The Renaissance - the Age of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci (2/2) | DW Documentary

The Renaissance was when people started keeping track of time. Locksmith Peter Henline invented the pocket watch in 1510. It soon became a powerful tool. Merchants made a fortune from it and it allowed sailors to navigate distant oceans shortly before Christopher Columbus arrived in America. The known world tripled in size. People began to understand our planet in new ways and an empire arose in which the sun never set. All of this was thanks to new portable clocks. Scholars were able to measure and calculate the trajectories of celestial bodies with Greater precision by discovering the mechanisms of planetary motion and, ultimately, placing the Sun at the heart of our solar system, opened the way to the stars, at least in the mind, the pocket watch and other Renaissance inventions helped transform Europe and the world Florence in 1504 Leonardo da Vinci was a towering figure in an era known as the Renaissance when the best-known painting of all time, the Mona Lisa, the mysterious beauty with the inscrutable smile, was created.

It is probably a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the wife of a cloth and silk merchant from Florence, apparently Leonarda took years to finish it. The artist always struggled with his works, he was never satisfied with them and always tried to perfect them. Publius the Tenth said this about him. man will never achieve anything how wrong he was Lunada was a polarizing figure charming and erudite he was also described as vain and vain a man who was openly gay at a time when gay men were persecuted and even burned at the stake Leonardo da Vinci is Considered one of the most versatile geniuses of all time, the star of the Renaissance was much more than a simple artist, he was also an architect, anatomist, sculptor, mathematician, iconoclast, inventor of the brilliant creator of the Mona Lisa painting, perhaps he was just a Necessary evil.

Amir Today 15 paintings are attributed to Leonardo, most have been lost because he constantly experimented with new paint mixtures, many of which decomposed over time, he cared more about his inventions than the paint, they are not a life of Buffy, but when it came to his innermost desires, Leonardo was a seeker and explorer, someone who was interested in new ideas, mysteries rather than a painter who industriously went about his craft every day, brushstroke after brushstroke, We know that sometimes he can make only minor corrections to a painting and that he was not in front of a canvas all the time, perhaps he only painted to make a living from his paintings.

They were in high demand after all, they were extremely well made, at least the ones he finished, maybe he only painted to earn the money he needed to have the freedom he needed to continue his scientific research, if I had to have incredibly pieces behind him to obtain the fullness of At the time of the 15th century, Italy was devastated by numerous conflicts. Venice defeated Padua and Florence conquered Pisa in 1405. In 1413, the Neapolitans attacked Rome in 1444. Florence went to war against Naples and Venice. Italian cities had an insatiable appetite for conquest, but their constant battles filled progress war had become a promoter of click art by Denison's Nick Newell negative war not only had negative effects on the Renaissance but ensured that They mobilized huge sums of money for the condottieri (the military contractors) who were often based in small towns or cities from where they waged the wars of the big players for much money which meant wealth from Florence Milan Naples Venice and Rome flowed to further places. small if you go to Italy and enjoy the beauty and diversity of these small cities, you get an idea of ​​what it is like Back then he intended to turn war and iron into gold and gold into art Milan in 1485 Leonardo's employer was Ludovico Sforza, who ruled the city-state, you know, who applied to work for him as a military engineer and weapons manufacturer, mentioning only his painting and sculpture.

Along the way, Ludovico had big expansion plans and was preparing for war, so Leonardo ended up building high-tech weapons for ancient-inspired sports. He combined the idea of ​​a closed chariot with a tortoise formation used by the Roman legions in siege warfare. It was supposed to be an armored vehicle with incredible firepower but it failed in practice it was too heavy to move easily and the steam engine had not yet been invented The Codex Atlanticus contains more than a thousand pages with sketches by Leonardo designed a perpetual motion machine, a gearbox and spring-driven vehicles, but many of his creations still baffle us, even now some think that this gear device was a mechanical calculator, although critics say the interpretation goes too far in In the Renaissance there was no way to build a mechanical machine.

Gear train like this, of course, Leonardo knew about it, but that didn't stop him from theoretical innovations and some of them were groundbreaking. Leonardo's love of mechanics harmonized with the spirit of the time, as he, many pioneering minds sought machines that could bring people to earth. and the universe in motion clocks were the most mechanically elaborate devices of Leonardo's time, when Pater Henlein invented his pocket watch at the beginning of the 16th century people began to believe they were owners of time but those who make money with time by lending it certain periods while charging interest we were committing a mortal sin time still belongs only to God the prohibition on charging interest is in the Christian Bible it is one of the really important biblical prohibitions almost as important as you shall not kill that is because people believed that humans They should not take advantage of time because time belonged to God, but by the late Middle Ages and Renaissance the economy had come to play an entirely different role.

