50 Science Facts that Will Shock You

Science is what makes the world go round more specifically when the primordial cloud of gas and dust that eventually formed in our solar system began to collapse under its own gravity and began to spin as that cloud formed concentrated eddies of swirling matter that eventually would become Earth like planets as they continued to spin and it's that initial angular momentum of the primordial clouds that makes the Earth literally spin, you're welcome if scientific stuff like that entertains you, well you're in luck because today we have 50 of them , so come on, ants outnumber humans 2.5 million to one.

There are more than 12,000 known species of ants in the world and some experts believe the total number may be as high as 20,000 different species. It is possible to get an exact count of exactly how many individuals there are ants, but the best scientific estimates put the figure at about 20 quadrillion, which is a conservative estimate, so it could be considerably more than that, but with so many ants in the world means that there are 2.5 million ants for every person you can find. I have heard the claim that the total mass of all ants is equal to the total mass of all humans, although that is not actually the case.

The initial claim was based on research from 1994 and was based on the average weight of an ant being approximately 10 times greater. than it actually is, the world's population has also increased by over 2 billion since 1994 and the average weight of a person has also increased, so even if it had been true at the time, it would no longer be true as long as humans They weigh more than ants since then. 71% of ant species are poisonous. It would probably end badly if each person had to fight 2.5 million ants in hand-to-hand combat. The good news is that we don't see that happening anytime soon.

Half of our cells are bacteria. The human body. It is a complex organism made up of tens of trillions of cells, on average men have around 36 trillion cells in their body, while women have around 28 trillion, the main reason being the difference between the average height of men and the wind. These cells create your circulatory system. nervous system and everything else necessary for your body to function, however there is something else that is required for your body to function properly and that is bacteria, although the numbers are not as skewed as previously believed, there are a little more cells bacteria on and inside your body There are human cells, these bacteria live on the skin, nose, mouth and specifically in the intestine.

The most obvious function of bacteria is to aid in digestion, although they affect things like appetite and the immune system. Of course, it's not necessarily accurate to say that. You currently have more bacterial cells than human cells in your body, since the bacteria are so concentrated in your digestive system that a single bowel movement may be enough to temporarily change the number in favor of human cells instead of bacteria, but so Numerous as are all the bacterial cells that live in and within your body, they only weigh between 2 and 6 billion for the average person. metallic hydrogen.

Alkaline melts are soft, bright, highly reactive elements that are grouped on the far left of the periodic table. These are elements like lithium, potassium, and sodium, sodium, and they are grouped together because they all have a single electron in their outermost shell, while all the other alkali metals are in their solid state at normal temperature and pressure. At the top of the list of alkali metals is hydrogen. Now, obviously, we don't think of hydrogen as a metal, since it rarely exists outside of its gaseous state here on Earth. Hydrogen does not become a liquid until it falls below 33 Kelvin and does not become a solid until 14 Kelvin.

Those temperatures are approaching absolute zero, so creating liquid or solid hydrogen requires very specialized equipment; However, because alkali metals have the most homogeneous behavior of any group on the periodic table, the existence of metallic hydrogen has been theorized for almost 100 years and we might even know where it is found. It is believed that at extremely high temperatures and pressures metallic hydrogen could be created and that liquid metallic hydrogen exists in large quantities. In gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, the massive gravitational pressure inside the planet creates heat and these conditions would be perfect for Metallic Hydrogen.

Since metallic hydrogen is an electrical conductor, this could explain the powerful magnetic fields these planets have. There is no definitive proof yet, since we can't just land on Jupiter and take a look, but there is a lot of information. evidence supporting the metallic hydrogen theory on these planets bananas produce antimatter now, to be fair this fact is not unique to bananas, although bananas are the traditional example, the same goes for spinach, apricots and most from the other fruits and vegetables because the key to producing antimatter is not something special in bananas, it is just their potassium.

More than 99.9% of all potassium comes in the form of three different isotopes. Potassium 39, 40 and 41, both 39 and 41 are stable isotopes, with 39 being much more abundant. These two isotopes make up more than 99% of all potassium, but most of what remains is radioactive potassium. 40 of course is very weakly radioactive and poses no real danger, but since it is radioactive that means it decays, sometimes the decay comes in the form of positrons, a particle of antimatter in In the case of bananas, each banana It

will

only produce one antimatter particle every 75 minutes. When these antimatter particles come into contact with normal matter, the two particles

will

annihilate and release an enormous amount of energy relative to the amount of matter there is.

This means that? you should stay away from fruits and vegetables for fear of total annihilation, well no, definitely not, while bananas are the most common example when talking about antimatter, there is much more potassium in your body than there is in a banana , there is so much potassium in you that the average person's body produces about 180 antimatter particles every hour. People are basically all the same type. You've probably noticed throughout your life that people are very different, they come in different heights and sizes, different skin tones, eye colors, hair textures, etc., beyond the simple. visually noticeable differences some people are smarter than others while others are more athletic, people even have different allergies and different levels of susceptibility to various diseases, it may be surprising that all humans have 99.9% identical DNA or so Maybe not, because it's true that the number is a little misleading; after all, there's a lot more to people than their hair color or their nut allergies.

There are also your organs, the nervous system, ideally, 10 fingers and toes, and all the other things that must be included in our DNA to create. For a functional human body from that perspective, it is not surprising that much of our DNA has to be the same. It is also the reason why we have between 96 and 99% of the same DNA as chimpanzees, depending on what metric is used to calculate the number, since Much of our physiology is the same, yet we have three thousand millions of base pairs of DNA, even if 99.9% are required to be identical and create the structure for the remaining human body. 1% still contains 3 million base pairs.

It may not be much as a percentage, but it still leaves a lot of room to create individual differences. Crows are amazing. Many people consider crows to be harbingers of bad luck or agricultural pests, but crows are too. Extremely intelligent animals, they are excellent at solving puzzles using tools and communicating with each other, while bird brain was often used as an insult to indicate that a person had a particularly small brain and was therefore dumb. It turns out that birds have better brains than mammals, although a crow's brain is only the size of a human thumb, which is still huge for its body size.

