kingdom of Buganda was ruled by Mutiza, a man who French and Belgian missionaries wanted to rule over a Christian Kingdom, but he was not Christian, he maintained his traditional religion even though Muslims, Protestants and Catholics They tried to convert him. In fact, many of the rulers here refuse to allow foreigners into their country or interfere in their affairs, for example, Carabega, the king of Bunyoro.

He defended himself against Sir Samuel White Baker in 1872. Baker had been tasked with exploring and hopefully exporting Uganda on behalf of the Egyptians, but most of his men, who were actually convicts, abandoned him and all It was a disaster while I was in Buganda when Matiza. His son died. Mwanga II began to persecute anyone who had converted, but now his court and his country were full of converts. He, the Protestant Catholic, is a Muslim and they are all fighting for power. He even killed East Africa's first Anglican archbishop, James Huntington, in 1885 and burned some Catholic converts alive in 1886.

This encouraged the British to lend their support to Christian and Muslim rebels. Umwanga was then overthrown and replaced by his brother in 1888, but this brother was in turn overthrown by the Muslims who put another brother on the throne. So Umwanga, now exiled, made a deal with the British to return him to the throne and gain rights in his country. The British agreed and in the late 1890s the East Africa Company helped secure the throne for him and by 1894 Buganda had become an official protectorate of Britain. He would later attempt to rebel in 1897 but was defeated and fled to German Tanzania, now with a base in Uganda, the British attacked the other kingdoms, as in 1893, Colonel Henry Colville launched an attack on Bunyoro, they were able to take over the kingdom, but Kavirega retreated to the countryside there and waged a guerrilla war against the invaders for years until the British were finally able to capture him in 1899.

To the south of Uganda lies Rwanda, which was ruled for most of the 19th century by Kigali IV. . He prohibited the entry of foreigners into his country. especially the Zantabari slave traders and protected the country from them using modern rifles that he acquired mainly from the Germans. The Germans gained entry to his kingdom in 1893 when Count Van Goghsen led an expedition west trying to assert control over Tanzania and beyond, but Rwanda remained independent. He even managed to expand the borders of his kingdom a little but in doing so he is credited with worsening relations between the Tutsi and the Hutus.

This is because the Tutsis were given higher positions and in later years the Europeans would worsen this even more. division and eventually this would turn into genocide in the 20th century and then when he died the country was thrown into chaos. His son Mabambo IV assumed power in 1895, but the previous king had many wives and these wives had a lot of power. The mother of the bamboo had already died. Then, another royal wife named Kanjugira plotted to remove him from power and install her own son. She launched the ruku coup and Yuhi v her son became king.

The new royals accepted German protection and help in consolidating their control over the country during this time of chaos. and therefore another country had lost its independence further south, yet there was Burundi, which was then ruled by um, it was another long reign as monarch from 1852 and again another ruler who had successfully defended his nation from slavers and colonizers For years such as 1884. He defeated the slaver Rumor Lisa in battle once again, his downfall came from within as some like Nanga Makoko allied themselves with the Germans in an attempt to gain power against the rebellion and while he He also accepted German protection in 1890 in exchange for help remaining in power.

By then all the Central African nations had fallen under European control but, as elsewhere, their old monarchies remained; However, just before reaching 1895 there were a couple more conflicts in Africa of note, firstly the Spanish and Melilla were attacked by a group of tribesmen known as Riffians. It was carried out after the Spanish began to improve their fortifications in the region which they had held for hundreds of years and then, despite some help from the Moroccans under Hassan the First, the Erythians were quickly defeated and the The Spanish expanded their base in northern Morocco, but the rift tribes would be a problem for the Spanish in the coming decades, meanwhile, in southern Morocco or the Spanish Sahara they had established a base on the Río de Oro peninsula, There they appointed Emilio Bonnelli as governor, but his expansion was hindered due to the brotherhood of members of the tribe.

Otherwise, there is only one final conflict to mention: the French invasion of Madagascar. If you had watched the last episode, you would have seen that the French had already invaded Madagascar and forced its marine dynasty to accept their protection back in 1885, but the terms of the treaty. They were vague and the Prime Minister of Madagascar and his queen Renovo Loner III refused to accept their loss of sovereignty. Diplomatic relations were subsequently severed and in 1894 the French-invaded disease claimed more French lives than the battles as they marched inland and forced the queen to surrender rather than have her royal palace bombarded with artillery, but the Madagascar's government really couldn't do much to defend its island.

For starters, they made themselves incredibly unpopular by converting to Christianity and then to ethnic groups like the anti-fassi. She had been massacred or enslaved during the ruling dynasty's expansionist wars in the previous decades, so rebellions broke out almost immediately as soon as the French landed, the queen was exiled, but the French had to subdue a series of uprisings.anti-Christians while the country was firmly placed under their control meanwhile on the coast the incredibly short Anglo-Zanzibar war occurred this war began when sultan hamad bib tuwaini died and khalid bin bhargash took the throne this may seem innocent enough, but according to treaties Previously any sultan needed to obtain British approval before taking the throne, something bin Bargash did not have.

After all, he was much more anti-British than other contenders like Hamud bin Muhammad, whom the British intended to put on the throne, so the British went to war, bombed Zanzibar, and won. The whole thing lasted around 40 minutes, making it the shortest war in history. Then the British installed his puppet as sultan and as a positive conclusion the British forced him to ban slavery. This was a monumental moment in the history of the region, as the Zanzibars had been enslaving Africans. deep in the Congo and selling them across the Indian Ocean for centuries, plus the British were cracking down elsewhere, especially in the south, against poor independent republics.

There the Boers under Paul Kruger managed to greatly improve their economy, in fact, they improved it greatly. who began to challenge the British Cape Colony for dominance in the region, so they feared that their position in South Africa was being challenged. Expansionists such as Cecil Rhodes hoped to encourage rebellion among the foreigners who had emigrated to the Transvaal during the gold rush, they lacked many human rights and discontent within the community was high, so in 1895 Rhodes helped organize the raid of Jamison in Transvaal without permission from London. However, this raid failed and Rhodes was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony.

He also encouraged the Transvaal to import foreign weapons and Emperor William II of Germany sent a telegram to Kruger congratulating the Boers. This telegram from Kruger worsened Anglo-German relations in the run-up to World War I and the British began to fear a German-born alliance, so war would eventually break out between the two. In 1899 the Boer republics maintained their independence but in East Africa the Ethiopians not only managed to maintain their independence but also expanded their borders under Johannes IV. However, he died in battle against the Modests of Sudan and Menelik became the new emperor and continued to expand. to the south.

He was also the leader who established the city of Addis Ababa, the current capital. He founded the country's first banks, post offices and railway lines. Furthermore, he introduced electricity to the new city. However, he had a more difficult time abolishing the slave trade. despite amputating the slavers as his control was somewhat limited in the growing country and he faced a couple of famines, but he strengthened relations with Russia, obtained weapons from them and this proved vital because in 1895 the Italians invaded the Italians who had been fighting for the last few years. the modest ones in a series of battles and controversially seized Misawa in 1894, angering the Ethiopians who wanted a seaport, then used previous treaties signed with the Ethiopians, poorly translated treaties to justify their invasion, fifteen thousand Italians and their allies marched inland and they encountered more than a hundred thousand.