Money had to be available in the economy and making money and time available was beneficial, so it had to be made worthwhile. As a result, in practice there were more and more ways to circumvent the prohibition on charging interest, as the four-table factor shows in our current society. Imperial decrees of the 16th century now allowed Christian moneylenders to charge a maximum of five percent interest on money lent until then the credit industry had been solely in the hands of Jewish moneylenders this now changed Martin Luther still denounced the practice of charging interest But the Swiss reformer John Calvin had a quite different opinion.

Calvin said that people could determine from their economic success whether they were predestined to salvation or damnation, that meant that people did not sit around and see if they would be elected, but instead They worked incredibly hard. The great sociologist Max Weber said that Calvinism was the father of capitalism, but we know that other religious movements of the 16th and 17th centuries. In reality, it was the general forces of the society of the time, together with technical advances, that led to the incredible economic boom. When people did not accept different individuals, the city of Zurich began to establish official currency exchanges in 1419.

The money exchangers tended to be goldsmiths or coin winterers because they had to be able to tell the value of the coins, they changed coins and also made Later loans with the swing tax and Calvinist traditions Switzerland became a banking pioneer and opulence became a symbol of measuring time is still inseparably linked to the exploration of the heavens. Renaissance thinkers had already set their eyes on the stars. Many medieval clocks were astronomical clocks. Accurate measurement of time is a necessary requirement for studying the movement of the Sun, Moon and planets. beginning of an era in which scholars began to challenge the church's worldview by saying that the Sun did not revolve around the earth and that the earth was not the center of the universe since bach in poland around 1540 nicolaus copernicus was canon in the cathedral there In addition to a high government official, he was also a lawyer, doctor and mathematician, as well as an economist who wrote a highly regarded work on the theory of money, but his true passion was astronomy.

His observations and astronomical calculations contradicted the originally generally accepted model. Postulated by the ancient scholar Claudius Ptolemy, namely that the Earth was at the center of the solar system, this geocentric worldview was a central teaching of the church. Copernicus believed that the Sun was at the center of the solar system, but although he spent 30 years working on his theory, his friends and confidants, including some high-ranking clerics, tried to persuade him to publish his work, but unsuccessfully. Copernicus was afraid to publish his theory because he feared becoming a laughing stock. the earth was not flat, it was a sphere in Copernicus' world view, this sphere also moved, rotated on its own axis and also orbited the Sun at high speed, people believed that this would have unpredictable consequences, the earth would be Subjected to strong headwinds, objects would tip over and things like that and then there was the theological aspect that Martin Luther threw into the mix, he told Copernicus that the Bible said that the Sun moved around the Earth and not the other way around, so Copernicus was wrong and that scared Copernicus into going ahead. quiet sanity is about perfectly Martin Luther called Copernicus a fool and his model was dismissed not so much as heretical but rather as fantastical.

Only 70 years after his death did Galileo's observations provide con

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ng arguments, but physical proof had to wait another 300. However, for years Nicholas Copernicus had provided the astronomical model of our solar system and refuted the ancient scholar Ptolemy and that in itself itself was revolutionary: the Earth was finally removed from the center of the universe and classified as an ordinary planet orbiting the Sun along with other Copernicus. We saw how the apparent movement of stars in the night sky was actually the result of the Earth's own rotation. Everything orbited the Sun, so the actual center of the solar system had to be close to it.

Almost no other discovery has had such a great influence on our When our journey to the stars began 500 years ago without Copernicus there would be no space flights or satellite communication systems and our lives today would be very different the calculations made by Copernicus have had an impact real in us today we send our spaceships into space knowing where the value of the planets if Ptolemy's world view had been correct, we would not have reached any of those planets and it would all have been a waste of time to honor Tilly, the arrival of the staff of the cross, also known as jacob's staff, made it possible to determine latitude at sea using astronomical calculations this advance in maritime technology made it possible to navigate the high seas another achievement came with the ephemeral these astronomical tables calculated by the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Miller, also known as Lea Montano, his tables recorded the locations of celestial bodies from 1475 to 1506, together with Jacobs' staff, guided sailors on their voyages.

Thanks, damn Montana, Isaiah Montana made people in Europe aware of trigonometry. He published his own work taking advantage of the new invention of the printing press. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press. Trigonometry is still fundamental to navigation calculations and to GPS receivers around the world before trigonometry was the key to navigation and the search for new trade routes emboldened Renaissance explorers seeking new sources of wealth. , people began to ponder completely new questions about what lies beyond the known world. and how can we get there European merchants realized that it was cheaper to bring large quantities of pepper, cinnamon and silk to Europe via the Portuguese sea routes than to transport them via the land route controlled by Venice which led to the collapse of the Venetian monopoly of the spices. many Renaissance trading establishments invested in shipping Portugal and Spain became leading trading nations.

