Why Does The Universe Look Like This?

This video has been made possible thanks to a cut of the Dior dress, not only the number of your house or the name of your street, where you actually are in a town or city that is in a country on a continent of the Earth, but Where are the targets on Earth? the solar system between Venus and Mars you could say where the solar system is is the main part of the art cloud a vast collection of asteroid comets and icy objects that rotate on the margins of the sun's sphere of influence the Oort cloud resides in the local Interstellar cloud found in the local cavity of the Orion arm of the Milky Way.

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with beautiful arms of millions and millions of stars, all revolving around a bright galactic core with a dark supermassive black hole at its center. More than a hundred thousand light years away, the Milky Way is huge, but it's still only a small part of what we can see. If we zoom out further, we will see a local group with between 30 and 50 small galaxies and a monster on a collision course, Andromeda. Andromeda, a galaxy twice the size of the Milky Way, is rapidly approaching us, we will collide in a few billion years, tearing us apart before merging into one, but as we move even further away, the imminent collision of two galaxies seems inconsequential on a scale of millions of galaxies. light years the structure of the Virgo supercluster, a collection of thousands of galaxies, becomes evident and eclipses even the Lanier chaos supercluster, hundreds of millions of light years in diameter, which contains several other superclusters like our Virgo and which in turn It is part of the Pisces cetus supercluster complex, a galactic filament almost a billion light years long, and it is now that the cosmic web is becoming visible.

There are more filaments like ours, as well as large chains of superclusters. There are also giant expanses of space with practically nothing in them like the loots empty an area 330 million light years in diameter in which we have discovered just 60 galaxies, an ink stain in the mottled sky, moving further away, we finally reach the edge of the observable

universe

, where light primordial has been traveling since almost the beginning of time, 13.8 billion years to reach our eyes, but since then, of course, the

universe

has expanded further, meaning that the actual distance to the edge is approximately 46 billion light years in One Direction, meaning that the entire observable universe is a sphere 93 billion light years in diameter, structures larger than a few billion light years.

Years are difficult to define without today's technology, partly because we are trying to map something we inhabit and partly because there may well be a limit, something scientists call the end of greatness, but at every level up to

this

point. , the planets, the solar systems, the galaxies, the clusters, the superclusters, the universe. full of structure, it's not a random chaotic jumble, it seems organized, yet the universe started out as a hot dense soup of particles, why should it be structured now? Why did that hot soup evolve into a universe where some parts are filled with beautiful, wide arms of stars, while others are arid deserts, and more importantly, how do we know?

How did we start

this

channel to start with a lot of in-depth research and exploration of the first moments of the universe and a lot of that was done through wondriam, the educational subscription service. and I'm not exaggerating, wandrium used to be called Great Courses plus which was a university level lecture series and now they have expanded to contain even more content, from travelogues and tutorials to full-length documentaries. Wandrium is now the best place for all your high levels. Quality enjoyable content guaranteed to make you smarter. A great example of this is Sean Carroll's Peerless Dark Matter Dark Energy lecture series.

I'm currently on my third listen and I learned something new each time. 24 half-hour cosmology lectures given by top scientists. Communicator for example really helped me understand the reasoning behind inflation theory, just excellent and just one of many other courses on offer. I am not exaggerating when I say that without wandrium this channel might not have existed, it is the best educational. subscription service that exists and they are giving viewers a great free trial offer, so get the fantastic education I made by heading to wandrium.com, advance the history of the universe thanks to wandrium for education on YouTube, the year is 1502 and Nicolaus.

Copernicus should be studying medicine in Padua, it is the Medical Education Center of Europe, all the best professors and students gather there to learn how to cure the sick, but Nicholas is a scholar, he is learning medicine but he is also reading Aristotle, Plutarch, Plato and Finding holes in Ptolemy's theories, in his free time after finishing his studies he returns to Poland to work as a doctor for his father, although he

does

not forget the cosmos or our place in it, so a decade He then writes a pamphlet describing his now ubiquitous Theory We are not the center of the universe The Earth orbits the sun like all the other planets We are not special Niklaus knows the stir this will cause so he

does

n't publish it right away He is only 70 years old Year some They say that it is actually on his deathbed testing the final copy that the book finally comes out and shakes the very foundations of science, astronomy, philosophy and religion.

