Michio Kaku | Quantum Supremacy | Talks at Google

foreigner, good afternoon everyone, it's good to see us here again in a toxic session here in the office. It is my pleasure today to introduce you to Dr. Mitchu

kaku

and to listen to his guest give a lecture here about his new book, which is, if you have read much. from his books, you know he's been working on, hopefully, Quantum Computing and, uh, his new book Quantum Supremacy, how

quantum

computers will change everything. Dr. Kaku has clearly figured out how to work in multiple universes because, in addition to being a best-selling author, he is also a professor, a father, and an academic author in the physics space, so I would like to welcome him to the setting for our guest lecture today to Dr.

Michio Kaka. Well, after such an excellent introduction, I can't wait to hear the speaker first. Let me tell you that I have the privilege of dealing with other great scientists and every time I meet a scientist I ask them the key question, the most important question of all the questions I asked them is their intelligent life on Earth, well, I was observing the Kardashians. on television last night and I am convinced that there is no intelligent life on this planet, no, not on this planet, except in this room. I think we have some of the most curious energetic creative minds on the planet in this room and I also signed copies of my latest book for you, after you pick up a copy of the book I assigned you, you can go to eBay and auction them all off for money.

That's right, you can make money from today's conference. Let me also tell you that in two weeks I will be flying to Santa. Barbara, I'll be touring Google's

quantum

computing facility in Santa Barbara for 60 minutes and it will be filmed and then shown maybe in the fall, okay, so stay tuned, we're going to talk about quantum computers, these are the way that some of the books that I've written, my latest book, Quantum Supremacy, just hit the New York Times bestseller list today and the previous books can be seen here on the Royal New York Times. Best sellers, for example, the future of the mind.

I'm talking about the fact that in the future digital will be phased out, digital will be replaced by quantum and neural transmissions, that is, we will directly communicate from the brain to the Internet, not in the short term. We're talking, you know, decades in the future, but the future of the Internet will be quantum and it will be neural and this means, of course, that we physicists can now probe the thinking brain with MRIs, we can now see blood flow in the brain. As thoughts are created, for example, we can now show that certain old wives' tales are correct.

It's an old wives' tale that everyone knows. When a man

talks

to a pretty girl, he starts acting stupid. In a brain scan, we can see that effect. Well, it's already been published, what happens is that when a man sees a pretty girl, the blood rushes out of the prefrontal cortex and he starts acting stupid. In fact, you can see that now with brain scans. Anyway, these are some of the books I've talked about about God. The equation is what I do professionally for a living. I work on something called String Theory, which we believe is the Theory of Everything, the theory that eluded Einstein.

The Theory of Everything When I was eight years old, something happened that completely changed my life when I was eight years old. Years every newspaper published a photo of a scientist's desk and the legend said that a great scientist could not finish this book, so on the desk there was a book and it said that the greatest scientists of our era could not finish this book well . fascinated by what could be so difficult that a great scientist couldn't finish why he asked his mother why she didn't go to the library he just looked up the answer so over the years I was going to the library and discovered that the This man's name was Albert Einstein and that book was the unfinished Theory of Everything, an equation no more than an inch long that would allow us to read the mind of God.

Well, we believe that today we have it, it is called String Theory. I am the co -founder of one of the main branches of string theory, string field theory, but it is too difficult to solve with the human mind, we have the equation, but the equations are so powerful that we cannot solve them analytically, that's why I became interested in quantum computers, because computers can be powerful enough to solve the Theory of Everything and give us an understanding of why we had the Big Bang, why we have the universe, why we are here, maybe we can answer that. question with a quantum computer, so let's start now with the Starting in the year 1901, in the Mediterranean Ocean, divers found a shipwreck, a shipwreck that dates back 2000 years, and they found this thing on the left, it was embedded with coral, they thought it was a piece of trash, but then they looked closely.

When they removed the coral and the remains, they realized that it was a machine, a machine that should not exist, a machine that was 2,000 years more advanced than its time, it was a computer at the bottom of the Mediterranean Ocean, so the scientists came to observe this. X-rated thing and then they put this device back together and realized, Oh my God, 2,000 years ago, the Ancients created a computer, it's the most advanced piece of human machinery in thousands of years, it tracks the movement of the Earth, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. predicts eclipses gives you an idea of ​​the universe itself who created this we don't know but we believe it was supposed to be a coronation gift for Julius Caesar but a shipwreck occurred and it ended up at the bottom of the Mediterranean ocean so for the next 2 000 years we wandered in the dark creating analog computers Computing with sticks Computing with bees Computing with a crank Mechanical devices we were rediscovering what the Greeks had already discovered 2 000 years ago: these are analog computers Computing with gears, levers and pulleys and Then, a At the end of the 19th century, England was emerging as a great maritime power.