It has more than 40 times more neurons packed into that space than the same mass of human brain. Their brains are also much more energy efficient. only a third of the energy that our brain requires for the same number of neurons, that does not mean that an adult crow is as intelligent as an adult human, but according to a 2014 article published in plus one magazine, an adult crow is As intelligent as a human child, more specifically a seven-year-old crow, can even understand somewhat abstract concepts such as analogies or the use of the number zero as a quantity, they also have exceptional memories, which brings us to the next fact and that is that crows They are terrifying, not only Crows have a great memory but they can recognize and distinguish human faces and never let go of resentment if even a single crow witnesses human harm to another crow that can be enough to sentence the person to years. from harassment and attacks by crows, thank you.

Due to their social nature and complex communication, they are able to spread the word about exactly which humans to hate, as the best offense against future bad actions by that human is a good offense. The crows will attack first by diving, bombarding the offending party. In reality, it is unclear how much of the information shared is communicated through vocalizations or simply watching a crow take the offensive against a human and do the same, but information dissemination is extremely effective in a sample population, a small group of crows was once terrorized by a researcher wearing a gorilla mask.

Every year after this, he would go out with a mask and see what percentage of the crows recognized him and attacked him. The first year it was recognized by 26% of the crows, but in the third year, 66% of the crows identified it immediately. Masking these shared grudges may be so pervasive that it has led to speculation that there is an epigenetic component, which is a generational hatred toward specific individuals that is passed on to a crow's offspring through their genes, although there is no conclusive research. about. It's raining diamonds. The ice giant planets Neptune and Uranus don't really get much attention, they are considered cold and boring and, most importantly, they are very far away, however, there may be something fascinating happening beneath the surface in the shape of a planet.

Diamond Rain Ice Giants get their name because they are composed primarily of water, methane, and ammonia that we most commonly see throughout the Universe in the form of ice; However, the interior of these planets is not as frigid as their surface thanks to the immense pressure of Neptune's core. It is as hot as the surface of the Sun and at these temperatures the molecules we mentioned decompose, the most important thing is that the methane within the planet's mantle decomposes into its constituent atoms of carbon and hydrogen. Rogue carbon atoms bond together to form chains as they ascend. to the top of the mantle and under the intense pressure.

These chains will form with the structure of diamonds as the diamonds get larger and heavier and the temperature cools higher up in the mantle, the diamonds will then rain back through the mantle towards the core. where the heat separates them and the process repeats. Now we can't see this happening since almost all images of the ice giants have been taken from Earth, but we have recreated the conditions in a laboratory using poyene, which is also composed solely of carbon and hydrogen, but is easier work with it than gaseous methane and scientists were able to use high-powered lasers to simulate the heat and pressure of Neptune.

This created diamonds on the Nano scale, although the lasers were only turned on for a fraction of a second. Larger diamonds are expected to rain inside Neptune, where the heat and pressure never goes away. A cloud is four whales. When you look at the sky during calm weather, there's a good chance you'll see cumulus clouds floating around these clouds. light and fluffy like pillows or marshmallows and can float in the air, so how much could a cloud really weigh? You might be surprised that the answer is actually very

shock

ing, as when you look at it, the math actually is.

Pretty simple, the average density of a cumulus cloud is 0.5 g of water per cubic meter and the average side of a cumulus cloud is about 1 cubic kilometer, which is 1 billion cubic meters, multiply these two and the average weight of a cloud is 500,000 kg or 1.1 million pounds, which means that each cloud weighs about the same as four adult blue whales, the largest animals on the planet, can stay afloat because the weight density of the cloud is in reality less than that of the air that surrounds it. ByOf course, anyone who's been pelted with hail may not be all that surprised that clouds have serious massive game with the galaxy.

If you're familiar with exponential growth, you probably know that it gets out of control pretty quickly - for example, you may recognize that 2 to ^ of 8 is 256, which is the number of different possible values ​​that a chunk of binary data can have. Another equally absurd means of growing numbers is through factorials, where a number is multiplied by every number smaller than it, for example, if we wanted to know how. There are many different ways to shuffle a standard poker deck which would be calculated as 52 factorial, so 52*51*50 up to 1, usually when doing card odds you can divide by some number later to reduce the total results, for example, delt 2 3 4 5 6 of Hearts is the same as receiving 5 6 432 hearts for the purposes of a poah hand, so the total number of possible poke hands is divided by all the hands that They contain the same cards dealt to a different hand. order However, since the exact position of each unique card in the deck is important for our purposes, those tricks do not apply in this case, meaning that there are 8.1 * 10 to the power of 67 different ways to shuffle a deck of letters.

That's more than three times as many atoms as there are in the entire Milky Way, and every time you properly randomize a deck of cards, it probably ends up in an order that's never been seen before. Change is fair game. There is a reasonable chance that you suffer from allergies. Estimates vary, but between 25 and 50% of adults suffer from some type of allergy, even if it is just a very minor seasonal allergy that is mildly annoying but does not really affect your life. These allergies are caused by an overreaction of the immune system to various substances such as pollen, bee venom or animal dander;

However, this condition is not unique to humans. If you have different types of pets, such as a cat and a dog, it is possible that one of the animals is allergic to the other, but something that most pet owners never consider is the possibility that your pet could be allergic to you, whether you like it or not, humans still are. animals, which means we produce dander which can act as an allergen. While most research suggests that the prevalence of human allergies in pets is extremely low, perhaps only 2%, it remains a very real possibility: Are these pants dry even when presented with a seemingly obvious question?

The person might respond sarcastically with the rhetorical question: Does water make other breaking news wet by water wet? The obvious answer is yes, although in reality this is a topic of debate within the scientific community thanks to a pedantic disagreement about how to defines humidity exactly, but regardless of that debate, the question remains how humid is water, and if so, how do you know if you're thinking? You obviously know if something is wet or not because you can feel it. The truth is, no, you really can't. Human skin does not have hydroreceptors the type of receptor cells that would be necessary to detect moisture, although we all have a clear understanding of how we feel when something else is wet, we can't actually feel moisture that way, but rather our Brains are essentially using a combination of temperature, texture, and pressure to guess whether something should feel wet or not, you've always experienced your brain guessing incorrectly before it is, even if you've fallen asleep or gone running errands while listening to your clothes in the dryer. and when you finally checked the clothes, hours later, you may have found it difficult to determine if the clothes were still damp or just cold, sitting in a cold metal chair is another way to let your brain guess whether you just sat down or not. . in something wet another sense is missing, not only do humans lack the hydroreceptors that are common among many types of insects, but there is another sense seen throughout the animal world that humans do not have and this is not one that our brains They can reasonably deduce how humidity and that another missing sense is magnet reception, the ability to detect the Earth's magnetic field.