An idea so dangerous and fantastic that its proponents would be persecuted for decades after its publication. The heretical notion. That our Earth was only the third planet among many at the time was a shocking thought, but it marked only the beginning of a larger Revelation because if we are just a planet orbiting a random star, what makes us not special? It's a sad realization. at first, but when we think deeper, a world of possibilities opens up if we are not special. What else is out there? Who else can find out? It is known as the Copernican principle.

The idea is now a basis of modern cosmology and has two related principles. The Earth is not special, we do not occupy a privileged position in the universe, therefore observations from Earth should be relatively representative of observations made anywhere. A modern discovery that supported this claim was the detection of the cosmic microwave background, or CMB. Static blurred background permeating the sky, no matter which direction you

look

, no matter how powerful your telescope is, if you keep approaching a part of the sky that contains nothing, you will continue to detect weak microwave radiation, always with almost the same length of wave emitted at a time close to the beginning of the universe at the time when Mata cooled enough for protons to capture electrons and become clear gas, is everywhere in this sense, our part of the universe is clearly not a special outdoor space, no matter which direction you

look

. a temperature of about 2.7 degrees Kelvin, no matter whether you are floating in outer space near the Milky Way or beyond the distant Methuselah, the average temperature of empty space is about the same, but there is an obvious problem with this and one that does not require a high-powered telescope to recognize our cosmic direction is full of enormous structures, galaxies, super clusters, great walls of stars hundreds of millions of light years in diameter and great voids with nothing in them, the universe clearly it is not totally uniform, we are not. special but there are structures all large scale structures in the universe can be explained by two opposing forces expansion and gravity the universe started out hot and dense and then went through three phases of expansion the first lasted a fraction of a second and was extreme this It is called inflation, then it continued to expand in a second stage for several billion years at a more reasonable rate cooling, spreading and slowing its expansion and in the last billion years it has entered the third stage in which the expansion has accelerated again and then what is it? responsible for these changing expansion regimes, it has been theorized that the initial inflation was caused by a mysterious field called inflaton.

The last expansion is a mysterious energy so perplexing that it is known simply as dark energy. In truth, we don't know for sure, but what we know. What we are sure of is the existence of gravity, which has spent billions of years fighting accelerated expansion when a part of the early Universe became a little denser and the overdensity attracted more matter, consequently became more massive and therefore gravity acted even stronger to bring more matter into clouds of dust and gas became stars which clustered together into galaxies etc. gravity did and continues to do what gravity does at its most basic level.

The problem is solved, but not completely. I cannot begin this process with a completely uniform universe. Where? The first overdensities come from the best dancers we have now begun to reveal with space telescopes in the late 1980s and the race to map the entire universe with ever-increasing resolution. The cosmic background. The Kobe Explorer was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in the South. California by NASA in 1989. The Cold War was ending and a new era of cooperation between global superpowers was about to begin and what better way to begin this New Era than a baby's first photograph of the universe.

Kobe had a daring mission, taking detailed images of the entire celestial sphere and telling us how uniform the background radiation really is, so on April 24, 1992 the results were published on the front page of the New York Times. Scientists report deep insight into how time began. Kobe had mapped small variations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation was very small, just one part in a hundred thousand, but it was there. This Blockbuster result won two Nobel Prizes in 2006 for two of the telescope's leading astronomers, John C Matha and George F Smoot, with the Nobel committee grading it. as the birth of cosmology as a precise scientific success of Kobe LED NASA launched another telescope in 2001 called the Wilkinson Microwave and Isotropy Probe or w-map, this further demonstrated the Blockbuster capabilities of space telescopes and instead of a vague stain of under and overdensity.

The wmap regions were able to distinguish fine structures and patterns began to emerge, so again in 2009 the European Space Agency launched the Planck satellite to get an even better picture of the baby Universe. Each successive experiment continued to demonstrate the same principle: there were small fluctuations in the early Universe that after being stretched by expansion and bunched together by gravity led to the structures we see today and there are dozens of other experiments, telescopes and satellites, each one which discovers and maps new parts of this structure on Earth, one of the best telescopes for mapping the universe is the Sloan Sky digital survey, located on a mountain in New Mexico, this telescope creates a map of the entire sky in a way unusual.