They needed to calculate interest rates. They needed to calculate navigation charts. They had to map the skies so ships could navigate. So, Charles Babbage shown here created a modern analog computer, but you needed. someone to program it, so Lady Lovelace, a member of the aristocracy, was curious about this machine that was being built that could track the stars, that could calculate interest rates, that could calculate Commerce and she was the one. first programmer in the world. She wrote a program to calculate Bernoulli numbers now. his machine his final machine was never built he ran out of money he got involved in disputes so many decades later we rebuilt Charles Babbage's machine he is the father of the modern computer father of the analog computer this invention here he never finished it and then we had the World War II and suddenly the Nazis were communicating with this distant Empire with a code called an enigma.

The Allies captured one of these machines and realized, oh my God, that the Nazis were communicating with their war machine using a code that couldn't be broken, so what happened was they gave the job to a mathematician. , Alan Turing, shown here on the right, was given the job of leading a group to crack the Nazi code and there is even a movie about this called the Imitation Game on the left of this group. of mathematicians were not only able to crack the code, but even began the process of systematizing the laws of artificial intelligence and computing, before that it was a matter of amateurs who simply dabbled and coded by dabbling in mathematics.

What Alan Turing did was encode the laws of calculus through what are called digital computers. His Turing machine shown here on the right uses an infinitely long tape with zeros and binary zeros and ones with a processor shown. in the middle that takes a zero and turns it into one or another zero and these rules on the left are the rules of computation, suddenly this became rigorous mathematics, which is why Alan Turing is the father of artificial intelligence and the father of modern computing and these are the machines he built that cracked the Nazi code, historians believe. which shortened the duration of World War II by two years World War II could have ended in 1947 without the work of Alan Turing, he cracked the Nazi code and created the Turing machine, but it's a sad story, years later his work was classified and the The people of England and the world did not know that he helped win World War II in the United States we celebrate the people of Alamogordo who built the atomic bomb, but in England Alan Turing was a complete unknown and one day someone stole his house and the police came. and they discovered that he was gay and they arrested him and they put him on trial and they gave him the choice of one of the options was to be injected with sexual hormones to basically feminize him.

He grew breasts and became very depressed as a result of this chemical treatments given to homosexual people who were homosexual. and he committed suicide, he drank some cyanide, he actually ate an apple laced with cyanide, he took a bite of it and we think that's how he died. Some historians say that is the symbol of Apple computers. Apple Computers in a certain sense could be dedicated the Apple Computers symbol could be dedicated to the memory of Alan Turing one of the greatest scientists of our time the father of artificial intelligence the father of modern computing who invented the Turing machine which is the basis of the second era of computing the first era was analog computers Computing with sticks Computing with levers, pulleys, gears and crank turns the second is based on electricity in vacuum tubes and then transistors to the point where now You can pack a billion transistors on a small chip, but then the question is what is beyond that, what is beyond digital, take a look at this, this is Moore's law which says that the power of the computer doubles every 18 months, it holds up as you can see here since World War II and even before that, if you go to Mechanical Computers Analog Computers Moore's Law goes back over a hundred years in the era of sticks, the levers, the gears and the pulleys, but all things must pass.

This too shall pass. It turns out that today transistors, the smallest ones, can be around 20 atoms wide. It's only a matter of time before transistors are five atoms wide. in a Rust Belt a monument to obsolete technologies that's why Silicon Valley is desperately working on the next generation beyond silicon Silicon technology will run out when we hit about five atoms in diameter, at that point the uncertainty principle kicks in of Heisenberg, it is no longer known where the electron is and its short circuits, the leakage of heat generation will kill Silicon Valley, so Richard Feynman after World War II was one of the people who helped build the atomic bomb he said that we have to go Beyond digital computers Mother Nature does not use digital digital is alien to Mother Nature zeros and some zeros and ones that uses zeros and some zeros and some humans but not another mother nature what Richard fireman said that nature is quantum mechanics nature believes electron waves the uncertainty principle Schrodinger's equation looks on the right this is how a physicist looks at a hydrogen atom we don't see the hydrogen atom as zeros and ones zeros and some we See them as waves, waves of electrons, a new way that Mother Nature uses to do calculations when you walk outside and you see the trees, the leaves, you see vegetation everywhere.

