Michio Kaku: Humanity in Space

Well, after such a great introduction, I can't wait to hear the speaker. First of all, I have a confession to make you see that sometimes these honors can be counterproductive for you. Recently, New York Magazine ran a contest on who the 100 smartest people in New York are. so I'm proud to say I made the list. I'm officially one of the 100 smartest people in New York. However, to be fair, I have to admit that Madonna also made the same list and next year I'm told that Lady Gaga is I'm going to take myself completely off the list today I want to talk about the future of

humanity

the future as we explore the universe now of course it is very dangerous to make predictions let me quote that great philosopher of the western world Yogi Berra Yogi Berra once said that quote prediction is tremendously difficult to make especially if it is about the future and of course was famous for saying: on the road to the future, if you come to a fork in the road, make sure you take it right, we were going to take that fork.

Along the way, as you see, I have interviewed over 300 of the world's best scientists for the Discovery Channel, BBC television, Science Channel, and every time I interview these best scientists I ask them the key question, the question of all the questions, the question that has haunted scientists. and philosophers and that question is, is there intelligent life on earth? Well, I was watching the Kardashians on TV last night and I'm convinced that no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, intelligent life, in, this , planet, however, sometimes, people come up to me and say, professor.

You're a physicist, what does a physicist do anyway? What do you do well? We are the people who invent the future. We invented the transistor that makes the computing revolution possible. We invented the laser that makes the Internet possible. We write the world wide web. which was written by a physicist to keep track of the subatomic particles in your living room we invented television we invented microwave radio waves for your oven in the hospital we invented the x-ray machine we invented magnetic resonance imaging and don't forget we invented

space

program They are all physicists who did that and every time we invent something we make a prediction when we helped invent the Internet a physicist predicted that the Internet would become a forum for high culture, art and high society, well, today we know that 5% of the Internet is pornography but that's because teenagers log on to the internet, just wait until grandmas and grandpas log on to the internet then maybe 50% of the internet could be converted to nog Rafi, well I've had the privilege of writing for New York Times Best Sellers, my latest article is The Future of Humanity.

Did you know that rocket prices have dropped incredibly, opening up the skies to tourists? Even, for example, let me ask you a question. How many of you have seen the movie starring The Martian? Matt Damon raise your hands, wow most of you, that Hollywood movie cost a hundred million dollars, but the Indian government sent a probe to Mars for 70 million dollars. A Hollywood movie about going to Mars cost more than going to Mars and, of course, if I've been reading the headlines right. I was on CBS last night talking about the fact that there is a new discovery that has shaken the foundations of science.

Now we have photographed for the first time in history a black hole that took us 100 years to do this in 1916 Einstein's equation revealed a monster, a monster in outer

space

and we finally photographed it and it appeared on the front page of all the newspapers and what is a black hole? Well, a black hole is an object so massive that not even light itself can escape. Think. I think of it as a cosmic cockroach motel, everything goes in, nothing comes out, and in my book Physics of the Future I talked about how we will live in the next 100 years if you're looking for a job, if you're deciding on a major in college, if you want to encourage your young to be part of the future, read the book.

I have a whole series of chapters on jobs of the future and physics of the impossible. I'm talking about the world in 500 years, but we might have time travel, we might have spaceships, we might have teleportation, and I answer the question: what happens if you go back in time and meet your teenage mother before that you were born and she falls in love with you? Well, if your teenage mother falls in love with you first. You're born, you're in deep chaos if that happens, and then in my last volume before the present, The Future of the Mind, another bestseller, I talk about the fact that we physicists can now probe the blood flowing inside the brain with resonances. magnetic.

In fact, we can see thoughts as they are generated within the living brain. This is amazing. Now we can prove or disprove many old wives' tales, for example, there is an old wives' tale that everyone believes, but no one can prove until now that the old wives' tale is when. a man talks to a pretty girl and starts acting stupid. It is absolutely true. We can show that when a man talks to a pretty girl, blood drains from the prefrontal cortex and he begins to act mentally. We can quantify this effect. Now it's a surprising discovery. also by the way uploading memories we have done it in monkey mice and then we will upload simple memories in Alzheimer's patients think about that we will have a brain memory chip a brain pacemaker you will press the button and simple memories will flood into your hippocampus you will know where you live what your name who are your relatives and what could be of men this benefit for those people who have Alzheimer's and some people think that maybe one day we will have something like the matrix that you I know that in the movie The Matrix reality itself was uploaded into your mind .