European merchants wanted to get exotic, luxurious and beautiful things and sell them for as much profit as possible. These things could be found in the Mediterranean and especially in the Far East and that is why merchants like Marco Polo set out in search of spices, silk, incense and other luxury products, they traveled the world, they were followed by missionaries and sometimes by warriors and then came the artists, thinkers and explorers, so they all fed each other with hope. transcend their own horizons one two three Thursday Lisbon 1484 Christopher Columbus, 33years, he was a few hours away from realizing his life's dream he had an audience with the Portuguese king John II Columbus was a professional sailor from Genoa with a deep knowledge of mathematics and Catan Rafi and a passionate defender of Aristotle's belief in that Asia could be reached in just a few days by sailing west from Europe.

Ancient scholars had estimated that Europe and Asia covered about half the Earth's circumference, but Columbus believed that Eurasia was much larger. that, in fact, Eurasia only represents about 1/3 Columbus also believed that the Earth was much smaller than it actually is, only half its actual size. He thought the western route to China and India was 4,500 kilometers long, a challenging but manageable journey. In reality it is a journey of 20,000 kilometers far beyond the capabilities of his time, so Columbus was not only taking a risk but also a miscalculation. King John's advisors suspected that Columbus had made a mistake and refused to give him financial support; he only received it eight years later. of Spanish King Ferdinand II After six weeks at sea on October 12, 1492 Columbus made landfall in the Bahamas and then headed for Cuba and Hispaniola still believed that he had found the western route to Asia and that Hispaniola was the coast china in In his report he promised the Spanish crown all the gold it needed and as many slaves as it requested.

Columbus had discovered the new world and plunged it into catastrophe, Columbus's first hunt is that Columbus was good at sailing ships through difficult waters, but he was a very poor administrator, he could not keep his own men together and eventually, The Spanish crown took away his powers. America was already populated when he discovered it so it was not a real discovery in that sense but its arrival opened the door to unprecedented disasters millions of indigenous people died at the hands of the germs that the Europeans brought the European explorers were interested in gold and even more gold a little in God but even more in spices Columbus's voyages opened the newly discovered lands to foreign conquest and brought disaster to its indigenous populations on each side until his death Columbus believed he had found the sea route to mainland China, but its discovery changed the world.

Spain and Portugal became imperial superpowers. Columbus's girl was also the first in a line of cruel conquistadors, fueling his desire for adventure, the promise of power, wealth or fame. Columbus van zan dementia. Columbus was definitely someone who wanted fame and fortune but he was also a very devout person. He thought he was helping countless people by leading their souls to the Christian faith. There are many indications that he may have believed that at the end of the 15th century the world was coming to an end. Many times rational considerations and the desire for profit and fame were mixed with medieval motivations, the Renaissance had two faces and also Columbus, thanks to the discoveries and discoverers, King Charles I of Spain established an empire in which the sun never rose Located next to large parts of Europe, included colonial territories in North and South America and in Asia when the sun set in Mexico it was already daylight in the Philippines in 1530 the Pope crowned him Holy Roman Emperor Charles the First became Charles V saw himself as a universal monarch, defender of the faith appointed by God, he issued several decrees in an attempt to counteract the enslavement of the indigenous population and in 1540 he even ordered their liberation but the colonies were very far away and in the end the need for gold Charles's was too much Charles's great empire was greedy for silver and gold between 15 41 and 15 60 67 tons of gold and 480 tons of silver arrived in Spain and triggered an economic crisis in the Middle Ages.

The Jews were the only people in Europe who could make loans and collect. interests Jewish businessmen controlled international finance and many saw it as profit. Brutal pogroms occurred in the Iberian Peninsula. The Jewish population was persecuted, killed or expelled. The Jewish financial system collapsed and the European money market had to reorient itself at the center of this radical change. was a small town in Bavaria, it became the financial capital of the known world and the seat of the Fugue dynasty between 1495 and 1525. The other family business founded by Jakob Fugger, Europe's most important mining businessman and banker, grew to become a pan-European financial empire forgotten beginning Finland look lucky the beginning was over you could say that Jakob Fugger financed the state and the state gave him unique opportunities to use or exploit the land and Fuger did nothing by halves, he invested a lot of money in the properties and lands that are still at the heart of the fuqua foundations he took calculated risks to make money and worked with those in power but he also always invested in safe real estate he always diversified his investments and had a good eye for what was feasible, he had a lot success after the Saha Indians came to steal.