Do they use zeros and ones? Zeros and ones, this is how Mother Nature creates the world around us. no, everything is quantum mechanics and that is what Richard Fireman said, in a long matter of time before we leave the digital age and enter the next era, the quantum age, when we calculate with atoms now it is not easy to calculate with atoms, but that It's the future, that's right. Mother Nature does it and you have to have quantum computers to understand the quantum laws of life, so let's understand elementally why quantum computers are so powerful, let's say this is an atom, an atom spins, an atom that spins is like a magnet then spins in a magnetic field or it could spin down, this way we have two ways of calculating a number: an atom can spin up or an atom is going to spin down, so in a sense it is the basis of our current civilization. spin up or spin things and spin down, but actually atoms can spin in any orientation now, how many more orientations are there than up or down?

How much more complex is the direction of an atom if it can spin in any direction you realize?that if you can calculate in any direction you are infinitely infinitely more powerful than calculating up and down, up and down, not only that but your states when you turn in any direction you calculate in these states simultaneously now that violates common sense, everything What have you learned about the world says that you can't be in two places at the same time your parents told you that you can't be in two places at the same time well we lied to you mother nature is everywhere at the same time let's take a look if a maze is dead it is digitized a mouse at the top left can make decisions to go left right left right to trace all possible paths through a maze that takes a long time how many paths are there there could be hundreds of thousands of paths in a maze simple that a mouse has to navigate navigate at every juncture the mouse has to say left or right left or right and how many pads there are potentially hundreds of thousands of paths in a quantum computer the mouse examines all the paths simultaneously let me say it again the mouse examines all the paths simultaneously to select the correct path now you can tell yourself that it is impossible that violates common sense common sense says ego one at a time one at a time you want to tell me that I can divide myself in half that I can be in many states at the same time same time and the answer is yes, that is what we are talking about, you can be in multiple states at the same time and that is the power of quantum computers, not only that but these atoms can communicate with each other, this is called entanglement and they can talk. each other faster than the speed of light, of course information that travels faster than the speed of light is not usable information, but usable information travels below the speed of light and that is another reason why which these computers are more powerful than any digital computer.

Now these things exist, we're not talking about science fiction, and in fact, at the end of the month I'm flying to Santa Barbara for 60 minutes and we're going to film, we're going to film the quantum computer that is your company. Built in Santa Barbara This is just one of several different types of quantum computers Why does it look like a chandelier? cooling pipes these are not the quantum computer at all this is not really the quantum computer look down that's where the amount of computer is the contents of the computer calculate an object the size of a quarter the whole thing is about the size of a suitcase, everything else is cooling the pipes, why, because of the slightest vibration, someone sneezes in another room, someone burps a car, and it could throw off the calculation.

Bugs accumulate and this is one of the reasons why this technology is not yet ready for prime time, but about two or three years ago two groups created Quantum Supremacy Quantum Supremacy is the point at which a quantum computer exceeds the power of a digital computer and that was achieved by two groups one in China and the other Google Quantum

supremacy

has been achieved for certain discrete calculations now there is still no multipurpose quantum computer that can be programmed but that is the race, now there is a race among the Chinese Googles IBM there is a race among all the major players in Silicon Valley realizing that this is the next big thing and how the Chinese did it.

The Chinese do it not with electricity, nor with electrons, but with rays of light. The light rays are polarized light rays like When you wear sunglasses, the sunglasses have striations, let's say vertical striations, so that the only light that enters the eye vibrates up and down. The light that vibrates to one side does not enter the sunglasses and that is how sunglasses work well that can be used to make a transistor an optical transistor and with an optical transistor you can make a quantum computer this is the quantum computer china doesn't look like a chandelier this is what the american version looks like this is the chinese version Look carefully what you see are mirrors a mirror and a piece of glass can be a beam splitter and what is a transistor a transistor is in in a certain sense the way to control the electron beams here these are beams of light and that is why the leaders in this race there is a race between the leaders in the race or one of the Chinese and then in the United States we have Google IBM Microsoft all Honeywell whatever everyone is jumping into the game what's at stake the world economy the world economy today depends on digital computers they will eventually become obsolete when we can't say it clearly, but Moore's law will eventually flatten out, it's already starting to flatten out, you can see it at Christmas.