First, astronomers take a regular optical image and then create an aluminum plate with a precise hole drilled for each one. star or other astronomical object in the image, then they run a fiber optic cable from each of the holes in the plate to the spectrographs so they can find the colors of the stars and therefore know how far away they are and how close they are. They move fast. Each of these aluminum rainbow collecting plates is custom perforated and captures a unique slice of the universe. So far more than ten thousand plates have been drilled combining data from different studies.

Astronomers managed to define Lanier Kea, our local supercluster that houses a group of thousands of galaxies, all linked together. together by gravity and our maps of the universe are filled with many more fantastic places, of course, extending from our own local group of galaxies is the Virgo supercluster, whose tendrils connect with the Centauri supercluster, beyond is the supercluster of Perseus Pisces and the extending South Pole wall. spanning more than a billion light years and the Sloan Great Wall is about a billion light years in the other direction, an equally gigantic structure and some astronomers believe that the Milky Way and a large part of Lani Ikea actually They reside within another supermassive void known as the proposed KBC.

It is almost 2 billion light years in diameter, although its existence is still the subject of heated debate and even these have been overshadowed by a recent discovery. The giant Ark was discovered in 2021 and is about 9 billion light years away; It is believed to span 3.1 billion light years. three and a half percent of the observable Cosmos and is so large that it actually defies ourassumptions about the Universe on the largest scales, if you zoom out all the way, a pattern appears, filaments tied together forming walls and clumps with large voids hanging between them, but what? Is the structure of this network like meatballs of matter in a vacuum soup or pancakes of matter arranged at jaunty angles?

Surprisingly answering this seemingly ridiculous question, which kitchen metaphor does the large-scale structure of our universe most resemble? cosmology for decades truth pride and Nobel prizes were at stake on the largest scales is the universe like a dumpling soup a honeycomb or a sponge the foreign veteran of the Soviet atomic program sits in his office in Moscow contemplating the universe how the structure emerged on the large scale of the universe arise, he wonders: perhaps his contemplations make him hungry for lunch. On the other side of the world, a mild-mannered Canadian sits in his Princeton office contemplating the universe.

How do tiny particles become huge galaxies? Thoughts that also induce hunger. He goes down to the cafeteria to take a break The name of the astronomer in America is Jim Peebles He would eventually win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology He and others from the American School believe that matter in the universe was organized as meatballs in a low-density soup Mata would attract Mata, which would attract more mass grouping together into roughly spherical arrays leaving vast areas of low density. This was a bottom-up approach. The large-scale structure is formed by grouping smaller-scale structures in the meantime.

Behind the Iron Curtain, Soviet astronomers were busy developing their own theory. Yakov Zeldevich was the Russian who pondered the cosmos in the 1970s. He was a renowned physicist who had trained in the Soviet nuclear program before turning his attention to The large scale structure of the universe had developed a theory where the density in the universe was organized in 2D pancakes and where the pancakes overlapped you would have galaxy formation in this way the large scale structure comes first and galaxies form From them in Zeldovich's Universe there are large gaps with filaments at the edges of Pancakes and groups where pancakes intersect.

Zeldevich was a brilliant scientist with a lot of influence in the Soviet Union, but due to his role he was rarely allowed to leave the USSR, so his ideas took longer to spread than they otherwise might have, and that's why at the height of the Cold War, there was Jim Peebles, a soft-spoken Canadian living in the US. and advocated a universe dominated by meatball groups and the Russian School led by a hardened veteran of the Soviet atomic program who believed in the pancake model: meatballs versus pancakes. There is no evidence of animosity between the two, but with no hard facts, each stuck to their own beliefs, but fortunately among them was an unlikely interloper.