Ethiopians at the Battle of Adwar in March 1896. There, the poorly trained, outnumbered and unprepared Italians lost to the Ethiopians, making it one of the only African countries to maintain its independence, the other being Liberia. . This was a great humiliation for the Italians and weakened their position in East Africa, they might have even lost land to the Modestos, but fortunately for them, the Modestos faced a number of enemies, for example, the Belgians had They managed to advance eastwards through the Congo and in 1894 the British gave them the enclave of Lando a small piece of land in South Sudan, but it was currently occupied by the Modests and this led Belgium to war against them.

The Congo Free State crushed the Modests at the Battle of Rajaf in 1897, but faced a series of mutinies among the Tetila people. They recruited this was particularly important because this prevented the Belgians from advancing towards their desired objective: searching for refreshments, where the British and French would later meet and almost go to war, so if they had not mutinied perhaps there could have been a three-way confrontation between the British, French and The Belgians, as for the British, they finally tried to get revenge on the Modest and in 1896 they began to build railway lines to invade under Kitchener, they would quickly move south and in 1898 they crushed the modest zadomderman.

There the British only lost about 48 men compared to 12,000 modestos killed and 5,000 captured caricatures came under Anglo-Egyptian rule and the British continued to press the south finally killed the new modesto leader in battle in late 1899, then set out to seize of South Sudan, but in 1897 two Frenchmen undertook expeditions to unite the eastern and western colonies. Christian de Bonchamp left Djibouti and John Baptiste. Marchand set out from the French Congo hoping to meet Bonchamp in South Sudan, but failed to get beyond the Ethiopian highlands and hostile locals, but Morshan was successful and reached Foshoda in July 1898. However, a Once there, he was soon joined by Kitchener, who arrived.

After his victory over the Modests with 1,500 men, Marchand on the other hand only had 20 French officers and 100 African troops, so he was interested in avoiding conflict, he and Kitchener met and avoided conflict by agreeing to wait for orders from their respected governments before acting. The British stood firm in their claims while in France they were more divided, for example some saw Germany as the main enemy and did not want to antagonize a potential ally in their future war against the Germans, then the infamous Dreifus trial took place. . a Jewish man who was supposedly spying for the Germans and this diverted attention from his shoulder so the French were able to peacefully resolve the crisis and withdrew avoiding conflict with Britain but French nationalists like the young Charles de Gaulle felt humiliated The future French approach to defending its African colonies has been called the confrontation syndrome, but the French were having much more success elsewhere, in 1898 they finally managed to defeat Simori Tori, a Muslim ruler against the one they had been fighting for the last two decades.

But despite initial victories against the French, his support had waned and the French captured him and sent him into exile. This defeat, together with the treaty signed with other great powers, firmly consolidated French control over most of West Africa, including the interior of the Ivory Coast and similar places. The general who finally achieved this victory was Henri Gorad and he became a hero in France. He would later serve in World War I and then, after the war, crushed the Great Syrian Revolt. This victory paved the way for the French to conquer the lands controlled by Rabbi Zubair.

I mentioned him in the third episode, but as a summary, he was a Sudanese warlord who created a state for himself in 1887. He invaded Darfur and then advanced further west, seizing the Bagrimi Sultanate and forcing its ruler Gaurang II to flee in 1893. The same year he conquered the ancient Bornu empire and made Dikwa, now in Nigeria, his capital city in the hope of modernizing, he approached the Royal Niger Company, but he was an infamous slaver and there were several stories about his brutality, for which he was converted. In response, he began launching even more raids threatening the Niger company, which was now surrounded by two great Islamic empires, Rabia and Sokoto, but it was the French who were about to change this from the Congo.

Emil Gentile was sent to meet Gorang. second and his begrimi sultanate or what was left of it was placed under French protection. Then, when this sultan was threatened by Ruby, the French sent troops from the Congo in 1899, but they were annihilated at the Battle of Togbaw, however, the rabbi's power was beginning to weaken. When the British defeated the Modests, their influence, although not complete control, expanded to areas such as Darfur. Three different French forces were then converging on the region from different parts of their empire. Emile Gentil led troops again from the Congo. The Faroe Lamy mission was heading towards the region. the sahara of algeria and the volatile no mission came from the west this fellatio no mission was incredibly brutal they left with only a small force both left a trail of destruction in the midst of it the atrocities were so bad that the french sent jon francois club of timbuktu To intercept them and take control along the way they would have seen villagers set on fire, numerous civilians hanging from trees and even children cooking on fire, but when they met Volley, they killed Klopp and declared that he was no longer a Frenchman but a black man. chief and conqueror of an empire, but this only caused a mutiny and both leaders were killed.

Lieutenant Palier took control of the mission in Zinder in Mali and proceeded to head to Kosairi in northern Cameroon. Then the three expeditions met, captured the city and defeated. rabid in battle, he died during the conflict and his empire quickly disintegrated with the French taking most of it except bornu which later passed into the hands of the British as for the British their military presence in Nigeria grew after a conflict against the Istakiri leader, Chief Alomu, in 1894. Chief Alomu now acted as an intermediary between the British and then still independent nation of Benin, but when Olomou attempted to expand his holdings, the British captured him and took his lands, but the authority still did not allow an invasion of benin, however james robert phillips moved to benin without permission to hide his attentions, he hid all the weapons but this turned out to be disastrous as the smell of benin found out about the invasion and set them up an ambush because their weapons were hidden, they had no way of defending themselves and most were killed by January 1897.

However, as always, this massacre sparked a punitive expedition with the full backing of the Royal Navy. Around 1,500 marines plus local troops marched towards the Benin capital and burned villages on their way, then rockets were fired indiscriminately and the walls of Benin, the largest earthworks created were completely destroyed, the kingdom was dissolved and many of the Works of art were sent back to Europe, including the famous Benin bronzes, but the British in Nigeria did not stop there, as the kingdom of Nembi had been placed in the British sphere of influence at the Berlin conference, but their King Frederick William Coco had refused to allow the British into his region, but this region became increasingly valuable since the discovery of oil and the formation of the British Oil River Protectorate, but in 1895 Coco renounced Christianity and led in an attack on the company's base at home, a couple dozen British colonists were captured and ceremonially executed and some reports indicate that they were eaten.

This was again followed by a punitive expedition and Coco was deposed. Now public opinion was slowly turning against private African companies and their leaders like George Goldy, however Kogo went too far with cannibalism and later lived in exile. He was probably the inspiration behind king coco, fanta poe in the books of dr. doolittle, so Goldie was able to maintain control of his Niger company and in 1897 he personally led attacks against small Islamic states such as the Beta Emirate, but this success ultimately spelled the end of private business in West Africa, although in the face of the colonies sponsored by the German and French states did not really have much chance of competing. so the charter was finally revoked a couple of years later and the british government took control of nigeria, while nearby ishanti had become a british protectorate back in 1891, but in 1894 king premper first refused to allow for the British to take up residence in their capital, Kumasi, so the British led by the likes of Robert Baden-Powell marched into the city and forced Prempa into exile.