Let me ask you a question. Let me ask you a rather strange question. How many of you late at night, right before you go to sleep, how many of you had that strange feeling that maybe just maybe life is an illusion maybe you are the only real person everything else is fake raise your hand come on be honest stand up how many of you ever had that weird feeling oh my god everyone is crazy there are so many crazy people in the audience how can you be the only one in the world when I'm the only one in the world you know I'm in New York right now I'm about to go to sleep dreaming dreaming I'm here in front of this great audience here in Chicago come on give me a brain but anyway let me talk about the space program in the early days we had great pioneers like Robert Garter, but people laughed at the idea that you could go to the Moon. going to Mars was considered absurd, in fact, the New York Times continually mocked him, they denounced him, they called him a fraud, they said he should be fired from his professorship, why, because the New York Times said rockets can't move in outer space, oh really.

Well, in 1969, when two men walked on the moon years after Robert Carter's death, the New York Times finally wrote an apology. Wow, it is possible to move in outer space. Yes, then why did Robert Goddard endure the criticism, the jokes, the laughter, the humiliation? We have all these visionaries dreaming about something even though other people laugh, it's because when Robert Goddard, the father of rockets, as a child he read a book, a book that changed his life, it was called The War of the Worlds and he dreamed that dreamed that one day his rockets would take us to Mars and he was right, the creative rampage of ballistic missiles.

Goddard actually sent robots to Mars and then we had another kid who read Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series about Mars, that kid was Carl Sagan and he decided to become an astronomer because he read about Mars, the fact that it was something that captured the imagination. of young people and then when I was a child, there was also a book that captured my imagination and the imagination of a boy named Elon Musk. the book was called the foundation, the foundation trilogy about the establishment of a Galactic Empire and Elon Musk moving on with SpaceX to create his own moon rockets.

Think about that, an individual financing a new generation of rockets. In fact, he may find out next year. We will return to the Moon, that's just after a gap of 50 years. We will return to the Moon. NASA has the SLS rocket booster. Elon Musk just tested his rocket again today, the Falcon Heavy, it is fully capable of going to the Moon. with the astronauts and then the richest man in the world Jeff Bezos well, the former richest man in the world has created the Blue Origin rocket program the new Armstrong will also go to the moon and the Chinese have the long march mark the rocket long march so we have four four programs to go back to the moon we are going to have a traffic jam around the moon and in fact, I personally believe that one day our grandchildren will spend their honeymoon on the moon, now some people say, but why bother leaving the earth?

Anyway, it's expensive, yes, but prices are going down. The rockets will now be reusable. The Falcon Heavy that has just been tested. The Falcon Heavy. The three rockets returned safely to planet Earth. Let's do a scientific experiment. Let's get into your car. drive to work in the morning and then throw your car in the trash, that would ruin America if every time you use your car you throw it away, but that's what we do with rockets, we jump rockets after one use and this will change the economy of space travel. but we also have to worry about the Earth.

You see, we face several threats, one of them, of course, is global warming. This is a problem that we earthlings have to solve on Earth. We can't go to Mars to escape global warming and watch this every time. the glacier is retreating daylight saving time is a week longer than normal, think about it, sea levels are rising around the world, not to mention the fact that two weeks ago, two weeks ago, a rock shot out of space into the atmosphere and broke over the Bering Sea, not too much. far from Russia it had the energy of 10 Hiroshima bombs think that the energy of 10 Hiroshima bombs exploding in the atmosphere just two weeks ago we are defenseless against meteorite impacts like this we cannot depend on Bruce Willis to save us with the Space Shuttle because, first of all, there is no space shuttle, the space shuttle was cancelled, second of all, the space shuttle can't go to deep space and why am I making such a fuss about it because you know, dinosaurs, dinosaurs didn't have a space. program and that's why they're not here today how come we don't have dinosaurs here today?