For almost 150 years it has been believed that many animals, such as migratory birds and sea turtles, may have some form of innate biological compass until recently, however, all the evidence was essentially anecdotal at this point, it is almost an established fact. that many animals have Magneto reception that they use for navigation, although there is a very obvious question: how do they do it? and for that we don't have an answer, but there are three main theories, any or all of which could be used by different animals, the most basic answer is that they use iron, which is naturally magnetic.

Iron deposits are found in the beaks of many migratory birds that can use their beaks as compasses. Another chance. particularly with aquatic life is electromagnetic induction, many aquatic animals have electroreceptive organs and it is thought that they could be used to detect magnetic fields. Then there is cryptochrome, the protein found in the eyes of many migratory birds. This theory gets really weird and complicated and actually involves quantum entanglement but there is experimental evidence to support the theory you can't go back you're probably familiar with the idea of ​​an event horizon when it comes to black holes this is the point of no return from which nothing, not even light, can escape the gravity of the black hole, however, there is also a cosmological event horizon, it is the point at which, once reached, something can never return to Earth, not even by traveling at the speed of light, although traversable wormholes could still allow you to fool the system, it's not just the universe. expanding in all directions but it does so at a speed greater than the speed of light.

The short explanation is that all space-time is expanding, so the further apart two points are, the more space-time there is between them that can expand, and therefore the faster the distance between them will be. This will increase the cosmological event horizon that is 7.2 billion light years away from us and if a spacecraft were to travel there from Earth, the increasingly accelerating expansion of the universe would make it impossible to return, even traveling at the speed of the light. I'm not going there either, as expected, it's not just return trips that the expansion of the universe is going to hinder.

The observable universe extends 46.1 billion light years in all directions, if there are celestial bodies that we can calculate are moving away from us faster than the speed of light then it would be impossible to reach those places even if we had the ability to travel at the speed of light because the expansion of the universe would have us running with the wind at our backs, so to speak, this impossible distance is more than twice as far away as the cosmological Event Horizon, but not even traveling at the speed of light. life, the furthest we could go from Earth is a point that was 17 billion light years from Earth when we began our journey, meaning without violating either the laws of physics or discovery of reversible wormholes that provide shortcuts through space-time it is scientifically impossible for humanity to ever visit around 86% of the observable universe it will only get lonelier a more

shock

ing fact related to the expansion of our universe is that there is life On Earth will only get lonelier as time goes on, the observable universe will shrink, at least somewhat, even if the observable universe continues to extend to 46 billion light years from Earth, for the rest of time. there will be many fewer. things we can actually see in that area, as space-time is expanding in all directions, everything in the universe is moving away from us, the distances between stars and galaxies will continue to expand and the stars that once illuminated the night sky will disappear forever.

In fact, most of the observable universe is already on its way to that final destination, for example, the star Arendelle was captured by the Hubble telescope in 2022. It is estimated that the star is currently about 28 billion light years away. us, within observable space. universe, but because that 17 billion year marker of light has already passed, the light currently emitted by the star will never reach Earth as the universe continues to expand, more celestial bodies will cross that threshold and the Earth will slowly become increasingly isolated from the rest. of the universe humans are bioluminescent when we think of bioluminescent creatures the first thing that comes to mind is probably fireflies, algae or glowing jellyfish or maybe you thought of those bioluminescent cats that scientists created about a decade ago as a byproduct of research on the feline AIDS.

A 2009 study published in Plus One showed that humans are also bioluminescent, the light is too weak for our own eyes to perceive, this was long suspected to be the case, we simply lacked cameras sensitive enough to detect the light that was emitted, that is not so. It is no longer a problem and research has shown that the human body emits light in the visible spectrum, but it is a thousand times dimmer than our eyes are able to detect. The images produced by the researchers look like infrared photos at first glance, however, areas of the body. Those that emitted the greatest number of photons do not correspond to the areas that would be most illuminated in an infrared image.

Of course, such faint bioluminescence serves no evolutionary purpose and appears to be a byproduct of our body's metabolism and is probably shared with the cellular respiration of all animals. It creates highly reactive free radicals and these particles can interact with lipids and proteins in the body to emit photons. Oxygen is blue in its gaseous form. Oxygen is colorless and therefore invisible to the naked eye. This is true for most gases, although chlorine gas is yellowish brown. and dine gas is violet, however, most elements also retain their colorless characteristic when they become liquid liquid hydrogen helium argon neon and most other liquid elements are colorless, even liquid carbon is colorless at temperatures and standard pressures, although increases in temperature or pressure can cause liquid carbon to become colorless.

It turns black or brown, but of all the elements, liquid oxygen is one of the few that breaks this pattern, although we think of it as the invisible gas we breathe to make life possible. Liquid oxygen is a pale blue color, it's basically the same color. Like the sky on a clear, sunny day, dragon sex is optional. Kodo dragons are the largest lizards in the world and are a slightly unusual species. They are one of the few venomous lizard species and their venom is strong enough to kill. Human dragons are also monogamous and will mate for life, something rarely seen among lizards, like many other lizards.

The male of the species also has two pe, although they can only use one at a time, which may call into question whether the idea of ​​the male. Since monogamy involves a different exclusive wizard for each of her two appendages, it turns out that men aren't even necessary, at least not in the short term. Female kodo dragons are capable of reproducing asexually through a process called parthenogenesis when they produce an egg. The process also creates something called a polar body that contains DNA identical to the egg. Usually these polar bodies decompose and disintegrate, but in pathogenic Genesis the polar body acts like a sperm and inserts DNA into the egg to fertilize it.

Female dragons have a zedx chromosome. so the resulting egg will be zed z, which does not produce viable offspring, or XX, which produces male offspring. It is not a viable solution for the long-term propagation of the species, since all children will be boys and there will be very little genetics. diversity, but since Kodo dragons are often violent and isolated creatures, sometimes this form of reproduction becomes a necessity. a cat almost became a university. Professor Jack Heatherington was a physicist and professor at the University of Michigan in 1975, he wrote a paper on the physics of low temperatures, in particular. regarding helium, but there was a problem when Jack sent the article to a friend to review before attempting to publish it.