This was a remarkably peaceful expedition as the Ashanti more or less surrendered without a fight, but some British died mainly from diseases such as Malaria, such as Prince Henry, son-in-law of the Victorian Queen, the British, by the way, justified this war and other actions saying they hoped to end the slave trade with human sacrifice and establish peace, but as you can probably guess, what they wanted most was prevention.The French and Germans moved into a shanty land and to claim the riches of the kingdom, the causes of the next war with the Ashanti were a little more ridiculous, as it began when Frederick Mitchell Hodgson insisted that he should be able to find and probably sitting on The Golden Stool was quite scandalous as the stool served as a symbol of not only the royal family but also the kingdom in general, only the king had the authority to even touch it, so the fact that a British person wanted to find the stool that was hidden.

It was incredibly offensive to the Ashanti, but some say that Hodgson simply did not realize how important it was, so the Ashanti rose up under Queen Mother Ya Ashantiwa in March 1900, forcing the British to retreat to a small stockade, but with the help of a few. One hundred Hausa soldiers fought the attacking Ashanti until a relief force helped them escape. A second expedition was sent to the capital and forced the remaining royal family to surrender, but they surrendered on the condition that the stool would not be touched by a British or not. -akan person Akan by the way, are the people who lived in the Ashanti kingdom, so the Ashanti despite being the next victory claimed as to the stool was discovered in 1920 by road workers and is currently located in the palace ashanti built by the british but we move away from west africa as in the late 19th century developments occurred in other parts of zambia the british had already secured the south in 1890 when they secured an agreement with lewanika the ruler of bharataland , but the north was still unclaimed and lay directly between the British and The Belgian control on the Belgian side was the province of Katanga, the former lands of the slaver um siri and this land the British had tried to claim, however, Alfred Sharp could never come to terms with umziri so the belgians just went in and killed him and claimed him for themselves, the british were therefore unwilling to let this happen again but alfred sharp once But he failed to reach an agreement with the leader of northern Zambia. this was mwatakazembi, the tenth who gave the British some mining concessions in this resource rich land and allowed some missionaries to enter his country but largely refused to submit, for example he denied the British South African company the right to fly the British flag and prevent its tax collectors from taking money from its citizens.

He even began to clash with company troops in the late 1890s, prompting Alfred Sharp to send troops to Malawi upon seeing British machine guns and cannons and even Sikh troops, the king withdrew without a fight, the missionaries gave him refuge and then helped him negotiate his return to power, the British accepted this and for the rest of his life, he worked closely with the company, so the British had secured Zambia. However, it was too late to realize their dream of connecting Cape Town with Cairo and they would have to wait until the end of the First World War to do so, otherwise, also in the late 1890s, In Somalia, the dervish movement had begun and this would continue until the 1920s.

In short, Somalia was one of the first countries to enter European spheres at the beginning of the fighting, but European control was limited. The Italians, British and French had just entered. They signed agreements with local rulers and largely allowed them to govern independently. They also made agreements with each other about borders, such as allowing Italian Eritrea to expand. Additionally, the borders between Britain and Ethiopia were consolidated at the end of the century, but controversially, Ethiopians received organization in this region. It is mainly composed of Somalis and is a source of hostility between the two nations even today, so in Somalia the Teen Wasangali marja sultanates and the like were still there and their rulers like Mahomud Ali Shaya of Wasangali, despite signing agreements, They would join the dervishes. movement against the colonizers once it started the whole rebellion was started by a sufi poet mohammed abdullah hassan after traveling to mecca he was inspired to return home and remove the western and christian presence from his homeland, think almost like the mahdi rebellion in sudan when it launched a religious war against the colonizers, in fact, quite a few similar movements emerged throughout the muslim world, for example, there were jihadist states in the west and in the north.

Hassan had connections with the Sunusi order, which I will discuss in the next episode of Using Religious Rhetoric, he did something that had been almost impossible just a few years before: he had united the war in the Somali tribes into a powerful fighting force that wanted to wage war on the region of the Christians, as he said that the Europeans were converting his children and making our children, his children, around 6,000 men joined him when he first attacked the Ethiopians and secured his first victory, then he began to launch attacks in British Somalia and the British press dubbed him Mad Muller, however the British would need to use aircraft after the world.

In the first war to finally crush the uprising, this was largely due to the mobility of the Dervish fighters, their ranks were filled with pastoral horsemen, so whenever their territory was overwhelmed by the British or Italians, they could just move and set up a new base somewhere else in the meantime. They were being supported by local sultans who wanted to win back their independence supporters in Sudan and even supposedly the Ottoman Empire. This was not even the only rebellion that took place in Somalia, as in the south of Italian Somalia there was the Banadir resistance. Led by the Bemal clan and started earlier and would actually last a little longer than the Davish movement, although it was largely clan based, they also used religious rhetoric to agitate the population, often through poetry. , a poem ended, those who resist are destined for heaven.

Those who submit can stay at home, in the hell to which they belong, which is why poets influenced both rebellions. Hassan actually exchanged insults and poems with another anti-colonist, Weiss al-barawi burari, began to insult because he was in favor of a more peaceful solution and accused the rebels of being The Wahhabis in a poem he wrote are the justifiers of the spilling of the blood of the ulama and of wealth and women. They are libertines. They prohibit the study of sciences such as law and grammar. They are disgusting. Their characteristic is to wear their hair like the Wahhabis.

They are a cult of dogs because of these accusations Barawi would be assassinated by Hassan in 1909 still in Of course, these were not the only rebellions that were appearing across the continent, such as the Baiunda revolt in Portuguese Angola. There, the kingdoms of Ovum Bundu, including the Kingdom of Bailondu, had lost their independence in 1890, but the region saw an increase in Portuguese activity throughout this time. The economic problems obviously angered the locals, but the conflict began in 1902 when the Portuguese accused the king of bailundu, the councilor of not paying for room bottles. Tensions increased. The Portuguese imprisoned their leaders and the rebellion began.

The Portuguese enlisted the help of poor settlers and pursued the rebels into the mountains and continued to launch expeditions against them until 1904, when they were finally defeated, but returning to the Muslim uprisings and wars in the west, the Germans finally established the borders. of their togaly in exchange for some Pacific islands, but still only On the coast of Cameroon, to the north was the Muslim kingdom of Fondum de Bafut. This small state was attacked numerous times by the Germans between 1901 and 1907, however, they never truly submitted to German rule and the Germans had to reinstate their ruler when no good replacement was found, so the frustrated wars were a costly affair;

Otherwise there was the Sokoto Empire, further north, the jihadist state that had held back European advances until now, within its empire were several autonomous regions, one of which was Adamawa within Adamawa in the late 1890s. There were a number of internal conflicts, for example there was another person who claimed to be Mahdi Hayutu ibn Saeed and he began to rebel against the crown, so the Germans who claimed to want to end the Islamic slave trade took this opportunity to move in 1899. but the Muslims resisted fiercely and in 1901 the Germans had only managed to subjugate the party that year they met with the emir Subaru ibn Adama to discuss the possibility of putting their lands under German protection but this came to nothing so the Germans They attacked again as the British seeking to exploit the situation advanced Yola Zubairu was fleeing, he asked for help from the Sokoto and the calls for jihad inspired many modest followers to join forces with the Emir together they attempted to claim land but slowly failed sultans from different cities They broke away from the Sokoto and swore allegiance to the Germans or the British, as he was killed by tribal enemies in 1903.