It's because they don't have a space program and sometimes when I see images like this I wonder what's going on in the minds of these dinosaurs, they're probably saying: themselves oh yeah, 65 million years ago they were wiped out and just last week, just the Last week, paleontologists revealed a fossil bed of bones from fish and dinosaurs that died that same day, this day, that day, 65 million years ago, when that asteroid crashed into the Yucatan, in Mexico, remains of That, a whole bed of fossils dating back to the exact day that object hit the Earth, so yeah, it's something we have to worry about because if a rock that size happens to hit the Earth, it's really going to ruin the Earth.

Your day without mentioning the fact that when you go to Yellowstone, yes, we all know Yogi Bear, but did you know that underneath Yellowstone there is a monster, a supervolcano, and if it exploded, it would rip the guts out of the United States of America? Now you can say to yourself, well, that's pretty weird, right, well, no, you see, it turns out that 75 thousand years ago in Indonesia the Toba volcano erupted the largest eruption in a hundred million years. ¿Why is it so important? Because it turns out that 75 thousand years ago. for reasons we don't fully understand

humanity

almost died we almost faced total extinction 75 thousand years ago how many of us survived a few hundred maybe a few thousand I think about this late at night a few hundred people maybe a thousand escaped a cataclysm 75 thousand years ago, we are not sure what it was, but we think it could have been the Toba volcano, which almost wiped out humanity itself, literally, we are all brothers and sisters, just a few hundred of us repopulated the entire planet Earth.

Like I said before, dinosaurs didn't have a space program and you know extinction is the norm. 99.9% of all life forms eventually become extinct. Now, when we think of Mother Nature, we think that Mother Nature is warm, tender, cute, yes, Mother Nature is like that. but mother nature is also ruthless. 99.9% of all life forms eventually become extinct if you don't believe me, dig right under your feet, that's right under your feet, dig and you will find the bones, the fossils of 99.9% of all life. life. -The forms that once walked walked on the surface of the Earth, but now we are entering the second golden age of space travel.

You know that the first golden age was quite primitive. You know that your cell phone, your phonecell phone today has more computer power than all. from NASA in 1969 when they put two men on the moon each look these old video tapes had 64K processors you only find them in museums and that's what NASA was using to photograph astronauts in space in fact I think that it was criminal criminal that NASA was shooting astronauts into outer space backed by a cell phone, eh, criminal, but now, Silicon Valley billionaires, a new energy has come into play, we had the Falcon Heavy rocket and it will be replaced by a even bigger rocket, the biggest rocket in the books is being pioneered by SpaceX, the biggest rocket capable of going to Mars is called B F R B means big R means rocket f means your imagination and NASA is not far behind it has its rocket calls the SLS booster with the Orion space capsule next year. sometime in 2020 we hope to send it to the moon and realize that now we're talking about a fleet of these rockets, not just NASA, not just SpaceX, but Blue Horizons sponsored by the guy who created Amazon, the Chinese , maybe even the Russians, so we are. talking about a traffic jam around the moon you know that going to the moon is a jump in a job three days only three days you are on the moon I think that eventually the moon will become a tourist destination people will go on vacation on the moon they will have honeymoons on the moon people will realize that yes, the moon is in our backyard and beyond that, a more ambitious plan The program is to go to Mars, this was Goddard's dream, this was the dream by Von Braun, the guy who built the v2 rocket and created the Saturn rocket.

Now, of course, going to Mars is not easy at all. It takes about two years, two years for one round. -travel to Mars and once you are on Mars the goal is to create a self-sustaining colony that is not a burden on planet Earth. You know, the Apollo space program cost five percent of the federal budget in 1969, that is. unsustainable in 19 in the 1960s the Apollo space program consumed 5% of every tax dollar that taxpayers pay to the government that is unsustainable we want a self-sufficient settlement on Mars for example ice can melt ice a lot of ice on Mars ice It can be melted during Drinking water is separated to obtain oxygen for breathing and hydrogen for rocket fuel, so the first thing to extract is ice and then an artificial farm could be created using genetically modified algae.