Martin Reese, an English astronomer who would one day become the Astronomer Royal of the United Kingdom. He acted as a kind of intermediary. In American and Russian schools, the English were more permissive about which meetings they were allowed to attend than the Americans or the Russians, so Reese's postdoc, a Kentucky man named Richard Gott, developed a third theory that better matches with the findings of subsequent studies. Experiments such as the Sloan Digital Sky study were made known to Zeldovich at a conference in Estonia, then part of the USSR, in 1977 and this meeting, along with advances in observation, would lead to a new understanding of the universe as told by God in his book The Cosmic Web Zeldovich.

He was a character who always uses the median, he said that in Russia watches are not made very well, so when friends get together they compare the times on their watches, one says 5 minutes against five, another says five o'clock and the another says 11 o'clock. the median inspired by the brilliant Soviet got would develop a new theory the universe is like a sponge the topology of God's universe is conceptually between American meatballs and Russian pancakes according to him the high and low density regions are connected and complementary in In other words, high density could be changed to low density and it would be the same when new maps such as those from the Sloan digital Sky study were available.

This is the structure that was observed, neither meatballs nor pancakes, but a sponge, but this is not all that our telescopes have. As our methods of scanning the heavens have improved and we have seen further and further back in time in ever greater detail, something strange has been observed, a phenomenon some refer to as the end of greatness. About a billion light years away, the universe finally becomes homogeneous. the same large scale structure disappears everywhere so why imagine you are in Ecuador standing at the equator? Look up into the night sky with a powerful telescope and see the cosmic microwave background radiation in all its majesty.

Take a careful measurement of its temperature. Now fly to Indonesia at the equator exactly on the opposite side of the Earth and if you look up, if you take a careful measurement of the CMB temperature, you will find that it matches the measurement you took in Ecuador. The light from each point took about 14 billion years to reach you, meaning the points would now be 28 billion light years apart, except space has been expanding in the intervening years, so which are actually much further away than that and yet the universe is only about 13.8 billion years old, to put it simply, there hadn't been enough time for the light you saw in Indonesia to have reached the light that you saw in Ecuador, so how could they have the same temperature?

How could they know what temperature to agree on if they couldn't communicate thermodynamically with each other? maybe it's a coincidence, so you pick two other random points in the sky, they will also match the temperature to within one part in a hundred thousand. This is the problem with the horizon when you look at the microwave background radiation, it is extremely uniform when you look at colorful images. from experiments like wmap or Planck color differences are misleading the differences between red and blue are actually small they are differences of one part in a hundred thousand for almost all purposes that is the same temperature and this poses a fundamental physical challenge and is one of the reasons for the development of the idea of ​​inflation, the theory proposed by Alan Guth in the 1980s is that there must have been a very rapid expansion in the early Universe, with inflation, parts of the universe that are now separated by Unimaginable distances could have been very close in the past, but for inflation to solve the Horizon problem, the expansion would have to have occurred much faster than the speed of light.

This may seem counterintuitive because of the universal speed limit of light, but that only applies to matter and energy within the universe, space itself does not need to obey this speed limit, in fact, because of the rate expansion of the universe, space today is still expanding faster than the speed of light, two galaxies more than 15 to 20 billion light years away would move away from each other faster than the speed of light, this It means that the part of the universe you saw in Indonesia and the part you saw in Ecuador used to be much closer together, so close, in fact, that they could balance each other and call out the haze. of uniformity that we see when we look outwards but, of course, inflation is an extraordinary claim for which extraordinary evidence is required and definitive observational proof of this theory remains elusive even though this indirect evidence continues to accumulate, which which makes inflation an attractive theory as we know it. the universe that suffered inflation would be homogeneous that on a large scale ours is an inflationary universe it would also be flat what ours appears to be this flatness does not refer to the number of Dimensions but to the effect of the density of matter and energy in the universe cosmologists can measure the shape of the universe in two independent ways: first they can count all the mass and energy of the universe and divide it by the critical energy density (the density at which the universe would be flat) and they can also measure it geometrically by measuring angles on a curved sphere positively like the earth a test angle drawn on the surface will have angles that add up to more than 180 degrees the 3D geometry of the universe would be closed so if it had more things eventually gravity would pull everything together in a big crisis in a universe with less things in it The expansion would continue forever and space would be hyperbolic in a flat universe straight lines and angles make sense triangles have angles that add up to 180 degrees.