As the Germans moved north, the British led by the likes of Frederick Lugard also moved north and occupied Kano. Place by the way. wrote the Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa in this he justifies colonialism by saying that stopping slavery put an end to what he called barbaric practices and the like, but he goes a step further and says that colonialism was a fad and that the British needed to get involved, so they didn't. He doesn't seem weak, so you can see why he decided to join the Germans in dividing the Sokoto Caliphate; otherwise he argued for indirect rule as the best way to run a profitable colony, avoid uprisings and the like;

However, although this is what he argued, educated Nigerians were very rarely allowed to assume positions of power anyway. After fleeing Kano, the city's emir, Ali Obaba, attempted to regain his power but was defeated. . The British were therefore free to move to the town of Sokoto, where Muhammadu Asahiro was the first to try. in fact, he called on his people to join him in a migration known as hijra. Thousands of people joined in and he moved from his capital to the countryside. The British then pursued these massive people migrating through Nigeria. until they caught up with them and crushed the Caliph's armies after the battle, the British found Muhammad leaving a mosque and shot him, ending the Sokoto Caliphate, the lands were divided between Germans and British and photos of Kayla were sent dead to all their lands. to prevent uprisings, but this did very little to help as within a couple of years there would be major rebellions throughout the country while all this was happening, the French had begun to move towards Mauritania, but there they hoped to peacefully penetrate the region.

Capilani orchestrated the entire plot and it worked incredibly well starting in 1901 he formed alliances with shikes shidyababa and sad buu were leaders of the kadria sufi brotherhood and had great power they agreed to join france because they were promised protection against their rival hassani tribes and a position of power within the new colonial government, so this was simply divide and rule. These men persuaded the emirate of Traza to join France in 1904, but of course not everyone was happy about this. To the north of them, ma al ayin had been appointed commander of tindouf by the sultan of morocco but today this is part of algeria he was a fierce anti-colonist and had already begun to build a fort known as rabbat in samara in the spanish sahara with the intention to launch attacks and pursue the The Spanish came out but then the French also came close and launched a jihad against them in the name of Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco.

The sultan, although not directly involved, appears to have supported the jihad by being an intermediary for the purchase of weapons and one of his men is believed to have murdered Kopalani, ending French expansion into the interior of Mauritania for a couple of years. , but we have to return to Nigeria for a while, as the British sought to fully consolidate their control over the arrow confederation that the arrow people had been until now. They were unwilling to allow any real European settlement on their lands despite technically being under British influence, they were deeply religious people and saw foreigners as a threat to their beliefs.

The central element of their religion was an oracle called ibini ugpabi. Of course, they would perform religious duties, but they would also resolve legal disputes, murder cases and the like. The trials would take place in Aruchuku in a cave complex. Within the caves were a series of shrines and tunnels that sounded quite sinister like the shrine of the nakednesswhere the guilty would be stripped naked and the tunnels of disappearance This tunnel got its name because whoever lost his mind was sometimes killed or personally sold into slavery by the Ipini Ukpavi. This ongoing slave trade finally gave the British their cause for war, but in religion, for a time, they began a series of secret societies and quasi-cults. which were developed in West Africa at the time, such as the ekpa in Nigeria, these claimed that they could apparently talk to their ancestors and many young boys would take oaths in society as soon as they became men and for life would swear to keep the secret and would have to pay membership fees and, in addition to their religious roles, they wore full ceremonial costumes and did police work to attract the attention of the British, there was also the poro and its female equivalent to the sandy, there the men went and They were listening to a man dressed in a full fetish outfit. they gave speeches and occasionally put taboos on things while women attended masquerades and unfortunately performed female genital mutilations.

By the way, these groups still exist today, but they were not the most violent groups, there were some like the leopard society in Sierra Leone, their members would dress in leopard skins and ritually cannibalize people believing that this would give them more power. and perhaps you can see a link between groups like this in sierra leone and liberia and later reports of cannibalism in the civil wars of the 20th century, but let's go back to the arrow that attacked the city of ubegu which was allied with the british so the british began to prepare for war it took a while to gather forces but in 1901 they were ready the british won very quickly and the arrow confederacy fell into british hands but some guerrilla conflict persisted for example the ikomiku war persisted until the outbreak of the first world war and finally the last conflict of this period occurred in the south and was the second war which began when the british began amassing troops along the transvaal border until september 1899. when kruger sent an ultimatum demanding to withdraw, this was ignored and war was declared in October, thousands of foreigners joined to help the Boers in the early stages of the war as they besieged towns such as Lady Smith and Kimberly, but in 1900 thousands of British reinforcements arrived to relieve the besieged cities their march was temporarily halted at the battle of spion cop a battle that gandhi and churchill witnessed in may robert baden powell had relieved the city of mafiking and in june both johannesburg and pretoria were captured but many the boers such as dela ray yan Smoots and Lewis Boater launched a guerrilla war and the 250,000 British soldiers fought to maintain control of the region, so they built thousands of block houses across South Africa to defend their supply lines.

Herbert Kitchener also started burning down farm houses and anything. The captured wild boars were then deported to colonies such as Bermuda and Saint Helena, while mainly women and children were sent to concentration camps where around 40,000 people died, many of whom were children. This was met with outrage internationally, making thousands of Scandinavian Dutch. French, Irish, Americans, Italians and more joined the war in the Boers' place. The Russians were also enthusiastic supporters of the beer cause, not only because they had a mutual enemy but also because they believed they shared similar values ​​to those Tolstoy wrote in his diary opening a newspaper every morning I passionately want to read that the Boers have defeated the British, that gladdens my soul, also in Great Britain many also opposed the war, in particular the liberal party under their standard bearers, but patriotic favor won and the liberals were defeated in the war. the so-called kharki elections as the war dragged on, the gorillas were increasingly unable to carry out their raids and both sides became worried about blacks such as the swazis becoming involved in the war, hence the bitter endings, as they were called, they made peace in 1902 and the Boer republics were annexed and subsequently Swaziland finally accepted British protection, although reconstruction and amnesty were offered to the Boers.

The British governor Alfred Milner attempted to anglicize the newly conquered regions, but this worsened race relations and fueled inbred nationalism, so when the union of South Africa was declared in 1910, many Boer leaders such as Botha and Smootz were elected prime ministers. However, by then most of the south and west were settled. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, some nations were still free from European rule, although very few were the final nations. falling like Morocco would cause tensions between the great powers in the run-up to World War I; Otherwise, there was, of course, a wave of unrest against colonization, for example, there was the Margie Margie revolt against the Germans in Tanzania and more modest uprisings, in addition large crimes such as the hero genocide were committed.