Algae plants have already been modified so that they can thrive in Martian conditions. It's awful. It's cold on Mars with very little carbon dioxide, but plants love carbon dioxide, and beyond that, we're already into the next century. We want to melt the polar caps. Look, if you can increase the temperature of Mars by six degrees, that's right, just six degrees. can create an uncontrolled greenhouse effect, the polar caps will melt and it will be possible to have agriculture and we will terraform Mars now some people think that terraforming is too difficult, we will realize that right now we are terraforming the Earth for the worse, not for the better now we are terraforming the Earth we are changing the Earth's atmosphere if we could do that to Mars too so we have one billionaire pushing SpaceX another Amazon billionaire pushing their rocket fleet and now we have Google billionaires and they are pushing belt mining Asteroid dealers want to pay for outer space exploration by mining platinum and rare earth elements on asteroids to make money and create an outer space gold rush.

You know, for example, when Thomas Jefferson 200 years ago, when Thomas Jefferson signed the Louisiana Purchase and bought a large piece of land from Napoleon. Thomas Jefferson in his notes said it would take a thousand years, a thousand years to solve the Louisiana Purchase wrong, we did it in 50 years, why was this gigantic barren land suddenly colonized because in 1848 they discovered gold in California and that accelerated the colonization of the West the same could happen with the asteroid belt and then as we refuel our rockets in deep space it turns out that one of Saturn's moons Titan has an atmosphere made of methane and ethane, in other words, gas, we have a gas station in outer space, believe it or not, a gas station in outer space, who would have thought that, but that's what Titan's atmosphere is all about and then beyond that there are 4000 exoplanets some of them look a lot like Earth In fact, tonight just go outside tonight, look at the sky.

We now know that, on average, every star you see at night has a planet orbiting it. It's incredible and maybe one day we will find other space civilizations extraterrestrial civilizations in outer space well, I'm on the radio and sometimes people call me on the phone and tell me professor, you're wrong, you're totally wrong, the aliens are not only out there the aliens are here, they were on earth and then I asked them on the radio I asked them how they know that the aliens are here and they tell me that they have been kidnapped they have been kidnapped by aliens from outside space and I tell them some advice: Next time time you get abducted by a flying saucer, for God's sake, steal something, a microchip, an alien, a pair of scissors, an alien paper clip, anything, there is no law against stealing from an extraterrestrial civilization, there is no law at all. , you won't go to jail if you steal from an alien. outer space and you'll have bragging rights bragging rights now some people say ha, so what's up with these weird things in the military?

Military pilots have been tracking things that zig zag through the atmosphere and travel faster than any known aircraft. What are they? Well, there is a theory that was reinforced quite a bit last year when Russia's Vladimir Putin announced the fact that they are testing a new generation of weapons called hypersonic drones. They go from 5 to 20 times the speed of sound and zigzag. Why do they zigzag? Because they can. evading a Star Wars defensive shield by confusing radar by zigzagging maybe that's what's causing this flurry of flying saucer sightings. We should also point out that there is another theory, one theory is that well, maybe these UFO stories are real, but there is another theory and that is that about 10% of the human race suffers from sleep paralysis now, when you dream at night. , you are paralyzed, it is true, you are paralyzed that night, otherwise you would act out your dream, you would sleepwalk and you could hurt yourself, that's why we are paralyzed when we dream at night, but 10% of us, when we wake up like this in the morning, we are still paralyzed, we think there is a goblin sitting on our chest watching us and we can't move, we are trapped by this goblin who during the victorian era they didn't know about aliens but everyone knew about gremlins there all these paintings during the victorian era all these paintings of people in a dream state thinking there is a gremlin sitting on their chest about 10% of us have that in fact I asked my students to raise their hand and yes well 10% raise their hand because when they They wake up in the morning they are paralyzed.