Christmas gifts are not twice as powerful as the previous Christmas. Now let me ask you a question: would you upgrade for Christmas? Would you update knowing? that their computers are as powerful as they were last Christmas, this could send shockwaves through the world economy as it realizes that computer power is stagnating in the digital age, so how will we communicate with a computer? quantum? The quantum computer will probably be in the cloud, they will probably need a large cooling system to bring it down close to absolute zero, but you will communicate using probably digital access to a quantum computer in the cloud, this interface could be on your wrist watch, it could be in your earrings or it could be in your contact lenses these are internet contact lenses where you can access the internet by blinking and if the internet is in your contact lenses communicating with a quantum computer in the cloud who will buy these things ?

College students studying for final exams will be among the first to buy contact lenses online blink and all the answers to my exam will be there on their contact lenses those who also buy them these contact lenses will also identify people's identity just by looking at them you will know who they are what language they speak it will translate these languages ​​for example let's say you have a date ok and your date says he is rich single powerful and available but your contact lenses say no he is a loser, child support payments, this guy, stay away from this.

The guy's poison, okay, it's very important that you know who you're talking to instantly. Let's say you're looking for a job and you're at a cocktail party and there are some very important people at that cocktail party, but you don't know who. are in the future you will know exactly who to please at any cocktail party very useful and these things actually already exist a contact lens gives your golf score, for example, eventually you will download the entire Internet on your contact lenses or on your wrist watch or earrings or whatever now, what else can you do with this?

As I said before, the biggest consumer of quantum technology is Mother Nature. You go outside, you see photosynthesis, you see leaves, trees, agriculture, you see the variations of life on Earth, everything as a Benefit from quantum theory nowhere do you say zeroes and ones zeroes and some zeros and ones photosynthesis is a process quantum that takes photons of light from the Sun, combining them with carbon dioxide and creating oxygen and sugars. That's why you can breathe. That's why humans can. exist, we are benefits of a quantum process that is beyond the capabilities of our most advanced chemistry; in other words we have to follow Mother Nature and who else is interested in this D wave technology in Canada is already commercializing quantum computers, they are kind of primitive they can only do minimization and maximization programs but they are selling themselves commercially the industry aerospace is interested because the aerospace industry wants to create supersonic transports remember we used to have a supersonic transport called Concord it was a failure why they had it in the 1960s technology to analyze air flow now the technology of the 1960s is an era of dinosaurs as a consequence the Concord created a sonic boom a sonic boom so big it would break the windows of your house so who wanted a supersonic transport over us no one the United States banned them so it was a financial failure now we have supercomputers we can model airflow on the wings to reduce the sonic boom so supersonic transports are now a hot business they are the next chapter of aviation in the future you will have breakfast in New York you will have afternoon tea in Tokyo and you will return to dinner in New York, so we are talking about a new era, a new era in space travel, even last month.

Elon Musk's moon rocket exploded on national television, but this is the future we are in. talking about a reusable rocket that can go to the Moon, Mars and beyond, this is an interplanetary rocket, it is called Starship, the original name of this rocket, the largest rocket in existence, the original name was bfr B for big R of rocket and you I can imagine what the f means, the name has not been changed to spaceship and Mercedes Benz is interested in this technology to optimize its cars and increase fuel economy, so many companies are launching to the game.

These quantum computers already exist and are sold commercially. They are not as powerful, but they will maximize and minimize and the solar industry is interested. We've been talking about the solar age for decades. Since you were a child. We were talking about the solar age. Never arrived. Why do people forget that Moore? The law does not apply to batteries. Batteries are the weak link when the sun doesn't shine, the winds don't blow, you lose your shirt, look at this in France, acres and acres of solar cells, the problem is the battery, so supercomputers can now do chemistry. in the memory of a quantum computer think of that chemistry without chemicals we are talking about a new era in science where we can model molecules we cannot do that with ordinary computers an ordinary computer does not have the power to model the complexities of a chemical substance of a molecule, but that's what we're talking about here, quantum computers can model quantum processes, even to create a super battery, and this is the fertilizer industry about 100 years ago.

The Germans were able to create artificial fertilizers by taking nitrogen from the air and creating factories huge factories to create fertilizers this was the first Green Revolution this is the reason you are here today 50 percent of the atoms in your body are made possible by artificial fertilizers let me say it again 50 percent of every molecule in your body has been made possible by the Green Revolution, but this revolution is coming to an end, they are polluting, they are inefficient, they consume one percent of the entire electrical supply on planet Earth , let me say it again, one percent of all electrical production on the planet. planet Earth is dedicated to producing fertilizers, we need a new way to do it, let's follow mother nature, mother nature creates free fertilizers, we have to have huge plans, giant plants that absorb one percent of the planet's total electrical production Earth to create fertilizers, but nature makes it for free at room temperature, in other words, we need a quantum computer that can duplicate this process.