His friend pointed out that Jack had written the entire article in the first person plural using we instead of I, since Jack was listed as the sole author of the article, this would normally have resulted in the magazine immediately rejecting the article on procedural grounds. , regardless of how good it was, instead of editing the entire article in the first person of thesingular. Jack decided it would be easier to list his best friend Chester as a co-author of the article, but since many of his colleagues knew that Chester was Jack's pet, a Siamese cat, the name had to be disguised.

Chester's name was added to the article as FDC Willet. The first initials came from felis domesticus, the scientist. name for a domestic cat and Willard was the name of Chester's father, the paper was accepted and it took three years for the truth about the co-author to finally be revealed before that happened. Jack received a letter requesting that he offer his friend FDC a job as a testator. a professor at the University of Michigan, of course, it's possible that the department chair who extended this invitation was in on the prank, but that's not clear. Chester was published again in 1980, this time as the sole author of a research paper featuring versus trees, if we asked you to guess right now which you think is greater: the number of stars in the galaxy or the number of trees in Earth, it's a bit of a strange question, but most people believe there is an obvious answer: the M8 galaxy is over. 100,000 light years wide and a thousand light years tall and the Earth is just the Earth, surely there must be more stars than trees, right, that's the more commonly guessed answer of the two, but it turns out it's wrong, at least we're pretty sure that it is incorrect according to our best estimates, there are between 100 and 400 billion stars in our galaxy, while there are three trillion trees here on Earth, of course, these are just estimates using sample sizes and extrapolation And all that, no one has time to sit down and count every star or tree, so it's certainly possible that the numbers are a little off;

However, since the estimates indicate that there are an order of magnitude more trees than stars, the margin of error in the estimates is unlikely to cause the numbers to favor the stars again. Stem cells can be manufactured. When stem cell research was first explored, it generated a lot of controversy. There are different types of stem cells and some can only give rise to specific types of other cells. However, embryonic stem cells are known as plop poent stem cells, meaning that they can become any type of cell in the body, this made them the most important type of stem cell for research, although the fact that Whether these cells were embryos carried a fair amount of ethical concerns given the amount of public discourse that existed about the ethics of this research.

You may be surprised to learn that scientists can make such cells now. Professor Shinya Yanaka of Kyoto University won the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his discovery that highly potent stem cells can be created from mature cells by injecting a specific cocktail of viruses into skin cells. Yamanaka discovered that they transformed into what he called plop-induced stem cells. The cells can then be cultured, meaning that each person can have an unlimited supply of stem cells specifically encoded with their DNA. This research has huge implications and is currently being used in attempts to grow replacement organs using a person's own stem cells so that the organ will not be rejected while also eliminating the need for randomly walking photon donors.

It takes about 8.5 minutes for a photon to travel from the surface of the Sun to the Earth, but how long does it take for a photon to travel from the center of the Sun to the surface? of the sun, the sun may be big, but it is nothing compared to the distance between it and the Earth, based on the radius of the Sun, you would probably guess that it takes about 2 seconds for a photon to make the trip; however, it actually takes 100,000 years or more. possibly even millions of years at least in some ways it does, it's actually a little more complicated than the fact that the core of the Sun is an extremely dense plasma, so dense that photons are constantly bouncing off things, forcing them to take a probabilistic path known as random. walk to the surface the fact that everything is based on probability is the reason why there is no exact number of how many years it will take, but either it is the same photon or photons are constantly absorbed and new ones are created, so It is really the change in heat traveling to the surface rather than a specific particle.

If the core of the sun were to let out a burp of photons, metaphorically speaking, it would take 100,000 years or more for the corresponding burp to escape the surface of the sun. , but none of these escaping photons would be the same ones that created the initial burp. Most of life on Earth is unknown. How many species of animals do you think exist on our planet? Now the first things that come to mind are humans and other large mammals, but animals include birds. insects fish and more there is an astonishing diversity of life, to such an extent that we don't actually know how many species there are, the only thing scientists seem to agree on is that most of them have not yet been identified.

Estimates for the total number of animal species once ranged between 3 million and 100 million, although that range has narrowed dramatically. The estimates are based on extrapolations from biodiversity observations, but we are still not sure that currently the best guess is that there are around 8.7 million different species of animals, give or take. take 1.3 million, it's still a big range, but it's not as wide as the previous range was; However, even taking the lower end of that estimate, which would be 7.4 million species, we still have not identified even 1/3 of them in 2022 alone. 2.16 million species of animals have been described and identified, But even if there are millions of species yet to be discovered, we still know that more than 2 million animal species live on Earth, and that's before we add plants and bacteria.

The Nobel Legacy of Marie C. There are few awards that are as well-known or prestigious as the Nobel Prize, especially when it comes to

science

, given the notoriety of some scientists, it can be assumed that someone like Albert Einstein won numerous Nobel Prizes in physics for his seemingly countless contributions to the field; However, Einstein only won once and that was after a decade of failed nominations because his work had not yet produced experimental results even though people who appear to have made numerous important advances in their fields only five people won the Nobel Prize. twice when Marie Curri won the Nobel Prize. of physics in 1903 for her work on radiation she became the first woman to win the prize just 8 years later, in 1911, she made history again by winning the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering radium and polonium not only became The first person, male or female, to win two Nobel Prizes, she remains the only person to have won in two different aspects of disciplines.

Of the other four double winners, three received duplicate prizes in physics or chemistry and Lonus Pauling received the Nobel for both peace and chemistry. Banana peels and none. Joke: Let's now jump from Nobel Prize to Nobel Prize IG. You've seen it a million times in cartoons or in Mario's car, someone steps on or runs over a banana peel and it spins uncontrollably while this happens. It's not realistic for cars, at least not when driving on a single banana peel, but it is true for a person, the researchers showed that the coefficient of friction between normal surfaces and a banana peel was only 07 on average, which is close to being a frictionless surface and the average The friction coefficient of a sneaker on the same surface was 4.