Television attracted a figure who was both pious and one of the most powerful men of his time. He wanted an aristocratic title with one foot still in the Middle Ages. However, he was a manager with a modern spirit named Z our Duras experiment the famous portrait of Jakob Fugger put this man in a gray suit and took the gold cap off his head and you got a modern CEO, he was a tough manager and Incredibly efficient, that's certainly true, but it was. also a repentant Christian the best proof of this is that he built an entire farm for the poor in his hometown by Alex Borg Fuger's eye of 15/16 so we see a rich successful businessman balancing his accounts with God by investing in the well-being of his soul and that plays an important role here for fuga he was active around the world he gave loans to princes and the church and in return he negotiated mining rights and commercial privileges and bought properties the income he generated was much higher than the cost of the borrows another product of the Renaissance, the rise of the global player, but Fuger combined his entrepreneurial spirit with social commitment in 1521 founded the Fuger high school, it is a Renaissance time capsule in the heart of Augsburg, Fuger high school is the project of The oldest social housing in history and is still in use, one hundred and fifty Catholic residents of Augsburg currently live in its 67 houses.

The entry conditions remain the same as in the 16th century. Whoever wants to live in the upper flight has to be an Augsburg Catholic and in good faith. reputation and is still maintained by Fortran, managed by the Fuga Foundation, a financial instrument created in the Renaissance and which still works today. The annual rent also remains unchanged, one Guldur gone or 88 euro cents compared to the standard of living of most people in the Renaissance. The houses at the top of Fuger were truly luxurious: a house for a whole family with around 60 square meters, spacious and well-lit at least by Renaissance standards, in exchange for the symbolic rent, Jakob Fugger set another condition to the residents. from Alto de Fuger: Pray regularly every day.

They had to say an Our Father, a creed and a Hail Mary for escape and his family. The prayers for him and his family paved his way to paradise or so people believed in the Middle Ages. Another investment in the salvation of his soul was the construction of the fugue chapel in a nastic burial site and a prestigious statement of the family's social position Jakob Fugger hired important artists, first and foremost, I promised Allah, who designed the tombstones for his brothers Georg and the old fugue chapel of the escape at st. Anna was the first church in Germany built in the Renaissance style.

This is where Jakob and his brothers found their final resting place. This donation says a lot about Jakob. His entire business site and his personal beliefs. He apparently believed that even the salvation of the soul and the afterlife had a financial solution. Jakob Fugger, a pious Christian and financial genius and one of the richest men of his time, Fokker was incredibly rich, the gap was immense when considering the sum that Fuger and a consortium spent to finance the imperial elections of Charles V were more than eight hundred thousand florins, an ordinary craftsman would have had to work thirty-two thousand years to earn those thousand yahrens Fuger also made money from the fear of hell, its terrible torments were omnipresent in In the dark times the church preached that divine remittance powers had been granted to reduce the punishment that people would have to suffer for their sins, but this indulgence, as it was called, did not come free as soon as a coin in the box rings the soul of purgatory, these were the words of the Dominican friar Johann Tetzel one of the most famous indulgence sellers he even sold indulgences for blasphemy and murder in the autumn of 1511 the 28 year old Augustinian friar Martin Luther was in Rome he too seeking indulgences he climbed the sacred stairs in front of the Lateran on his knees to obtain forgiveness of his sins and free his deceased relatives from purgatory since the time of Emperor Constantine The Lateran had been the official seat of the Pope.

The Lateran Palace is a 16th century Renaissance building built by the Pope. Sixtus against the popes of the Renaissance, the money spinner was selling indulgences to women in a sauce, today when we talk about the popes of the Renaissance we often hear terrible stories and one gets the impression that they triggered the Reformation with their immoral behavior, but that is a very one-sided story they were modernizers they were Renaissance men they were princes who held the court according to the European standards of the time administered in 1508 Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo Buonarroti, 33, to covered the interior of the Sistine Chapel with frescoes, but Michelangelo did not want the job painting was not his forte he saw himself primarily as a sculptor said but Julius was more of a warrior than a man of God he got his way Michelangelo asked for artistic freedom do what you want Julio responded with 520 square meters of the frescoes that were painted on top it was a tortuous work of epic proportions the frescoes on the vaulted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and Leonardo's Mona Lisa are indisputably the most famous paintings of the Renaissance , if not in the entire history of art and the interpretation of the Creation of Adam is the most reproduced work of art in the world and represents a God who reaches out from the clouds to form humanity and a Last Judgment that represents the heavenly hosts as naked as the gods of Mount Olympus.