Forced labor and many more. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of Africa was completely under European control, but in the north, Morocco was still open to colonization. The country was ruled by Sultan Abdelaziz, but the measure. His control was really weak in the countryside, bandits and local rulers ruled virtually independently and captured foreigners like Reizuli, a man who has been described as the last barbarian pirate. He captured some people and held them for ransom, but none sparked as much outrage as the kidnapping. of an American man named Perdicaris in 1904 to secure his release the Suli race demanded control of the country's provinces, turning him into a Robin Hood character fighting a corrupt sultan who was conceding too much to the West, but the president Teddy Roosevelt responded quickly. and they sent ships to morocco, they demanded that the sultan pay the ransom and to make sure it happened, there were even plans to land marines and capture customs.

This worried a couple of nations in Europe such as Spain, who believed that the United States wanted ports in Morocco and this was especially worrying for them as they had just lost Cuba and the Philippines to the Americans a few years earlier, but the sultan relented and the captive was released. However, this was just one of the many problems the sultan faced, for example, Buhumura claimed to be the mahdi, the savior of Islam and also the rightful heir to the throne, he launched a rebellion in the north of the country and the French could use , and they used any murder as a pretext to claim more land.

French interest in Morocco had in fact been growing due to The construction of the trans-Saharan railway plus the seas of the United Arab Emirates in what is now southern Algeria were controlled by Morocco for centuries, but its control in the 20th century remained weak, so the French actively pursued the Algerian rebels and their colonizing ambition and then the lands around Tuat. In 1901 and then in 1903 they accepted a bet and would continue to erode Morocco's borders for the next few years. The independence of Morocco, however, was initially defended by Great Britain, France's former rival. On the other hand, France was interested in maintaining allies in the Mediterranean and in 1900 they signed an agreement with the Italians giving them a free hand in Libya and offered Morocco to the Spanish but the Spanish despite their proximity and the existing colonies refused believing that this would lead them to a conflict with the British however in 1904 everything changed when the British and the French signed the Anton Cordial as part of this agreement Without asking Spain, the two powers promised the Spanish a sphere of influence in the north, this would prevent the French from controlling the lands opposite Gibraltar while, in turn, the British would withdraw from Moroccan affairs and allow the French entered, so it was a win-win for both powers, but Germany distrusted this new alliance and wanted to use Morocco to undermine it, so the Kaiser traveled to meet the Sultan and declared that he would support and believed that the Americans would join. him in this quest and that the Anglo-French alliance would begin to break down.

War was even threatened at one point before they met at the al-jaqiras conference. The British supported the French and Spanish when they were given the right to buy land, police the area and establish banks. Meanwhile, Germany, already angry at not being included in the colonial talks, was excluded and intensified its arms race with the British. The Moroccans had delegates there, but it was almost impossible to communicate. First there was the language barrier and then they had no telegraphs to communicate with their sultan back home, so as some foreign diplomats said, they sat there like statues angry about this.

The sultan's own brother. abid al-hafid rose and took power, but as a contemporary British writer wrote to maintain his authority over the tribes, he must continue to appear decidedly anti-European in his sentiments and his policies; on the other hand you must have the money and the money must come from europe meanwhile while the germans were making enemies in europe they were committing trust in africa by genocide the hariro people of namibia as well as the hariro people who were pastoralists , as well as the hunter-gatherers, the Nama people with whom they lived in Namibia. the Uram, who were a mixed race group, and the Uvambu, who were isolated in the north, the Germans at the beginning of the fighting had essentially tricked the locals into selling them large tracts of land and then used local rivalries to expand his possessions during his government.

Heinrich Ernst Gorin, Hermann Gorin's father, provided very little help to the blacksmith and thanks to false reports about the discovery of gold, German settlers arrived in large numbers, occupied native lands and often confiscated their livestock, so there were clashes. on a small scale in the riots, but in 1903 Samuel Maheiro decided to launch an open rebellion against the Germans and attacked a nearby fort killing more than 100 people. Lotha van trotter was sent to deal with the rebels. He had already crushed the Wahihi rebellion in German East Africa and the Boxer rebellion in China and with 14,000 reinforcements he forced the hero to make peace.

More than 50,000 Toriro gathered at Waterberg ready to make this piece, but the Germans attacked killed many and pursued the survivors into the desert trot and then declared that any blacksmith found within the German borders would be shot. He defended his actions. on racial grounds and many blacksmiths were killed, count von schliefen, who devised the schlieffen plan and many others celebrated trotas' achievements, but chancellor boulov had trotter retired at the end of 1905. Like many thousands of blacksmiths and nama were being murdered, many others were imprisoned and sent to concentration camps such as on Shark Island, there they were forced to work, but many died of malnutrition diseases or were simply murdered, although the figures are debatable.

It is estimated that around 65,000 people were killed during this period, representing 80 percent of the hero population and 50 percent. of the Nama people and medical experiments were also carried out and many of them were carried out on living patients to discover the causes of scurvy and things like that. Some, like Eugene Fisher, a future member of the Nazi party, conducted experiments on mixed-race people. People, his work would later be studied by people like Joseph Mengeler and was influential in the Nazi Nuremberg race laws in other parts of West Africa. The Germans had also recently divided the Sokoto Caliphate with the British in 1903.

The British were indeed having some Troubles in Nigeria caused by the economic movement. This was a secret society that emerged in Igbo territory. The British attempted to crush the movement by burning villages and imprisoning leaders in 1902, but they continued to appear over the next decade while in German Cameroons. The colonizers fought against the northern muslims in two different rebellions the first rebellion was led by ghoni wadei who led some muslims after performing the hajj and called for jihad malhilaji led the other group of muslims once again after performing the pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned, he called for another modest revolt in Africa.

Malhilaji claimed that he would hand over the Muslims to the savior of Islam and expelled the settlers, so the Fulani and Bugatti Arabs of Chad joined him, however Elaji was quickly captured and publicly beheaded while wadai. He was persecuted throughout the country, most of the local rulers constantlyThey forced his men to retreat for fear of German reprisals, but he managed to evade capture until 1907. Geruar machine guns then mowed down his men and the Germans proceeded to hang leaders who sympathized with this cause. Also wanting to put an end to any repetition, the Germans forbade people from going to the Hajj without prior approval, but the Germans were equally brutal in Tanzania during the Machimaji rebellion, there they introduced forced labor and forced everyone to grow cotton.

This not only changed the social order. of the region, but many places simply did not produce enough food to feed their own people, so in 1905 a drought occurred and the people rose up against the colonizers, like many other anti-European rebellions, the people turned to magic believing that could turn bullets into water. They found potions to protect them, in this case they followed a man called Umali, he mixed animism with Islam and marched into battle with antiquated weapons, so the Germans were able to crush the rebels fairly quickly, however, they were a step beyond, as captain vangenheim wrote.

For the governor, only hunger and misery can bring about final submission. Military actions alone will still more or less be a drop in the ocean, so von Gatson, the governor, launched a scorched earth campaign that essentially starved the people of southern Tanzania and killed over three hundred thousand. The region apparently never recovered for at least 50 years afterwards, but eventually put an end to the rebellions in Tanzania from the 1880s. Tanzanians rose up during the Abu Shiri revolt, the Wahihi rebellion, but Majimaji turned out to be the last great rebellion against the Germans, of course. the germans were not the only ones who committed a trust leopold of belgium ruled the congo using the public forced some of his commanders like leon the robbers destroyed 160 villagers in just one year in 1894. there were some rebellions like the riots mentioned in the previous episode and even the Casengo Niembo rebellion of 1905 but these were brutally put down and in the reprisals there were widespread reports of crucifixions of men, women and children to punish the residents.