Now on the left is the enzyme that makes this possible. We have sequenced it. Look at that thing on the left creating life on Earth. possible by creating fertilizers, can we use that manipulation?, use a digital computer, no digital computer only works with zeros and ones, zeros and ones, zeros, and one look at that thing, there is no way that digital model digitally model that thing, except a quantum computer can do it. That's the power of quantum computers and now let's talk about Parkinson's cancer, let's talk about Alzheimer's disease, of course, now we have been able to sequence the DNA of plants, animals and what we can do with it.

Well, not much, first of all, this is how we do the new thing. wonder drug look at this thing thousands of petri dishes planted here you put the germ in each one and then you put a chemical in each petri dish hundreds of thousands of them and then what do you do you cross your fingers you are crossing your fingers and I hope and pray that one one of them works and kills a germ now think about it this is stupid there is no Rhyme or Reason for this you just take all kinds of chemicals and then you apply them to the germs and cross your fingers and hope that one of them kills the germs this is how we make medicines wonderful that's why they cost a billion dollars to market a wonder drug costs about a billion dollars this is how we do it in the future we will do it in the memory of a quantum computer the memory of a quantum computer will now do chemistry now some people say well , this will leave chemists out of work.

Well, chemists who don't use quantum computers will be out of a job. Chemists who do use quantum computers will prosper and have jobs. that is the future of quantum computers to be used as a tool by chemists, biologists and to observe Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease isincurable and it means that about 50 percent of people in their 80s have dementia, I repeat, about 50 percent of those people in their 80s have some type of dementia and Alzheimer's, so, because of this, that It is the protein that gums up the brain. Now we realize that, using MRI and other chemical techniques, we now realize that this stuff gums up the brain and causes Alzheimer's, but there are two types of this protein. one bends to the right one bends to the left it turns out that the one who bends to the right kills you that's why we have problems with Alzheimer's disease that's why your parents can have dementia but the one that bends to the left you can't have gum all over the brain amyloid proteins in the brain and have a clear mind why it means there is no one-to-one correspondence between the protein and Alzheimer's disease why only one variety causes it with quantum computers in the future such Maybe we can separate the left and the right by curing Alzheimer's disease, the disease of the century, and what else can we do with this?

We can also use it to give unlimited energy with Fusion. Mother Nature does not use oil or coal for energy. Mother Nature. does not use uranium for energy, in fact the only place in the galaxy we know of where uranium is used for energy is on planet Earth. How does Mother Nature use the power of fusion? And we're going to create fusion on Earth right at the end. A few months ago in California we broke even with a fusion plant. Why has it taken so long to create a fusion reactor? Due to the instability of the plasma.

Hydrogen gas. With supercomputers. With quantum computers. We should be able to stabilize the gas to create. a fusion plant in operation to feed the world and save us from global warming and what else can we do with this this is the largest atomic semester on planet Earth outside of Geneva this is the Large Hadron Collider on the right this is what we do with What do we do with him? We smash atoms in the hope of recreating the birth of the universe and how we model this with quantum computers. One of the first things we've done now is we put a quantum computer in to analyze the right side when two protons collide with each other to create a theory of the universe;

In other words, the Big Bang that we believe is shown here will eventually be decoded by a quantum computer and hopefully answer the question of why we are here, as I said before working on string theory this is why I got interested in this string theory, it is so powerful but so complicated that the human mind is unable to solve it. We thought that maybe a quantum computer could solve this problem and the aging process. Why? You have to die, well, there is a second law of thermodynamics that says that in a closed system everything eventually ages, falls apart, corrodes and dies, in other words, it is a law of physics that you have to die, but there is a loophole.

There is a loophole in the laws. from physics note that I said that the second law of thermodynamics says that in a closed system all things must eventually fall apart the key word is closed in an open system where you have energy from the outside technology from the outside in principle you can stop the aging process We don't have to die, for example, in a car, where does aging take place in a car? Think about it for a moment, where does aging take place in your car, the engine, why is that where you have rust? Combustion is where the engine parts move.