The results of both types of experiments show that we have a flat universe, another point in favor of inflation and therefore this is strong evidence for the theory, but how then did inflation work to make the universe What do we see is one of almost perfect homogeneity but not exactly perfect? Of course, much can be deduced from the evolution of the universe. Baby, imagine the CMB showing us the after effects of very early fluctuations in density in the early universe, but everything before the CMB is obscured by the fact that everything was too hot for light to travel in straight lines.

The excited electrons kept getting in the way and the inflation is assumed to have occurred in a small fraction of a second after the birth of the universe, so there are almost 380,000 years of physics that are hidden by the three-degree radiation haze. Where did these first fluctuations observed in the CMB come from? It's easy to point to a tree and explain that it grew from a seed, but where did the seed come from? Imagine a box with nothing in it, close the lid so no light can get in, pump out all the air, and seal it to cool it. to absolute zero, insulate it with lead so that no radiation can penetrate.

It is empty? No. The universe is a fundamentally noisy place. There is no such thing as truly empty space, even if there were no matter. with different values ​​in different positions one of these fields, the Higgs field, gives mass to things, another, the electromagnetic field, gives charge to things and transports light. One of the great discoveries of early modern physics by people like Heisenberg, Einstein, and Planck was the inherent noise of the universe. There is uncertainty at the smallest scales that shows up as a slight hum in the quantum fields. At the quantum level, even empty space is filled with quantum fields whose values ​​vary randomly, but why is this important to the large-scale structure of the universe?

To answer that question, we have to go back to the beginning, at the beginning, the observable universe was hot, dense and tiny, the also tiny quantum fluctuations humming along with very small differences in the turbulent mosaic of energy fields as they do today and then , suddenly and dramatically inflated the universe rapidly expanded by 26 orders of magnitude in a small fraction of a second such extreme changes are difficult to describe we do not have the words to adequately evoke the scale of this explosion in our heads 26 orders of magnitude is a grain of sand a millimeter wide expanding to septillions of meters wide, that is 100 million light years, something on the scale of laniacaya and the violence of this detonation was astonishing in 10 to minus 33 seconds, the observable universe went from microscopic to enormous for all intents and purposes.

The expansion was instantaneous and that is why this inflation amplified the quantum noise of the vacuum into genuine differences in density, thus giving gravity everything it needed to unite its attractive magical gathering mass into superclusters and filaments of stars, galaxies, these variations would have been inconceivably the first seeds. tiny quantum fluctuations the ancestors of vast intergalactic filaments many millions of light years long tiny acorns that grew in vast forests but that's not the end of the story after inflation was complete the universe continued to expand and cool but remained extremely hot and dense If the large-scale structure of the universe were formed purely by the expansion of quantum fluctuations, you would expect everything to be distributed fairly randomly if you looked at a population of galaxies and asked how far each galaxy is from the others. other galaxies in the population.

You should see a simple relationship and regularly clustered galaxies would tend to be quite close together due to the clustering effect of gravity, so it should be that way and less likely to find two galaxies separated by greater distances and yet this is not what you would expect. Astronomers see when they do this type of analysis they observe a peak for galaxies that are very close together as expected and another for a separation of about 150megaparsecs which explains this overabundance at what seems like an arbitrary distance the answer lies in what is known as baryon acoustic oscillations Galaxies eclipsed sound waves hundreds of thousands of years after the big bang it was too hot for atomic nuclei to capture electrons the universe was a sea of ​​charged particles and photons of light could not travel in a straight line, they bounced and scattered in all directions until they collided with the next lost electron as it cooled.

Some of the regions that were denser would attract more and more stuff, but the photons exert pressure when they get too close and this pressure would push outwards taking some matter with it and this is where Dark Matter came into the picture. Dark Matter weighs five times more than normal matter in the universe and remains the dominant gravitational force in our universe. The cosmic web of stars, galaxies and filaments is actually a web of dark matter with regular matter accompanying it. It represents something like 85 percent of the gravity in the universe, so everything from galaxy formation to Stark clustering to gravitation and then Zing is dictated by its properties, and yet we still don't know What it really is, what we do know is that dark matter.