The researchers discovered that this slippage was due to the polysaccharide Sachs under the banana skin, which they refer to as polysaccharide follicular gel; However, unlike other IGN noal research, which is often genuinely useless, this may actually have a benefit. The slippery polysaccharide substance is similar to the synovial fluid that lubricates our joints. This discovery could have implications for creating better joints. artificial a strawberry By any other name speaking of bananas, did you know that bananas are berries but strawberries are not blackberries? And raspberries are not berries either, at least from a botanical point of view, three key elements are required for something to be considered a berry: first, it must contain three distinct layers, an outer skin, a fleshy middle part, and a slightly thicker center. soft that contains the seeds, the next requirement. is that each berry must contain at least two seeds, this means that fruits like cherries cannot be considered berries since they only have one seed in the center, finally berries must grow from a flower that has a single ovary, while that the other requirements are things that anyone can do.

I could see it and identify it easily. This requires a little more knowledge. Basically, the bumps seen on raspberries and strawberries each come from a separate ovary, which considers them aggregate fruits rather than berries since they were grown from so many different ovaries. This scientific classification was not. created until centuries after strawberries and blackberries got their names, so the Moma berry will be linked to those fruits forever, of course, it is unlikely that the fact that strawberries are not, but bananas, eggplants and watermelons affect or even are accepted by the general public. They are no more likely to consider bananas a berry than tomatoes are a fruit, although technically tomatoes are berries too, museums are getting it wrong, there are many different types of museums and museum exhibits, and these are a great place to learning about the world around us, at least they are supposed to be, but a recent study by the University of Oxford at Edinburgh's Rawal Botanic Garden tells a different story: they examined plants from the Natural History exhibits of 40 museums in 21 countries different and found that more than half of the specimens were incorrectly labeled, even if they were not completely incorrect, the labels were often incomplete and listed only one genus or family but no species;

However, there is actually no person or organization to blame for this, as we said above, there are more than 2 million different species of animals have been identified and then there are all the plants, it is a staggering number and it is only estimated that there are around 10,000 taxonomists working around the world. Things also get reclassified all the time and a genre can suddenly change. Without warning, beyond all that, it's sometimes difficult to tell that a specimen in a museum might be labeled only by its family because local experts are in the middle of a years-long argument over exactly which species is turning lead into gold.

Alchemy was essentially the prototype. Many of the same techniques and knowledge were used in chemistry, and much of modern chemistry was derived from alchemy. However, alchemists had a bad habit of working backwards instead of studying the elements to understand them and discover how they react with other elements. Alchemists often started with almost arbitrary growth and then tried to find a way to make it possible. The most famous example of this Quest was turning lead into gold. The two elements are heavy metals and are very close to each other on the periodic table, no. that the table existed when alchemists were prominent despite spending centuries as one of the most common targets of scientists and pseudoscientists, no one was able to turn lead into gold, however, in 1980, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Glenn Seaborg turned bisou into gold.

Bismus is another heavy metal found directly next to lead on the periodic table, mercury, which has also been converted to gold, although bismuth was transmuted into a stable isotope, while mercury became a radioactive isotope. Of course, while possible, none of these processes are remotely practical. Both require the use of a particle accelerator to extract protons and neutrons from the nuclei of atoms and are extremely slow and expensive processes for the entire effort. The Seaborg experiment only produced a few thousand gold atoms. Green Leaf Vol. There is nothing like it. The smell of freshly cut grass for humans elicits a nostalgic response that brings back memories of summer vacations or sporting events.

It has even been shown that smell can create a greater sense of confidence and reduce stress, and yet for weed the scent is actually a desperate cry for help caused by the smell. by Green Leaf volatiles a type of organic compound used as a means of communication between plants the smell that is detected after mowing the grass is a distress call from plants that is used as a warning to othersplants from imminent danger, obviously, plants being immobile cannot defend themselves. However, neighboring plants can detect the defense mechanism being activated and release their own green leaf volatiles to amplify the odor again.

Grass cannot be saved from the power of a lawn mower, but this is an evolutionary tactic developed to defend against habus insects. Emitted by plants not only does it cause other plants to follow suit, but it attracts predatory insects that feed on those that eat the plants. It smells like teenage memories, as we just mentioned. The smell of freshly cut grass generally has a nostalgic response from humans. Because the sense of smell is the sense most closely related to memory, it has long been known that smell and memory are strongly linked, but only through more recent studies have scientists begun to better understand this link. .

New research shows that the link is simply the result of simple brain anatomy, the part of the brain that processes Al Factory signals turns out to be the closest sensory input to the lyric system, the part of the brain that regulates emotions and memory, since the smells reach the lyrical system first, which they essentially call Dibbs. being associated with that memory, of course, this works best with specific types of memory, particularly episodic memories from a first-person perspective, the aroma of freshly baked cookies can make you vividly remember being at your grandmother's house or the smell of a corpse can remind you of that thing you said you would never talk about, not only are the memories associated with smells usually scenes from a first-person point of view, but they are also very emotionally evocative and are unlikely to Flashcards with different scents help you better remember the material for your next exam.

In fact, it's worth noting that the memories associated with smell are not inherently better in any way. Human memory is very fallible, and while sense-related memories are much more emotionally evocative, they are by no means emotionally evocative. more precisely, who did it, everyone knows that no two people have the same fingerprints, not even identical twins, at least we assume this is true, it has not actually been scientifically proven, but it is considered a statistical impossibility that two people have identical fingerprints. Because they are so strongly associated with humans and particularly human criminals, we often neglect the fact that other animals have fingerprints, just as many other primates have fingerprints, although few are as elaborate as human prints, just The other great apes, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans have fingerprints that are similar to humans (at least that's what we all thought until the mid-1990s when Polish Australian anthropologist and comparative anatomist Mar Hanberg was working with some koalas and happened to look at their fingers in some way that no one had noticed before that day, but koalas are the only non-primates.

Animals have fingerprints, not only that, but their fingerprints are completely indistinguishable from those of a human, which caused some initial concern since the police have no way of differentiating between the fingerprints of a human and those of a koala, but it is unlikely that koala footprints will appear at the crime scene. a crime, so we guess it's okay, pruned fingers are one of the biggest mysteries in

science

, if you've ever spent too much time in a pool or the ocean, which certainly is everyone, then at some point You may have noticed that your fingers are all starting to show.