Let me ask you how many of you have ever had an episode of sleep paralysis. Well, yes, there they go. 10% so some people think that's the origin of alien abduction syndrome but anyway my colleague Stephen Hawking would like to send a chip to the stars the first spacecraft the chip would be attached to a parachute the parachute would be attached to a laser beam the laser beam shoots its energy inflates the sail and sends a chip to the nearby stars that could be done in this century the first spaceship can you imagine someone from outer space sending you that spaceship you go out sign your gardening one day and a small parachute falls with a microchip this big and it's someone from the stars trying to communicate with us.

Well, we have bigger plans. This is a ramjet fusion engine. Collects hydrogen in forward direction. It's like ice cream. cone think of an ice cream cone, it sucks in hydrogen from the forward direction, burns it and then creates rocket thrust forever, this rocket can go to outer space forever, they are called ramjet fusion engines, they could reach maybe around 50 percent the speed of light, but wouldn't you want to go even faster? This, of course, requires another leap in technology and this requires the energy of a wormhole, as I said before in 1916, in 1916, over a hundred years ago, physicists analyzed Einstein's equation and said that there is a monster there is a monster in your equations because of a star or a galaxy if it were to collapse it would collapse warp the fabric of time which the fabric of space would tear it apart and create a black hole so a black hole is an object that is So powerful that it tears into pieces anything that gets too close, in fact, as you get closer and closer to a black hole, your legs are drawn in faster than your head and you start to turn into spaghetti.

You were spaghettized as you get closer and closer to the black hole. It's not a very pleasant feeling that turns into spaghetti as you get closer, but once we identify these black holes in space, what follows is that we want to know what is on the other side of eternity. It turns out that if you take Einstein's equations seriously and then start looking at the other side of a black hole the equations say that there is a white hole on the other side of a black hole how it works well it turns out that when you squeeze a star and the star is spinning is a star spin, it doesn't collapse to a point, that's the old picture, no it's not a point, it collapses to a ring shown here, a ring and if you fall through the ring you don't die, you go through all the way to a parallel universe called a white hole and where have you seen it before?

It turns out that over a hundred years ago there was a mathematician at Oxford University who talked about this, he couldn't write it for other adults, so he wrote it as a children's book and he had to use another name because he was a mathematics professor at Oxford. His name was Lewis Carroll, the novel he wrote was called Through the Looking Glass and his real name was Charles Dodgson. Charles Dodgson was the first in the English language to consider the idea that on the other side of the mirror there is another universe, another universe on the other side of the black hole. now let me try to find it because by the way I want to sign your book after you sign your book you can go to eBay and auction them off for money.

Yes, you can really make money from today's talk, so let me quickly conclude and say this when I was a kid, when I was eight years old, something happened that changed my life. I still remember when I was 8 years old. years the newspapers blurred the fact that a great scientist had just died and they put a photo from that night a photo that hypnotized me was just a photo of his desk with a book an unfinished book was opened and the title said this is the manuscript unfinished work of the greatest scientist of our time so I said to myself why couldn't he finish that book what is so difficult is a homework question right why didn't he ask his mother what could be so difficult that the greatest scientists of our time our time could not end I went to the library and discovered that this man's name was Albert Einstein and that he was trying to write an equation no more than an inch long that would unify all the laws of physics and all and each of them. let him quote, read the mind of God and I said to myself, wow, that's it for me, this is bigger than any murder mystery.

I had to know what was in that book today. I can read that book, that's what I work on, that's my daily job. What I do for a living is working on something called string theory, string theory, you probably know it's what they talk about on the Big Bang Theory on CBS TV, but it's a real theory. String theory simply says that all matter consists of tiny vibrating strings each. vibration is a particle so this would be an electron this will be a neutrino this would be a quark it is the same string but when it vibrates in a different way it becomes a different particle that is what we have so many of them so what is a particle ? a particle is a vibration on a small string what is physics physics is the harmonies you have right on a string what is chemistry chemistry is the melodies you can play on vibrating strings what is the universe the universe is a symphony of strings and then what is the mind of God the mind of God is cosmic music cosmic music that resonates through the hyperspace that is the mind of God and then when I was in high school I decided to use some of this knowledge to do something, like this I went with my mom and I.