What is the engine of a cell? The mitochondria. Now you know where aging takes place in your body. Now you know why you will eventually die. And so the question is: can we avoid the second law of thermodynamics? with a quantum computer being able to correct errors due to wear and tear, this is how we repair cars, why can't we repair humans the same way we repair cars? Maybe we can and say a few things about cancer now, when you have a tumor, you go to the doctor and the doctor tells you that it might be too late by the time you have a tumor, you have over a billion cancer cells growing in your body, billion cancer cells growing in your body in the future we will do it with a blood test already this year for the first time in world history For the first time the FDI made commercially available a blood test that attacks 50 different types of cancer, let me repeat it again until today until now there was no way to know if you had cancer or not until you found a tumor or some obvious symptoms and by then sometimes it was too late now we have a blood test a simple blood test that can detect 50 different types of cancer in the future this will be connected to a quantum computer to detect hundreds, maybe thousands of different types of cancers growing in your body and where we will connect it to your bathroom, ladies and gentlemen, this could be the cure for the cancer, your bath will collect enzymes, proteins, cells from your body fluids from your body are sent to a quantum computer that will detect cancer and tell you that you have cancer maybe 10 years before a tumor forms, ladies and gentlemen, This means that the word tumor can disappear from human language, you know we don't say it. bloodshed we no longer say leeches that is an old technology that has been proven to be obsolete George Washington, the father of our country, how did he die, he bled to death, he bled to death, we killed our president because of incorrect knowledge in the future, your The toilet will be your first line of defense every time you use it it will be picked up by a quantum computer and it will tell you oh you have cancer, do something, you have 10 years to do something and who else is interested in this technology, the CIA , anything. that powerful, although we don't have it commercially available yet, something that powerful can crack any known code, how do you crack a code?

Well, let's say I have a hundred-digit number and I factor it. I factor it into two separate ones. Numbers How long did it take you to factor a hundred-digit integer? it may take you a few centuries, a few centuries to do it this is how we protect the crown jewels of our secrets our nuclear codes banking transactions the crown jewels how do we do it? protect them by factoring long numbers. It takes ages for a digital computer to perform this factoring process, unless of course it knows the code it can crack. A quantum computer can possibly crack any known digital code, so who's interested in this?

The CIA. I was in Russia a few years ago speaking at a conference in Moscow and yes the Russians are there so they too realize the power that a quantum computer can do and now let me finish with some notes, first of all how it works. It works due to the fact that you can be in two places at the same time, that is the power of quantum computers. Let's say I take a beam of electrons and shoot it through two slits on the right side, that's the interference pattern because the electron beam will interfere. with the other other electrons to create a pattern on the far right, okay, you got it, now let's shoot an electron, an electron through the double slit, what's on the other side, you think it's just going to be a dot, An electron creates a point, right?

What you find is that every time you shoot the electron through the slit an interference pattern appears where it hits the screen, so, in other words, the electron interferes with itself. How can that be? How can you interfere with yourself? Because in a sense there is a parallel world in which you are interfering in other words, you are in two places at the same time this is the famous Schrodinger's cat a cat can be alive and dead simultaneously and this is the reason why computers Quantum technologies are so powerful that they calculate in all possible realities simultaneously at the same time and then the next question that everyone asked me is if Elvis Presley is still alive in a parallel universe and the answer is well, probably yes, there is probably a parallel universe where he still It is building successes because the universe is divided. half constantly dividing in half now I'm going to finish I was asked to have the Nobel Prize laureate explain this in simple terms Steve Weinberg said the following imagine your living room where radio waves from many countries fill your room Radio Moscow Havana whatever is correct all these radio stations in your living room at the same time but your radio only picks up one from one frequency why it vibrates in unison with only one frequency and that's why you listen to only one station, not an infinite number of stations, one station What you have is the the wave vibrates in unison with your radio now replace the radio with electrons suddenly your living room is full of different types of atoms the dinosaur atoms the atoms of aliens from outer space the pirate atoms all in your living room Being is fine, but you have separated yourself from them.

You cannot shake hands with Elvis Presley because he is vibrating at a different frequency than yours. This is the idea of ​​the Multiverse, the idea that reality is full of different parallel universes but only you vibrate with one in a way coherent with a universe and that explains the power of quantum computers they calculate incomparable universes, where do you find them? The first mention of a parallel universe was in Alice in Wonderland, written by Charles Dodson, a British mathematician who wrote. Under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, Einstein talked about parallel universes in 1935, introducing wormholes. and now Hollywood has discovered parallel universes this year's Oscars were dominated all the wars went to a movie talking about parallel universes well I'm running out of time so I'd like to present some questions so let me end on a final note and That was when I was a child, my role model was Albert Einstein and my favorite Einstein story is this, when Einstein was an old man and he was tired of giving the same talk over and over again, so one day a driver stopped him.