It interacts gravitationally but doesn't seem to be affected by electromagnetism like light or other fundamental forces, so when density clumps began to form in the early Universe, photons would eventually be squeezed so much that they would burst into a fierce wave of plasma carrying something. of regular matter, also known as baryons, but leaves Dark Matter in the center. Imagine a pebble thrown into a pond. There is a central splash and then concentric rings of waves. Now imagine millions of pebbles thrown at slightly different times. A complex jumble of splashes would be created. Waves and regions where the Rings interacted.

This was the state of the universe after inflation, but the universe was cooling and once it reached 3000 Kelvin the protons were able to capture electrons and the phase changed instead. from a bubbling opaque plasma became a transparent gas at the moment the universe became transparent the cosmic microwave background radiation escaped and the expanding Rings suddenly stopped because the photons carrying the matter were no longer coupled with that matter the photons rushed in a straight line leaving the ring frozen at the distance it had reached and that distance is 150 megaparsecs exactly where we see the second increase in the graph of galaxy separations.

This is one way cosmologists can see beyond the CMB by deciphering the patterns in its seemingly random distribution. Dark matter is fundamental to this. The story and indeed the structuring of the universe that followed, in fact in many ways dark matter is the real main character of The Universe Narrative and yet it went almost completely unnoticed until the mid-20th century, there Around 1933, a young and ambitious Swiss astronomer named Fritz Vicky noticed something strange about the speed of stars in a galaxy. He observed that the two independent measurements of the mass of a galaxy cluster were not aligned.

If he counted all the stars and added up their masses, he got the number 10 times less than if he calculated the mass by observing the velocities of the galaxies in the cluster, he concluded that there must be an enormous amount of invisible mass; However, it would be more than 30 years before more pioneering evidence came to light. Astronomer Vera Rubin set her sights on spiral galaxies by predicting the movements of stars around the center of galaxies. Astronomers had always made three assumptions: one, gravity depends on distance and mass, the closer and more massive two objects are, the stronger gravity acts on them 2. spiral Galaxies have most of their stars in the Very bright central regions and three stars at the edge of the galaxies would have less gravity acting on them and would travel more slowly.

This is analogous to our own solar system. Most of the mass is contained in the Sun, so nearby planets like Mercury, Venus and Earth travel much faster than the gas giants Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, so imagine Vera Rubin's surprise when she observed the velocities of stars in nearby spiral galaxies and found the relationship between speed and distance. She drew a straight line on her graph. Instead of acting like the solar system, the stars at the edges of spiral galaxies were traveling as fast as those behind them, so there was a hidden fourth assumption that astronomers were making that Reuben made explicit, although it was true that Spiral galaxies have most of their stars in the central regions.

The stars do not represent the majority of the mass to explain this increase in speed. Normal matter. Stardust nebulae could only account for 15 of the total matter in the universe. So what was dark matter, the leading theory? currently they are the massive particles that interact weekly with w-i-m-p, these would be elementary particles such as protons or neutrons, but they would have peculiar properties, unlike protons that have a charge and interact with light, these weak ones would be invisible and would only interact with gravity, It would also need much heavier or much more numerous to compensate for the missing mass in the universe.

Today we know that all galaxies have some dwarf galaxies. Galaxies have larger halos of dark matter around them, scientists estimate that the Milky Way's hay could extend up to 15 times further In addition to the matter we can see, searches for these particles in particle colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland are giant deposits of noble gases in Antarctica and other places so far without definitive evidence for the weak theory, but scientists have hope as dark matter. explains so much about the large-scale structure of the universe that it makes it all make sense The echoes of baryon shock waves the velocities of galaxies and the clustering patterns in the growth of structure Throughout the Universe normal matter what we see and what we are is In reality, only a supporting actor, the main role in the construction of the Universe belongs to this mysterious invisible, tiny and strange matter, quantum fluctuations in the galaxy, dwarf sound waves and, finally, vast tides of Dark Matter , our webbed Universe was born.