There were also baskets with heads and hands that were collected from any place that had protested as peter forbarth wrote the baskets of severed hands placed at the feet of the European post commanders became the symbol of the Congo Free State the collection of hands became an end in itself the force the public soldiers carried them to the stations and at the place of rubber they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber, they became a kind of currency, reports in books like Heart of Darkness presented these atrocities to the world. Britain sent members of parliament to investigate, including Roger Casement, the future Irish nationalist, as well as prominent African Americans such as William Shepherd and George.

Washington Williams also refuted Leopold's propaganda campaign, so Leopold finally gave in to international pressure and the Belgian parliament voted to annex the colony. However, this greatly divided the parliament, as even among the socialists there were debates about what to do, some refusing to allow it as anti-settlers, while others wanted to take it away from Leopold to run the colony more humanely. , the portuguese also faced international condemnation for their use of slaves, especially in sao tomei, the world's third largest cocoa producer, william cadbury, the founder of the chocolate company, convinced the companies. in britain and america boycott portuguese products, but the practice continued in angola, mozambique and elsewhere, the nyasa company and others forced entire families to work on cotton or rubber plantations or produce chocolate well into the 20th century, even after the Republicans overthrew the monarchy in 1910.

The system continued, so of course the people tried to push back the Portuguese, but the Ovambo, for example, were defeated at the Battle of Mufilo in 1907. Furthermore As for forced labor, it must be said that the British, in particular, imported workers from across their empire and beyond. and work within Africa, these had the offensive name of cooley and greatly changed the demographics of certain places. The Indians and Chinese in particular came to places all over the continent to work in horrible conditions on mining plantations and the like, they were instrumental in the construction of large projects.

Like the Uganda Railway, along with the Africans, 2,500 men died during the construction of this railway, which included a couple dozen man-eating lions. The Nandy people of Kenya tried to resist the construction of this railway, but the British assassinated their leader in 1905. Churchill praised the construction of the entertainment demonstrated the British art of advancing through forests through ravines through troops of marauding lions through famine through war confused and marched along the railway, but many MPs, including Conservatives, criticized it for being ridiculously expensive and serving no real purpose an MP for example, they called it the line lunacy and similar projects were being carried out across the continent facing similar opposition, but in reality the entire colonization project was considered by many to be too expensive and most of the large infrastructure projects in Africa ultimately failed, e.g.

The French dreamed of a trans line. Sahara railway line, but even in World War II very little had been built during the war, the Vichy government even tried to finish it and used forced labor, including many Jews. Torture and excessive punishments were common, but again he failed even though the British would connect. Their colonies from Cape Town to Cairo after World War I never actually finished their railway lines and, despite initially claiming they were bringing civilization to Africa, it was clear they only wanted locals to work jobs. manuals due to the sheer lack of universities. Built in Africa from the beginning of the fighting until the 1920s, only two were built in Cairo and Algiers before that, there were two others, one in Cape Town and one in British Sierra Leone, which was built in the 1820s;

Otherwise, in 1922 the University of Kampala was founded, but that was all until after World War II, for many Africans they needed to rely on Christian schools, such as the future president of Kenya, Jomo Kenyetta, who studied with missionaries. of the Church of Scotland or later with Mugabe, who went to Gutama Catholic school. but one interesting university that was actually operating at that date was the william ponte school in dakar, which was created in senegal in the early 20th century and, as one of the only real institutions, had a number of future leaders who passed through its doors, among them mobidocater of mali mamadou dia of senegal herbert marga of benin and many more many societies were formed to help alleviate the plight of africans and even impose colonization altogether the growing number of socialists saw the whole thing as exploitative and even sponsored for some people to get an education in Europe, furthermore, for liberals throughout Europe there was also the economic argument: they had long followed the works of Adam Smith in the idea of ​​free trade, so this whole fight was not more than a simple extension of the old mercantilist ideas of economics.

Furthermore, for the British in the 1900s and 1910s, the entire sub-Saharan colonial empire only accounted for about 20 of their exports. South Africa contributed 16, West Africa only 2 and East Africa only 0.3, on the other hand a small colony like Mauritius. obviously contributed 2 percent of exports, that's not to say that a lot of wealth wasn't extracted from the regions and that the push for cash crops didn't devastate them, but East and West Africa contributed in terms of export both like its Caribbean colonies. France, on the other hand, was able to extract much more and became much more dependent on Africa.

The West African colonies provided about 10 of the exports. Madagascar 6 and North Africa more than 50 percent, while Germany its colonies suffered losses every year. Togo was on the list. was about to become profitable in 1913, but South West Africa lost 16.91 million marks each year, Cameroon lost 4.4 million and East Africa 6.7, so Africa did not become the huge goods market surpluses as expected not even in a massive destination for investors. France, Great Britain and Germany. They invested more money in South America, for example, but obviously some companies made a lot of money exploiting the continent, like Cecil Rhodes created the diamond company or there was Unilever, their precursors had plantations in Belgium and the Congo and would later acquire the United African Company and operated in West Africa, and not all colonies had deficits.

South Africa made a lot of money and the southern Nigerian protectorate made about a hundred thousand pounds a year and they would make much more after the First World War with the discovery of oil, but despite these arguments, prestige and status prevailed. patriotism, colonial societies throughout Europe championed the cause. Colonial affairs were conducted throughout Europe, often with human zoos featuring people from conquered territories, so when rebellions broke out, they were quickly crushed back in 1898 in Britain. Sierra Leone Colonel Frederick Cardew imposed a tax on huts based on their size, but the tax of between five and ten shillings a year was often higher than the huds themselves, so the people rallied behind Baibura, a Muslim cleric began to rebel.

The British quickly put down the rebellion and hanged 96 of their followers in the south, the British also faced the Bambata Rebellion in 1905. This again was largely caused by taxation, as the British forced the Zulus a once again to pay a hud tax and a poll tax of one pound. would pressure the locals to join the labor force, but instead they simply rallied behind a chief named Bambata and launched a guerrilla war, but like elsewhere, machine guns and cannons killed three thousand of them. his men and he fled to amozambique or was killed in action reports differ and as a side note gandhi would call this rebellion not war but manhunt but at the time he had a completely different view and hoped to pressure the indians to join to the army of the British Empire.

He believed that through this the Indians would achieve full citizenship in the end the Indians could only serve as stretcher bearers, but Gandhi at this time in his life at least often described the local Africans as savage and uncivilized; otherwise, the Wad Habuba revolt in British Udan occurred. This small rebellion was started by a veteran of the Mardis rebellion but gained very little support and was once again crushed as the French had to deal with a rebellion in Madagascar in 1904. Now the Malagasy had maintained some level of resistance to the French occupation, but at the beginning of the 20th century the French began to again introduce new taxes, forced labor and executions without trial, in addition thousands of Asian workers were imported challenging the entire culture and the status quo, so people rose up everywhere the country initially targeting the Catholic churches.