He approached and the driver said teacher. I'm really a part-time actor. I have heard your speech so many times. I've memorized it, so why don't we change places? I'll put on a mustache, I'll put on a wig, I'll be the Cool One, Einstein, and you can put on my jacket and be my driver. Well, I say I love the joke, so they switch places. This went very well until one day a mathematician in the back asked a very difficult question and Einstein thought: "Oh, the game is over, but." Then the driver said that this question is so basic that even my driver here can answer it.

Okay, thank you very much. I think we have time for some questions. Thanks Dr. Cocker, we have. I'll start with one or two questions here. First, we have microphones on both sides of the room. Feel free to go up there. We're on a short schedule, but we'll be answering some audience questions soon. Thank you so much. It is an inspiring vision of the future. And so. As a start to some of our questions, we are all together on this plane of existence, with limited resources and time, probably on Earth for our practitioners and for the people in the Quantum Computing career, what would be your guidance on, you know? ?

Focus Do we try to focus on the things that we know have the biggest near-term impact by not having a general quantum computer but something more specific, like a GPU or TPU, as a very specific type of device, or should we? We're going all in and going for the generalized quantum computer first, well, I think we have to take a long-term view of this, that if you put a crash program on one specific thing, maybe you're investing your money in the wrong thing. horse, okay, it's a horse race, each horse is driving a different mode of physics, the Chinese are using optical methods, we are using computer electronic methods, but still, there are different ways in which the electrons and it is not clear which ones are different. the horses will win, it's not at all clear because they are all quantum processes, how many quantum processes are there and even several of them, if you think about it, so I think what you have to do is hedge your bets. to realize that you have to invest your money in a set of different types of technologies because it is not clear which technology will survive.

Each of these technologies is based on a quantum principle, but each of them has a potential flaw. You saw the optical computer. the optical computer doesn't have to run at its absolute zero, which is great, but it's ungainly. You already saw how huge and how difficult it is to get all these mirrors exactly in the correct alignment, so each of these methods has a plus and a minus. and it's still too early to determine which one will eventually win okay so I don't place any bets yet yeah cool and then for the next generation of people who areto come and I have children, I know that you also have children, we live.

In a world right now where there is a great flat, a spectrum of depth in science, we have everything from something that could be posted today as a tweet, from someone having an opinion to peer-reviewed academic articles and you It certainly has been able to. building a career across the spectrum there, what advice would you give to some of our Googlers working with social platforms and online knowledge systems? Do you know how we go about and get the next generation of Dr.

kaku

s well when we are in college? specialize in a certain area, for me it was quantum physics, for example, but then if you want to communicate with your mother or you want to communicate with your girlfriend, your boyfriend or whatever, you just get these blank stares, we have to understand the language of the people we have. being able to communicate with them because their lives will depend on it and that's how a democracy works.

A democracy works only if the people who vote can make rational decisions and simply remember that our future will depend on voting in a democracy. and politicians and politicians would of course love to have their control to pass all kinds of stupid regulations on things that are totally irrelevant, but of course, make them look good and get them re-elected, so I think, for example, on the issue of chatbots and things like that. So, I think it should be self-regulated instead of having politicians come in, which means we have to talk to the people in the people's language, so what I try to do is, instead of mentioning names, days, places that happen above people's heads.

I try to talk about concepts and principles and then you see that these principles are universal and can be applied for many different purposes, for example when I talk to biologists I talk about evolution, a principle that explains so many different types of animals correctly and when I talk about physics, I talk about relativity, motion, rockets, clocks, things that people understand, so we have to learn the language of the people because they are the ones who determine our future because they are going to vote. They're going to vote to make sure their interests are preserved, but if they don't know what those interests are, then we're in trouble.

Great, yes, I think we can definitely support inclusive science and unite everyone towards the future. and then lastly, before we turn to our audience here and my team, we have a tradition of giving our speakers a magic wand here at Google, so I hand you the Google magic wand, what would you prioritize for us to focus on? ? being in the quantum realm can be in the world of cinema, what would you do if you could give up Google's magic wand and have us all work in a common direction? Well, I like to look at history, look at the technologies that dominate history first. the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, then came the Electrical Revolution, so we had dynamos, electricity, etc., and television, radio, then we had the Computer Revolution and now we are entering the realm of artificial intelligence, so we have to Educate people about artificial intelligence because it is going to dominate our lives, it is going to dominate the market, the stock market, it is going to dominate the culture and people are sometimes scared and sometimes they exaggerate some of these things too much. , so we have to learn to talk about people's concerns and the concerns right now are that we are entering the era of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence will affect employment, education, it will affect everything and we have to be able to communicate it to the public so that the public doesn't panic and that's why I think it's important that we understand, first of all, that we are entering the era of artificial intelligence, but then we have to be able to tell people that this could It could be useful, it could create jobs, it could make life easier, a more productive life, a more efficient life, these are the benefits of artificial intelligence, okay, thank you very much.