The problem was not completely resolved. There are more structural mysteries out there. Mysteries that we have not even begun to unravel: we are all moving in the same direction that we are spinning in the earth that rotates around the sun that spirals around the galaxy that in turn has movement but moves much further away from all the galaxies that surround us. In Laniacaya we are attracted to the same point in space we all move in the same direction but where are we going? A scientist studied the CMB for the first time and it became clear that our local group of galaxies was not stationary, but was moving relative to the In fact, the CMB is racing at about 1,000 kilometers per second towards a point 250 million light years away away and this point was called the great attractor, but what was there, why this particular point and not another, if according to the Copernican principle there is no point in space is more special than any other, why so much mass moves towards this place that we didn't know then and we're still not sure?

One challenge was that whatever we were going was very difficult to observe because we had to look through it. The center of our own galaxy, an area known as the avoidance zone and through which our vision is obscured by interstellar dust, but we were able to see through it with X-rays and this method revealed a group of galaxies known as the cluster Noma, but this alone was not enough to cover the flow of galaxies, so scientists looked at the large attractor and came to a surprising conclusion: it itself is moving towards a larger source of mass. 650 million light years away was a vast supercluster, the largest with a billion light years.

Known for years as the Shapley Supercluster, this Leviathan contains the mass of nearly 10,000 Milky Ways, but that wasn't the end of it. In 2017, researchers proposed another element called a dipole repellent. It is a large void in almost the exact opposite direction of the Shapley supercluster. Although it attracts sharply, this area of ​​space is not literally repelled, but its low density means it cannot overcome more powerful gravitational forces and we are trapped in the middle of this massive stellar flow almost a billion light years in diameter, although this may seem unbeatably big. This is just the beginning of the structural oddities that appear in large-scale mapping of the cosmos.

A long-standing mystery that came to light in the early 2000s related to the supposed homogeneity of our universe. The issue is quite simple if you divide it. the CMB sphere in four or eight the upper right part is on average hotter than the lower left part this effect disappears if the sky is divided into more and more pieces, but for the quadrupole and the octopole the angle of the line between the hot part and cold part coincide almost exactly with the plane of our solar system. This is such a strange result that astronomers have called it the Axis of Evil because it threatens to shatter our most fundamental ideas about the universe.

Why would the bottom of the universe be aligned with? We don't know our solar system, no one knows, the chief scientist of the wmap telescope, Charles Bennett, thinks it must be a coincidence. I think there is a psychological effect. People want to find unusual things, but even with new data from the Planck telescope effect is reproduced in words. by Dominic Schwartz of Bietherfeld University in Germany. For a long time part of the community hoped that this would disappear, but it did not. It is still totally inexplicable that we understand so much about our physical world that we can shoot satellites into the sky to take baby pictures of the universe and use these images to rewind the cosmos to its earliest moments between general relativity and the standard model of particle physics. we have it all figured out but there is Of course, there is a lot we don't know to have structure in the universe first, the universe must begin so how do we begin?

What triggered inflation? The answer to this question may be hidden in the patterns of the largest structures in the universe. One idea is. that in the primordial Universe there is a turbulent sea of ​​dense vacuum energy and that it simply takes something to burst an inflationary bubble that then grows into a universe, but there is nothing to say that ours was the only inflationary bubble, perhaps another Universe was formed nearby, right in the other one. side of the CMB and if it went through inflation it could collide with us, so it is a great mystery that the CMB can still contain the answer to large points in the sky resulting from collisions with other bubble universes that we have not yet seen.

Even the possibility of evidence for Multiverse theories is so slim that simply a method of finding a glimmer of proof is enough to excite scientists. Where is the observable universe? earth system at every scale there is structure there is order this structure is governed by simple principles gravity which is dominated by dark matter and expansion which is now driven by dark energy but which at one time was the result of inflation and, without However, these basic principles become matter and energy into enormous, beautiful structures bathed in the warm glow of cosmic microwave background radiation. Vicky Rubin zeldovich from Copernicus Shapley Peebles got all these scientists and the teams that supported them to have brought us here to discover their secrets and yet, despite everything, I know there are still mysteries out there Written in the stars You've been seeing the entire history of the universe.

Don't forget to like, subscribe and leave a comment to tell us what you think. Thanks for watching and see you around.