Mom said, can I have permission to build an atom smasher in the garage? the junk I got, 400 pounds of Transformers, I stole from my house in Singh, 22 miles of Berrien copper wire and I built a six kilowatt, 2.3 million electron volt particle acceleratorin the garage. Every time I plugged it in I heard this pop pop pop song while it blew every single circuit breaker in the house, the whole house would be plunged into darkness, my poor mom, she must have told herself why couldn't she have a son to play basketball, maybe if I buy my baseball and for the love of God, why can I?

If you find a cute Japanese girlfriend, why does she have to build these machines in the garage? Well, that string theory, but let me tell you my favorite Einstein story and then he'll finish and answer questions from the audience. My favorite Einstein story is which one. Einstein was an old man, he was tired. He was giving the same talk over and over again, so one day his driver approached him and the driver said: Professor, really a part-time actor. I have heard his speech so many times. I've memorized it, so why don't we change places? I'll put on a mustache, I'll put on a wig, I'll be the great Einstein and you can rest and be my driver.

Well, Einstein loved the joke, so they switched places on this one. until one day a mathematician in the back asked a very difficult question and Einstein thought, "Oh, the game is over," but then the driver said that question is so elementary that even my driver here can answer it for you . Thank you so much. It's been a great hearing and we'll open it up to questions, thank you, thank you guys, thank you very, very much, we're going to turn on the lights in here and if anyone who has a question, we have a microphone in any of the hallways.

He doesn't mind standing in line and we will alternate questions from one side to the other. Okay, so are we ready for the first question? Well Professor, thank you for the very enlightening speech today, which do you think is more likely to be time travel or breaking down the molecular structure like they did in Star Trek 2 to travel, traveling instead of using rockets, and In what time frame do you think it is more plausible to time travel or break the molecular structure to travel like they did in Star Trek and what time period, okay, you asked a very difficult question, let's analyze it one by one, first of all , teleportation, we can teleport atoms, we have teleported atoms. of cesium and strontium we have teleported photons of light one day we will teleport atoms to the moon that is definitely in the cars that teleport to the moon but a human a human is made up of billions and billions of atoms, so it will be centuries before we can teleport Captain Kirk through a room second you are talking about time travel it turns out that Stein's equations allow time travel however you have to open the gateway shown here the gateway requires the energy of a black hole we are too far away In addition to harnessing the energy of a black hole, the black hole will open a gateway shown here, but then you have to have negative energy to stabilize it.

A negative energy is very exotic and also quite difficult altogether, so it can take millennia before we have the energy. energy needed to play with black holes to open a door through space and time, but remember that Star Trek takes place in the 23rd century, so we still have a few hundred years left, but don't hold your breath, we're talking about a scale of energy beyond human comprehension the energy of a black hole needed to tear apart the fabric of space and time shown here to give us a way to traverse space and time but again time travel It is a solution of Einstein's equations, many books are wrong because they do not understand the entire theory Einstein himself realized that wormholes are possible in 1935 Einstein himself wrote the first article on wormholes introducing that concept in 1949 his office made him faja found the first time travel solution to Einstein's equations okay, let's move on to the next question, yes, okay, thank you for your presentation.

Recently, NASA has been able to show people through their website all the satellites we have in space with all the pollution there is and recently Neil deGrasse Tyson also mentioned that we are causing a lot of pollution. not only on Earth but also in space, what is your opinion on how do you know that is going to evolve in the future and do you know how we should clean up all that if we are also polluting space and generating space junk? Yes, we are definitely polluting everywhere we are. wow and yes, it is a problem, but it is a problem that has a solution, it takes political will through democratic voting, we have to vote for candidates who will then try to clean up our mess and just remember that when we go to the moon and we go to Mars we will have another planet to ruin so we have to be careful, you are absolutely right to make sure we don't corrupt other planets.

The first thing is that we can corrupt Mars with our life forms. We have to make sure that Mars is sterile, that Mars does not have its own DNA that would then interfere with our DNA and so we have to worry about that, yes, that wherever we go we take our garbage with us, but the solution is political. And we have to vote for candidates who want to clean up the mess we create. Okay, next. Thank you professor, what do you think will have the greatest impact on humanity? Artificial intelligence or gene editing using CRISPR. The question is: what will it have? have the greatest impact of AI or CRISPR genetic modification on the human species.