It was a brave work of genius that was only possible thanks to his papal patron. We don't have a canopy, we wouldn't have st. Peters, we wouldn't have all this wonderful art in Rome, we wouldn't have many pieces of music if these Renaissance popes hadn't existed. The Renaissance popes are ambivalent like all modernity, they have admirably good offices and they also behaved like princes like Machiavelli unrestrained and confident and, at times, they left their responsibilities with the church in the background or even forgot about them completely, for what Lucas Ted Woodruff's choices ooh God forgets Pope Julius II or Ill Terry Blur as the Romans called him.

The architect next to him was Donna. - Bramante, known as Master Robin, the aunt, the master of destruction, the two men put their seal on Rome. Julio had buildings demolished, squares enlarged and roads rebuilt. Bramante had earned his status as a prominent architect with a cloister in Santa María del Apache, the kiosk. The noisy Bramante in Rome his client was Cardinal Oliviero Carafa an influential prince of the romantic church rose to fame with the Tempietto libera Monte his small temple inspired by the round temples of ancient Rome is considered a paradigm of High Renaissance architecture Pope Julius II ignored the protests of his cardinals and had the venerable Basilica of Constantine demolished, wanting to build in its place the largest church in Christendom.

Peter's Julius II had a Pasha for the enormous and spectacular basilica he was also destined to house his monumental tomb, a mausoleum that would be larger than anything the world had ever seen. He did not depart from the romantic Commission and began working in 1506 forty years. It would be before the sculptor, painter, poet and scientist Miguel Ángel Buonarroti became the architect and construction director of st. Peter was 72 years old when in 1547 he took over the supervision of the largest construction project in Europe: the dome of St. Peter. Peters is the tallest freestanding masonry structure in the world.

The ribbed dome was Michelangelo's idea and its construction was the pinnacle of his artistic career. His creative life lasted 70 years. He considered himself a sculptor, but he also created epoch-making works as a painter and architect. He spent years in quarries constantly searching for materials, sometimes literally moving mountains Michelangelo survived 9 popes and worked until his last breath He died at 89, a biblical age in his time Michelangelo died on February 18,1564 a date that many art historians consider to mark the end of this era was the last of the great scholarly artists of the Renaissance, but even this Renaissance masterpiece was financed by Christians' fear of eternal torment in hell.

It was Pope Leo Tenth who supported the sale of indulgences to finance the new building. Luther was dismayed by the moral decline he believed he had encountered in Rome. For Luther, this was a transformative experience and he mentioned it frequently in his later writings and speeches. He railed against the indulgence trade that he considered synonymous with moral decline and greed. of the church and its Pope, this marked the birth of what would go down in history as the Reformation. Luther was not a revolutionary but a reformer, a simple friar who defied the Emperor and the Pope and divided the church just two generations after Luther Europe did so. be rocked by a conflict more cruel than any that occurred before the 30 Years War, fighting between Catholics and Protestants devastated the Empire Martin Luther publicly condemned the practice of selling indulgences in his ninety-five theses in just a few more months Of 80 of Luther's treatises and collections were published, eventually reprinted in more than 600 editions.

Luther became a media star and the printed word was the first media outlet in history if there had not been a Reformation without media in the 16th century. Martin Luther wrote theses on a relatively abstruse theological problem indulgences but these theses spread throughout southern Germany in just a few weeks loose sheets and pamphlets were being printed that spread throughout the empire and mobilized the people, the people read them and read them to others and debated the problems with those who couldn't read clearly in their minds not exactly who you were asking it's the discontinued how people really work what motivates us these were questions that academics could now publicly discuss through the new medium of global mass communication initiated in the Renaissance Now, for the first time, thousands of people could consult the same content at the same time and for the first time the future could be realistically represented and planned.

People understood what moved them and copied themselves. The first humanoid machines were created, precursors to a future in which robots played football. In just a few generations, the known world tripled in size. Global transportation and global trade became a reality for the first time in the Renaissance, merchants and seafarers not only traveled the land but also laid the foundation for the exploration of the universe the legacy of the Renaissance has never died is still alive today we can say that the Industrial Revolution and therefore our modern world would not have been possible without all the things that were invented in the Renaissance.

At no other time in its history has humanity experienced comparable development. The Renaissance even surpassed our own era of rapid change. never before had so much been developed invented moved changed revolutionized and rejected in such a short time it was a development driven by people who mastered the seemingly impossible because they had understood their own world the Renaissance was a plea against closed minds and the cult of experts gave rise to Intellectual curiosity and the courage to embark on new paths is a story of people who did not want to believe but rather know and who did not accept limits in their search.