I think most of the people in this room are working on an AI-related project this year anyway, so that's really good thanks for the great influence of that magic wand first I'll go here to one of our questions guests hello good afternoon doctor thank you very much for this presentation it was really elimination to see that kind of technology poetry much of the The things you describe sound really fantastic and I really wish they would happen that way to improve our lives with minimal impact. However, I must admit that sometimes I am a little worried about technology, we tend to see all the good it can do and we don't necessarily stop to look at all the externalities and potential negative impact, for example many of us use technology as sensors in the bathroom that detect our health, that's great, but we're going to use semiconductors that will have a big environmental impact, so my question is why, while all those things sound great, do we necessarily have to try to maximize the technology as much as we can or would it be better at some point to maybe take a pose and ask ourselves if it is not. because we can do something as much as we can, maybe we should do it or maybe we should take a broader view, a more middle path to really benefit the common good for the most people, including all aspects and cloning of environmental impacts .

Well, I think we definitely have to look at the downsides of technology because if we don't then politicians come and do stupid things and really lose things and that means self-regulation when technology has become too advanced and I think so, for example. Take a look at the film industry. After the end of each movie there is a small sign saying that this movie was fake. All the actors are fake. All dialogues are fake. And you're a fool if you think it's real. the movie has a disclaimer, ok so it is self-policing, the industry doesn't want governments to control which movies are good and bad, they have a self-policing mechanism, same goes for freedom of expression, what about the freedom of expression?

Well, you can't give up fire in a crowded theater. There are limits to freedom of expression, even that's okay, so I think the industry has to mature to the point where yes, you are competing against the next guy, it's lightning against time and you realize that if you fail, the next will grab you. your lunch to yourself, yes there is that too but you also need to look at the bigger picture and that is that unless you start the process of self regulation the industry will be viewed adversely by politicians and then by their political football god . you know where you're going to go and, or look at the comics code from the 1950s.

I still remember the time when people were saying comics should be banned, this is after World War II because we're talking about violence, well , the comics industry created In the comics code there is a little symbol on the comics that says yes, it has been approved by the comics code and that stopped the government from censoring and regulating the comics industry, so I think the computer industry is no different, at some point it's better to self-regulate than have politicians do it because right now people are a little afraid about what the impact will be on their jobs, their children's education, things like that, so I think we have to know how to put that to rest by making the industry self-regulate and already some of the leaders of these companies will meet with the president very soon, which I think is a good sign, a good sign, so it means yes , the industry is looking at ethical issues.

Moral dimension too, thank you very much, thank you Dr. Kaku. I know we have a lot of questions we would like to ask you, but you have a very tight schedule today, one more question, one more, yes, okay, hello. I would also like to thank you. Thank you for coming and talking to us in person here. I have a question that is simple but probably doesn't have a simple explanation. You mentioned that we already have a theory of everything equation, but it's too complicated to solve. Now, what about this makes it too complicated to solve with our classical digital computers?

Is it like a p versus NP type thing or what about complexity? You need quantum computers. Well, the simplest problem with putting this Theory of Everything into a computer is that: The theory of everything is not based on numbers, it is based on supernumbers. Clifford algebra. You can Google it and you realize that you know that super numbers cannot be easily programmed into a computer program. A computer uses common digital numbers, one plus one. two things like that we use supernumbers, uh, Clifford algebras and as a consequence, they can't be put very well into a computer, so a computer would go crazy.

Try to solve string theory and that's what we want to do. We want to calculate our universe. Because? We are here why we have stars galaxies why it could have been something else? I mean, for example, in some universes the protons are not stable if the protons are not stable and everything collapses into a fog, a fog of electrons and neutrinos, but here we are stable. protons it is very difficult to get a stable proton, we have tried a lot until now, no one has been able to demonstrate that a theory of everything provides a stable proton; in other words, reality itself should dissolve in most scenarios, so we want to be able to calculate with string theory to prove that our universe is stable so that it doesn't collapse and prove that the proton is stable, but no one can do that In fact, if any of you ever find out why protons are stable, tell me first and We'll split the Nobel Prize, you and me, okay, I have to go knowingly or not.

I think you just laid down the gauntlet here in a room full of smart engineers, so thank you for that, thank you for joining us today, and congratulations on your book. Success already, we hope to have you back here soon, okay, thank you Dr. Kaku, okay.