In fact, he won some early victories such as at Ampari and then captured cities throughout the island; However, as with other rebellions, it did not last long and everything was crushed in 1905, but the Malagasy would later revolt in 1947, but returning to colonization. process in the north, the French had continued to erode Moroccan borders by taking Ogder in 1907, after the murder of Emilmo Champ by a mob inside the country, locals began to follow a religious leader called Ma al-anein, launched a jihad against the French around Casablanca, but the French simply responded to this new threat by bombarding the city and actually beginning their slow conquest of the country.

Although the French would make further gains in Morocco in 1906, they were expanding to other parts of the middle of the country. Sahara in Chad, there was the Wadai empire, this was an Islamic empire that mainly traded in slaves and herded cattle. They had remained relatively weak for quite some time, far from the roots of the regular caravans, but began to grow in power and wealth thanks to the Sunuti order. This was founded by a Sufi named Sunusi who believed that Islamic thought and practices needed reform. His movements spread internationally throughout the century.XIX and reached the ears of leaders as far away as Somalia, but their main base was in Libya, which was then controlled by the Ottomans.

In fact they were so influential that the Ottomans did not really challenge them. Their order would form the basis of opposition to the Italian invasion. They would later attack the British in Egypt and when Libya became independent their king Idris came from the ruling family of the Sunusi Order. Well, They found an ally in Wadai in the chat, but since the Fashoda incident, the British and French had made many agreements to divide the region between them, so they would not risk going back to war, so Darfur would fall under British control while Chad was a French fool. by the way, it was ruled by Ali Dinar, he was able to assert his independence after the fall of the Modests and the British accepted this as long as he agreed to pay tribute, but he was not interested in keeping Darfur and looked into the eye.

Also, fortunately for him, a succession crisis broke out in 1898 and several foreign powers got involved by backing their own factions, including the French and the Sunusi Dot Mura Order, which was backed by the Snoozy One Out Order and their armies were modernized thanks to . to the breasts by sending weapons from the north in caravans, but his cousin Adam Asile still contested his coronation and launched a coup d'état that failed and he fled to French lands, leading to the start of the Wadai War in 1906. The French advance was Relatively slow, but a couple hundred French soldiers defeated the Wadai and occupied Adacha the following year, Adamasil was installed as puppet ruler, but Due Dude Mara and the Sunusi order simply retreated north and launched a guerrilla war, while Ali Dinard of Darfur saw French expansion as a threat and he also backdoored the first two French attempts to wipe out the insurgents ended in disaster until in 1911 Victor Emmanuel Lagu and French control was consolidated, but they did not really trust his puppet ruler, so they deposed him and took control of what was now an impoverished region.

The insurgency and new diseases wiped out much of the population and forced many more to flee, especially after some massacres. Many leaders and intellectuals sought refuge in Egypt or Darfur, so when the First World War broke out the population had been reduced to four. one hundred thousand from seven hundred thousand just a couple of years earlier, as for Aledina, he would continue to pay his tribute to the British, but during the First World War they suspected that he was siding with the Ottomans, so they launched a campaign against him, two One thousand men were sent from British Egypt in 1916 and Darfur was fully incorporated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan; then after decolonization it remained under Sudanese rule and suffered greatly in what many have called a genocide, but at least an ethnic cleansing at the hands of the Arab government.

So after this war, along with many British and French agreements, the entire Sahara was divided. The French desire to connect its colonies across the Sahara became official, but in practice it was really limited, since in the south of the Sahara they still needed to launch. pacification campaigns Then, in the run-up to the First World War, there were two final drives for the colonies that played a major role in the outbreak of the war. First came the second Moroccan crisis, also known as the Agadian crisis, within Morocco a rebellion broke out among the Spanish. moved troops and so did the French, the Germans once again hoping to divide the region and pursue colonial ambitions sent battleships to Morocco.

War seemed likely as the British also sent ships to the region to protect the French. Despite their initial misgivings, both sides came. However, in exchange for France making Morocco a protectorate, the Germans received a new Cameroon. This was not a particularly prosperous region as sleeping sickness was common and there was little infrastructure, but this was considered a success as out of nowhere German Cameroon appeared. They expanded and were given access to the Congo River, but ultimately made the British and French closer and more suspicious of German ambitions, but the French did not take over all of Morocco as per the old agreement, the north was officially handed over to Spain meanwhile, The Italians were watching, they were part of the triple alliance with Germany and the Germans had close ties with the Ottomans, but Italy had been promised freedom in Ottoman controlled Libya, so in 1911 They made secret agreements with Britain and France and made their move, but the Italians had always been quite slow at colonization, first sending immigrants and then setting up institutions like banks, believing this would give them a better claim;

However, when they tried to start this in Tunisia, the French simply came in and took it by force, so Libya was really their second choice and all their ambitions in North Africa were defended by nationalists who had long pursued idea of ​​marin nostrum essentially turning the mediterranean sea into an italian lake and libya would of course be essential to this, fortunately for them the ottoman empire was not difficult to climb at this point and suffered revolts almost everywhere, furthermore Libya was separated from the rest of the empire so that the stronger Italian navy could prevent the Ottomans from sending reinforcements, so they attacked claims that the Turks were funding extremists and that they quickly occupied port cities, used the latest technology, such as vehicles armored vehicles and planes, and declared their control over the region.

In fact, the first aerial bombardment was carried out during this war inspired by the Italian victories, the Balkan states united to form the Balkan League which boosted the Ottomans. To sue for peace, Italy took Libya just before the Balkan War began. However, Libya's borders were much smaller than they are today and it would not be until Mussolini took power that the French and British accepted the expansion of Libya, otherwise the Sunusi order. They launched a campaign against the Italian occupation and during the first world war they managed to declare independence, but there were reports of crucifixions of Italians and this obviously angered many Italians, so Mussolini used mustard gas and concentration camps to reassert Italian control, But the Sunusi fight against the Italians was only one of many continuing wars against the occupation.

In Somalia, the dervish movement fought against the Italians, the British and even the Ethiopians from 1899 to 1920, when they were finally defeated by British aerial bombardments, and these were not the only ones who rebelled during the First World War, in fact, there were a couple of rebellions just before, such as that of the Giriyama people of Kenya, who rose up against the British after they tried to force them to work in certain fields, and then in 1914 some Boers tried to secure their independence. led by a man called Maritz and received some support from neighboring German South West Africa, but Jan Smoots in South Africa mobilized his men and crushed the rebels before moving to Namibia on behalf of the British in 1915 despite fighting the Germans in Cameroon the British.

He deposed the Emir of Bosa in Nigeria, this sparked a rebellion that was initially successful, but the British soon brought reinforcements to crush it. In Malawi there was a growing middle class who obviously despised the forced labor and racial policies in the country, so they united behind an American Baptist minister John Chalembley rebelled, but the white settlers and the king's African rifles were defeated. They quickly mobilized and prevented them from entering Blondetire. Many were later executed and Chalemboy was shot when he tried to escape to Mozambique. The French, on the other hand, faced up to 20,000 rebels during the volta bani wall spread across West Africa and across all types of ethnicities, all angry at conscription, all hoping to end French rule while they were occupied Elsewhere during this period of weakness, it took the French nellie two years to crush the rebels and To prevent something like this from happening again, they created a new colony that is known today as Burkina Faso.