Rotten or wrinkled, the obvious assumption is that your skin absorbed water and the excess water has caused your fingers and toes to look temporarily swollen. In fact, this is what scientists also believed for a long time, although in reality it is not the case, since some substances are capable of being absorbed through the skin, our skin is impermeable to most foreign substances, including water. Individual cells in the outermost layer of the skin. It can absorb a certain amount of water, but it cannot reach deeper than the first layer of cells, since the outermost layer of the skin is the stratum corium.

It's basically just a pile of 15 to 20 dead skin cells. Those dead cells were believed to absorb water in the pruning effect we are all familiar with; However, more recent research has shown that fingers are pruned due to a decrease in mass rather than an increase. When immersed in water the blood vessels shrink, decreasing the volume of blood in the fingers, this drop in mass causes the skin to fold over the blood vessels creating the plum effect. We also know that it is a kind of involuntary process controlled by the nervous system rather than a physical effect of the water itself as evidence.

Subjects who suffered nerve damage to their fingers did not experience pruning, which leaves the question of why the hell it happens and we really have no idea that it was widely theorized that pruned fingers can increase friction and make it easier grab wet objects, but experimental evidence has shown that it has a completely opposite effect, so once again, we don't really know that a teaspoon of 6 billion tons of stars are giant balls of hydrogen and helium that act like a natural nuclear fusion reactor. Hydrogen atoms fuse into helium atoms, resulting in a massive explosion. energy release Once one of those giant stars has run out of hydrogen in its core, the intense pressure and heat will be enough for the fusion process to continue, now converting helium to carbon as the elements are depleted lighter, the star will move down the periodic table. fusing heavier elements until fusing silicon atoms into iron, the iron builds up in the core until the core reaches what is known as the trar limit, which is 1.4 times the mass of our sun, once the nucleus reaches this mass, fusion does not occur. to overcome the force of gravity and the core implodes, violently collapsing in on itself, the intense gravity causes it to overheat and an uncontrolled nuclear reaction begins, resulting in a massive shock wave that ejects the outer layers of the star , leaving behind a neutron star or star.

Black hole neutron stars are incredibly dense, to the point that a teaspoon of neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons, that is, a thousand times more than the Great Pyramid of Giza in a teaspoon; Unfortunately, there is no comparable calculation for the black hole, since most of the volume Beyond the even horizon of a black hole is empty and all of the black hole's mass is located in its infinitely dense Singularity, humans as stars. of neutrons, if a parent or teacher ever called you a waste of space, it may not have been a sign of anger and disapproval.

He may have actually been trying to teach you about the nature of atoms. What makes neutron stars so heavy and dense is that, as you might suggest, they are made up almost entirely of neutrons, the star is essentially just a giant nucleus, but atoms are not like that. The atoms that make up your body have a tiny nucleus orbited by electrons and the vast majority of that atom is just empty space. In fact, only 4 10 billionths of an atom are actually matter rather than empty space. So what would happen if we took one person and eliminated all that wasted space, the result would obviously be small, it would be so small, in fact, that if you did the same with every human on the planet, the entire human race could fit in the volume. of a single sugar. the space of the cube is also empty, it is not just the atoms that are made up almost entirely of empty space, it is the entire universe, this is somewhat contradictory due to the number of celestial bodies that are estimated to exist, there are potentially two trillion galaxies in the universe and each galaxy has an average of at least 100 billion stars, each star has an average of 1 to two planets, so there are another 1 to 200 billion planets in each of the two billion galaxies.

These are extraordinarily large numbers on a scale that we can't really adequately comprehend, so it certainly seems like the universe just has a load of junk floating around everywhere, but these numbers don't actually tell the full story, which is the unimaginable vastness. From space, if you were to fire a rocket in any random direction and travel for billions of years at the speed of light, the chances that you would ever collide with a planet, star, asteroid, or anything other than errant particles is effectively 0. %. You could fly into space in a straight line for all eternity and never hit anything just because of how far away everything is.

This is not like this. some mathematical trick or illusion that exploits the fact that rockets are small and we are only using one of them to give you an even broader example: the Milky Way is currently on a collision course with our nearest neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy, in about 5 billion years. These two galaxies will collide with each other and form a new galaxy; However, despite what appears to be a massive catastrophic event, scientists predict that no stars will collide with each other when this happens, but it is also full of alcohol Even though the universe is mostly empty space, that doesn't mean it won't There are many interesting things out there, for example, just 6,500 light years away is a region of space known as W3.

It is a section of the larger W3 region, an area of ​​space that is much studied because of the large number of massive stars that were forming there in w30, scientists noticed a massive cloud, but this was not a cloud of gas, dust or water, it was a giant cloud of alcohol, not the only one or even close to Quiller's dismay around 10,000 light. Years away there is a cloud of alcohol a thousand times the diameter of our solar system. It contains 400 quintilian liters of alcohol, much more than Humanity could ever imagine what to do with it, to give you an idea of ​​the scale, if each person drank 300,000 liters of pure alcohol every day, it would take us a billion years to consume the entire Cloud, unfortunately this would never be possible and not only because no one could drink 3000 times their body weight each day, the alcohol in these clouds is methyl alcohol or wood alcohol. than ethyl alcohol, it would basically be like drinking antifreeze.

This is disappointing, since observing these clouds of forbidden alcohol can still help scientists better understand the process by which massive stars form. Venus rotates backwards, as we mentioned at the beginning of today's episode, our solar system. was formed from a rotating cloud of primordial dust when the solar system is viewed from top to bottom directly over the north pole of the sun, the sun and all the planets rotate counterclockwise or at least we think they used to, but Venus and Uranus are a little bit different Uranus spins sideways while Venus spins counterclockwise since the Sun and all the planets formed from the same rotating dust cloud, it is assumed that they all formed by spinning in the same direction than the initial Cloud, we cannot say with certainty what happens with Venus and Uranus, but we have some guesses, it is believed that very early in the life of the Solar System all the planets rotated in the same direction;

However, if Uranus collided with something roughly the size of Mars, that could have knocked it over causing the lateral spin we observe today. Similarly, if Venus collided with an object roughly the same size, the force of that collision could have been enough to make it turn in the other direction. Interestingly, this mostly uniform rotation is not consistent throughout the Universe. In relation to our sun, other stars and planets rotate in all imaginable directions and the universe does not seem to have any preferred Orient for this rotation the days continue to lengthen on the issue of planetary rotation there is also the question of the rotation of the Earth It currently takes the Earth 23 hours and 56 minutes to completely rotate on its axis.