I think both of them are going to change everything. I believe that, above all, science is the engine of prosperity and wealth. All the wealth that we see around us is a consequence of science and. Technology, but science comes in waves, the first was the steam engine that gave us the locomotives of the Industrial Revolution, the second revolution was the electrical revolution that gave us electricity, television gave us dynamos and generators, the third revolution was high-tech transistors, lasers coming from quantum theory but now we are entering the fourth wave the fourth wave of wealth generation beyond steam energy beyond electricity beyond computers the fourth wave is physics at a molecular level that means artificial intelligence that means nanotechnology and biotechnology so everything is going to change, including our bodies our cells the labor market everything is going to change with the arrival of artificial intelligence and the arrival of biotechnology now then the next question is: will robots take over?

Let me say a few things about that. Elon Musk says yes. The danger is that robots are going to take control, we are creating our evolutionary successors, however, Mark Zuckerberg, a Facebook person, says that artificial intelligence is going to give us prosperity, jobs, new economic forms of wealth generation. I think they are both correct. I think that in the short term. term Musk is correct in the coming decades artificial intelligence will create new job opportunities new industries new potentials but by the end of this century let's not kid ourselves at the end of this century robots could become self-aware at that point they could be dangerous now our robot more advanced today is His name is Amol, you've seen him on TV, run, walk, dance, Klein is up there.

I interviewed the creator of Asimov for BBC television and asked the inventor how intelligent the world's smartest robot is and he was honest, he said munition has the intelligence of a cockroach a cockroach a stupid lobotomized cockroach can barely cross the room but eventually robots will be as smart as a mouse, then as smart as a rat, then as smart as a rabbit, then as smart as a dog or a cat and finally as smart as a monkey and that's potentially dangerous by the end of century because you see that the monkeys are aware of themselves the monkeys know they are not human now the dogs the dogs are confused the dogs think we are a dog they think we are the best dog and they are the underdogs so the monkeys don't know they make illusions, monkeys know who monkeys are and they are not human, so when robots become so smart, we should put a chip in their brain to turn them off if they have murderous thoughts. we need a failsafe system for that now biotechnology also promises us tremendous advances but there is no simple solution in fact it will get worse in the future a high school kid will get on an atcg atcg typewriter and create a virus in their life. room that is a real danger CRISPR technology will become so advanced that it will create genetic typewriters that can simply write and create new forms of life, for example, if you take the AIDS virus and transport it through the air, AIDS in the air would kill 98% of the human race.

So there is a danger there, so CRISPR technology needs to be looked at very carefully, not because we have to wait a hundred years, but because in the next few decades high school kids will have the potential to create life. Well, then this will be our last question. this question, once we are done, we will have a book signing in the living room book signing in the living room thank you, okay, last question Thank you professor, what do you think will be the impact of the colonization of space and other planets in terms of the conflicts that we see on planet Earth do you think that geopolitical conflicts in the future will be worse because we have colonies and other places or do you think we will be wiser and have less conflicts on our home planet?

Well, unfortunately, conflicts are part of our evolutionary makeup. okay, but let me say this for many decades to come, maybe even a century or two centuries, we are simply talking about a settlement, a self-sufficient settlement on Mars, now beyond that, then we can talk about a civilization that maybe arise on Mars, but that goes far beyond the projections that we are talking about today, we are talking about the fact of a self-sustaining settlement, maybe a few thousand people we should talk about maybe a million people, but again there are obstacles financial technicians for that now if If we were to fast forward centuries into the future, then perhaps a new branch of civilization could begin, but that is far beyond our projections right now, the people who are planning this simply want a policy of Sure, a backup plan.

Plan B just in case an asteroid ruins your day in case there is nuclear proliferation and the greenhouse effect gets out of control we want to be at least a two planet species because otherwise we would be putting all our eggs in one basket What would that mean in the future? Far future, I don't know, but I think that for centuries to come we will simply be talking about a settlement, a self-sufficient settlement on Mars. Well thank you very much. It has been a great honor to be here today and I will find your books. and then you go to eBay