They believed this would prevent the moss-covered people from connecting with potential allies in Mali and similar places, but the following year the tour eggs gained support from the Sunusi order. and rose in Niger starting the Korchen revolt. This would again take the French a while to suppress, but they succeeded in 1917. In Portuguese Mozambique, the Bahrui uprising began as a result of harsh treatment by the Portuguese colonizers, this again included random forced labor. murders and rapes, but to crush the rebels, the Portuguese went a step further when they burned the villagers and enslaved many of the survivors, particularly the women.

Then, towards the end of the war, Nigerians rose up again against British taxes as part of the Adobe War, but 600 people were killed and once again they failed. Some rebellions were closer to success, such as the Sion rebellion in French Morocco. They received considerable support from the Germans and actually won some important battles such as Harry. They continued to fight against a weakened French army throughout the entire war and it was not until 1921 that the French, through numerous pacification campaigns, were able to reassert their control over the interior of Morocco, but the end of World War I brought great changes to the map.

To begin with, the Germans lost all their colonies to the British and French, but the Italians felt slighted by this, after all they had entered the war with promises of land, but got nothing, so to appease them, the British They were allowed to expand their Libyan colonies, but they still wanted more, but rebellions continued in the north. The Spanish had to deal with the breakup war that lasted until 1926. There they suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Annual, when around three thousand Riffians killed more than 13,000 Spaniards. This defeat was so humiliating that it led to Miguel Primo de Rivera taking power in Spain and forming a dictatorship, he in turn would promote Franco and ultimately this instability would lead to the Spanish Civil War, but the dictator would use methods increasingly cruel to win the war, such as the use of poison gas throughout the Sahara, in Sudan.

They formed the White Flag League in hopes of completely uniting with Egypt and asserting their independence, so they pledged loyalty to King Faud, but their leader, Abdul Fadil Amaz, had little support from the Egyptians and was bombed by the British in 1924. for more peaceful resistance. women's war in nigeria among the igbo people igbo women actually have a long history of pushing for change through peaceful protests, for example there is a practice known as sitting on a man which was essentially a public shaming of him. They would surround themselves at work, they would dance outside their house. in the likes to push for change well in 1929 they were angry with the appointed British chiefs for limiting their role in the government, so they joined forces with other ethnicities such as the Ethicians and the Ogoni and organized sit-ins and forced the British to act. the Nigerians selected their own clan leaders, so it was quite successful, although far from revolutionary, the French, however, faced a large rebellion of up to 350,000 men across central Africa.

They had been forcing the locals once again to work on a railway line which was the Congo Ocean Railway in order to get men to work on this line, in reality they employed several foolish people to recruit them, however the employees began to believe that A miniature hoe handle called a congo wara could turn French bullets into water and is this congo wara. That gave the rebellion its name apparently the rebels would even shout fire, big gorilla, your gun will only shoot water, so despite their numbers, tens of thousands were massacred and the entire event was largely kept secret from the French public, but if this mysticism were not so widespread, this could really have challenged French dominance.

However, probably one of the most successful interwar movements occurred in Egypt, which the British finally officially occupied when hostilities with the Ottomans broke out in 1919. This sparked a revolution led by the Waffeed party. Thousands of people took to the streets and hundreds were initially killed, but the British government relented a couple of years later and granted Egypt its independence, albeit nominally, as they still maintain troops in the region where they maintained the sewer canal. and Sudan. It was still under British rule, so the fight against the colonizersit never really ended, although in the interwar period they had died out somewhat.

White settlers in certain areas such as Kenya began to increase while pacification campaigns were aided with tanks and aircraft, as the rebel bombing of Derbi in 1920 ended uprisings in Somalia. Elsewhere more rights were given to the local population, such as in Tanzania, an earlier point of rebellion. It was now a British acquisition. They decided to govern through local chiefs. Meanwhile, in Uganda, in 1927, the British. helped divide the lands of some of the chiefs who owned too much or charged too much for rent, so people began to form their own small holdings and grow crops such as cotton and coffee for export, while in Senegal the French gave Africans voted for it and sent their own deputies to sit in the national assembly or in Cameroon, which was taken from Germany.

A British report said that through the Germans the natives have been taught discipline and have realized what can be achieved with industry in large numbers who return to their villages and engage in the cultivation of cocoa or other crops on their own. own, thus increasing the general prosperity of the country. Something similar was happening in Ghana since coconut farming was introduced, living standards improved dramatically and a whole new local middle class began to emerge. However, it developed as more and more people went to schools in Europe or at home, many began to develop new ideas such as Isaac Wallace Johnson and Sierra Leone.

He became a sailor, traveling the world and bringing ideas of communism to West Africa, even forming the first trade. union in Nigeria in 1930 he would later go to Moscow and attend an international conference for black workers in Hamburg, Germany, but in general this type of pact between colonized and colonizers was true in other countries such as Botswana, but in turn this presented its own problems. Power was often given to one group over another, such as in British Nigeria, they favored the Igbo in the south over the Emeas and the Muslims in the north. The British would even encourage southerners to move north and run businesses and companies there.

Then, in central Africa, the different treatments of the Hutus and Tutsis would cause problems for decades more, however in other cases the situation remained calm for other reasons such as the Afrikaners or the wild boars began to take more power in Rhodesia and South Africa. and his racial laws made it very difficult to foment a rebellion besides the South Africans. He also took Namibia and the last king of the land of Ovambo was assassinated by the South Africans when he refused to accept their new authority, thus leading to resistance in southwest Africa. he had no real leadership again.

The situation changed dramatically from country to country regarding the two free states of Liberia. and ethiopia, while tragically continuing to trade slaves in liberia, liberian americans had often remained in power through shockingly rigged elections such as the 1927 election, in which 15 times registered voters voted for charles d b king and he was accused by the league of nations for continuing to use slaves to help modernize their country, then in Ethiopia there would be Emperor Li Yasu who actually committed slave rapes and the Italians would use this as justification for moving to the country in the 1930s and this It brings me to the last desperate attempt to colonize a country. african country the italian invasion of ethiopia the british and french were happy that mussolini took it as they were more worried about germany so the italians moved in and after a year of fighting ethiopia was taken to italian east africa hundreds of thousands died during The Italian occupation that only lasted a few years, since during World War II, Ethiopia would be free again.

Their emperor Haile Selassie became a kind of icon for black people in the Americas as a symbol of a Pan-African dream, so for a short time. Just after 1937, the entire continent was colonized, that is, if we include the Liberian Americorps as colonizers, which I am inclined to do, but in reality the colonization effort only ended just before World War I and the continent began to achieve independence after the World War. ii, of course, many committed great horrors, especially in areas controlled by the Belgians, Germans and Portuguese, but the impact of Europeans on society changed from country to country and many Africans still live with the consequences today.