Of course, it was also moving in its orbit around the Sun during that time, so it takes another 4 minutes before the same point on Earth become tangential to the Sun again. These two factors combine to give us the 24-hour day, however, this has not always been the case. The Earth used to spin much faster and just 600 million years ago, a day was only 22 hours, a few billion years ago, and an Earth day was only 6 hours, why? The rotation of our planet is slowing down and lengthening the days is due to our oldest nemesis, the moon, thetides created on Earth by the moon are slowing the speed at which it spins by about 1.7 milliseconds every century, which doesn't sound like much and in terms of how it will affect anyone's life, it isn't at all, but with Over time this adds up, in fact, given enough time, the Earth will be neatly locked with the Moon in the same way it is neatly locked with us when that happens.

Earth's day would be extended to 29.5 days, the amount of time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth. Fortunately, the Sun will swallow us up much sooner than expected, so we will all die. Fleas outrun space shuttles. Acceleration is usually measured in m/s squared and the numbers are usually surprisingly low, for example an average car can only accelerate 3 to 4 m per second, this is actually about the same range as a typical commercial airliner, the The difference is that an airplane can maintain that acceleration for longer, however, once things start accelerating faster they stop being measured in meters of seconds and are only measured in G. 1 G is the acceleration due to the gravity of Earth and is equivalent to approximately 9.8 m/second.

Humans rarely experience accelerations greater than 1 G and there is little need to It might be convenient if everything could be a little faster, but the only time it is really necessary to experience multiple Gs is when you are trying to escape Earth's gravity. completely, even then the numbers don't get that crazy with the space shuttles maxed out. It weighs about 5g, but that brings us to the powerful and annoying fleas. Fleas have a special elastin protein on top of their hind legs where they can store large amounts of energy and release it all at once. Once the flea is prepared, it can jump. 8 cm, that is, 3 inches in a single millisecond, that is equivalent to 100 G of acceleration and although the fleas are unfazed by the pressure this causes, this would probably prove fatal to a human being, the 100 G of fleas that are usually experienced are the same as the human body.

As we face in a particularly serious car accident, babies have extra bones, barring amputations, it is safe to assume that an adult human being will have 206 bones in their body, this number is virtually the same for everyone, and since teeth They're not really bones, you are. It's unlikely we'll see that number change as we age; However, while the amount of bones people have does not change once we are adults, we are actually born with approximately 50% more bones than we currently have. Babies have around 300 bones in their body, some of which are made entirely of cartilage, these bones are softer and more malleable than adult bones, which is important for the fetus to be able to snuggle in the womb, as It is more flexible and also makes it easier for the baby to be born through the birth canal.

Still not a trivial task, the difference between the bones of adults and those of babies is also one of the reasons why children often seem to be made of rubber and can bounce off things without injuring themselves, so All answers explain why babies have 100 more bones than adults. but the question still remains, where did they all go? Did they all switch to a diaper without anyone noticing? Well no, it turns out that extra bones aren't going anywhere as humans age, bones become more calcified, making them harder and stiffer during this process. of the smaller bones were also fused into larger singular bones, reducing the number to 206, which we are all familiar with.

It's full of plastic. Plastic was first invented in 1907 and although total production numbers dating back to that date cannot be determined. For sure, what we can tell you is that more than 8 billion tons of this material have been produced since the 1950s and production continues to increase year after year. Plastics are not biodegradable, so although they do break down, they don't actually break down, they just break down into smaller and smaller pieces, this can take decades or probably even centuries depending on environmental conditions, but the result is small pieces. of plastic known as microplastics and nanoplastics and they are absolutely everywhere.

Microplastics have been found in the snow at the top of Mount Everest, deep in the Marianas. The trenches and even in the air we breathe in recent years have also been found in the lungs, bloodstream and digestive tract of humans, so how terrified of this Revelation should we be? In reality, we don't know that it is certainly not a good idea. But we still don't know if it's really bad or not. Microplastics are small and can easily pass through our digestive system without causing harm. They could also carry bacteria or other toxins. Numerous animal studies show there could be potential dangers. of microplastics in the body, but research involving humans is virtually non-existent at the moment, of course given the ubiquity of microplastics, good luck finding a control group for future studies. frozen heart in 2004 NASA Spritz, a space telescope discovered an exoplanet just 33 light years away According to us, the planet known as GLE 436b was the first hot Neptune discovered.

A hot Neptune, as you would expect, is a planet similar in size to Neptune or Uranus, but it orbits close enough to its star to be hot. In the case of this planet, its orbital radius is only 30%. outside the meaning of Earth, it is closer to its star than Mercury is to our sun. Because of this, the giant planet has a surface temperature of about 800 kelv, making its composition even more interesting based on our observations. The planet is too small to be majority. Made of gas like Jupiter, but it's too big to be a rocky planet like Earth, as far as researchers can tell, the planet appears to be covered in hot, burning ice.

The planet is believed to consist of an exotic form of water that is turned into ice by pressure. than the temperature that prevents it from melting and boiling under extreme heat, you can milk anything that has nipples in the sitcom Meet the Parents after Ben Stiller said you could milk anything that has nipples. Robert Daero asked defiantly: I have nipples. Greg, could you milk me, but surprisingly the answer? to that question is yes, mammals are the only animals that have nipples and they are present in all male or female mammals except monkeys like the dark-complexioned platypus.

In the womb, all mammal fetuses start out as females, it is not until about 2 months into human development the s gene on the Y chromosome will essentially activate the turning of the ovaries and vagina inward. set out to create a penis and testicles that will then release testosterone to further affect fetal development, but because we all start out as women, the nipples and the internal mechanism needed to make them produce milk are already in place, which said that they still It's rare that men can do it. Breastfeeding The ability to breastfeed is controlled by the hormone practical, which is usually only released in response to having been pregnant, but prolactin production is controlled by the pituitary gland, so tumors in that area of ​​the brain can cause a release. unregulated prolactin and stimulate milk. production in men There are also numerous examples, both modern and historical, of men being able to breastfeed after the mother has died or is too ill to breastfeed her baby.

A life review is a saying you've probably heard thousands of times in movies and television. I saw my life flash before my eyes. This phenomenon known as a life review is widely reported among people who have near-death experiences, but Is there really any scientific basis for this or do people believe they experience it because of a shared cultural expectation about what happens when we die for a long time? There was no way to answer this because it was difficult to study. You can't just hook up a group of sick or elderly people to EEG scans and wait for them to die and whether the researchers killed them. the test subject would question the ethics of that experiment, right?

As a result, it wasn't until 2021, when a group of researchers accidentally stumbled upon the answer to this question, that an 87-year-old epilepsy patient was hooked. until a GE as part of a study seeking to detect and treat seizures when he suddenly suffered a heart attack because the patient had not been resuscitated. The researchers continued the brain scan while he was dying. What the scan showed was that for 30 seconds before the heart stopped from beating and continued until 30 seconds after the heart stopped, the brain seemed to be responding rapidly to memories, so yes, your life really does flash before your eyes before you die.

Everything wants to be crabs in biology. There is something known as convergence. Evolution as part of the process. In the process of evolution and natural selection, there are certain traits that have evolved in different unrelated species several times thanks to similar environmental pressures, for example, our planet is covered in sunlight during the day, so the development of photoreceptor cells who use this light to generate meaning. Vision provided an important competitive advantage, this led to eyes developing on Earth at least 40 different times, all completely unrelated to each other. There are countless examples of convergence. Evolution throughout our planet, but one of the most surprising is the crabs, for reasons that only all of them know.

Crustaceans seem to want to evolve into crabs, it is so common that there is a word for this appearance. Creatures on land have independently evolved into crabs no less than five or six times if you count pubic lice password protected Mafia Birds, the brown-headed cowbird is one species. of birds native to North America, particularly the southern part, as they prefer warm climates. They are also brood parasites, meaning they lay their eggs in the nests of other birds so that those birds will raise their chicks at the expense of theirs. The young, of course, cowbird eggs rarely look anything like the other eggs in the nest, so host birds will often try to remove the parasitic eggs, bury them in the nest so they never hatch, or even kick them away. chicks out of their nests after hatching.

Unreasonable response, but not one that adult cowbirds take too kindly, adult birds will periodically check the nests where they have laid eggs to make sure the eggs or chicks are okay if any parasitic eggs have been removed. can result in what ornithologists have called mob behavior: they will raid nests to remove eggs or kill their intended host bird offspring and even destroy nests entirely, forcing them to be rebuilt after teaching the bird a lesson. hostess. The cowbirds lay eggs in the reconstructed nests. 85% of the time, cowbirds also use what is known as a species recognition password pre-programmed into the brains of all young cowbirds at birth, when the chicks here are the cowbirds they vocalize the secret password that prompts them to leave. your host nest and join.

The flock of your own speech are two hearts that beat as one, have you ever felt really in sync with another person, maybe it was a family member of your romantic partner or a close friend? It turns out that you could be in sync with that person, not just on an emotional level. Not only on an intellectual level, but also on a physiological level, there have been numerous studies on the subject, but the most famous was carried out at the University of California at Davis, in the headlines leading up to Valentine's Day 2013, a A group of couples were sitting at a table with the partners sitting opposite each other while their breathing and heart rate were monitored, they were instructed to look each other in the eyes but not to talk or move.

The experiment was then repeated with the couples mixed and paired with strangers. What the research showed was that couples would match their heartbeats and breathing, while strangers would not do so similarly. Studies have replicated these results showing that the same effect also exists in mothers who play with their babies or in people who have a really good blind date, unfortunately for the ladies, while your husband or boyfriend's body may be in sync. with yours, you still can't expect them to compromise The changes in heart rate and breathing were predominantly made by women's bodies adjusting to match their partners.

A boy accidentally discovered a molecule in 2012. Kenneth Bur gave hisclassroom of fifth graders the standard. Ball-and-stick models were used to construct representations of molecules. Most students built simple molecules like CO2 or H2O, as expected. However, 10-year-old Clara Len put together an extremely complex molecule with the formula C5 n412. Clara asked Kenneth if what he had built was a real molecule or not and like any good teacher in a situation like this, he gave the honest answer that he didn't know, instead of simply ignoring Clara's complex model, instead Of that, he took a photo and sent it to his friend at Humbal State University to ask the same question.

The surprising answer was that it was not yet a molecule but it certainly could be the molecule now known as toxic carbon. Tetron is perfectly viable at Despite never having been observed in nature there is another compound with the same chemical formula but the atoms are arranged so differently that this would qualify as a new molecule. Computer simulation showed that it potentially has multiple interesting properties, such as the possibility of being used as an explosive or for energy storage, and both Clara and Kenneth were listed as co-authors on the final research paper that was published humans are still evolving when we think about evolution, it's easier to think on a large scale fish came out of the ocean and evolved into mammals which then branched out and evolved into all kinds of different creatures.

Chimpanzees are the closest to humanity. living relative, although it is not the closest relative we have ever had and we are clearly extremely different, but even it works slowly over time, the fish that is the common ancestor of all mammals did not suddenly give birth to a giraffe one day, there is numerous examples. of humans continued evolution, many of them in fairly recent history over the last 10,000 years since we started. Living in permanent civilizations, our brains became smaller sometime between then and 6,000 years ago. Blue eyes evolved because blue eyes allow more light to pass through and therefore blue eyes evolved.

For people with better night vision eyes this may have been an evolutionary adaptation to the long, dark winters of northern Europe. All mammals drink their mothers' milk as babies, but as adults they become lactose intolerant, but in areas where dairy farming was common, particularly in Europe, humans. evolved to have lactose persistence, which allows us to drink milk into adulthood, although it can have serious negative health consequences. The CLE cell evolved in Africa to provide a competitive advantage as it provided natural resistance to malaria, even living in a city like Denver required humans to evolve like us.

They were not naturally suited to high altitudes where there is less oxygen, the list goes on and on, and while each individual example of human evolution may be a small, somewhat localized population change, that is how evolution has always worked on our planet. , most of it just happened before we were around to look