This Chip Could Change Computing Forever

this

video was brought to you by incog Hello, welcome to another episode of Cold Fusion. Imagine

this

phone that you don't have to charge for days or a laptop that can last a week without recharging properly, those kinds of things are on the cards with What We're Going to Talk About in This Episode Walt Deir may seem like your average teacher, but He and his team have been working for 10 years to turn the world of

computing

around with their recent breakthrough at Georgia Tech University that we were able to see. computers and phones that run up to 10 times faster in the terahertz realm, not only that, but they would also use less power and produce less heat.

His team's findings were published in the journal Nature. People knew about graphine. It had been studied intensively in many different ones. The disciplines and surface scientists knew it, the chemists knew it, but no one had really thought that this

could

be good for electronics, so in 2001 we basically came up with the idea that maybe graphine

could

be used for electronics. and that's how the whole story is. started really so just a heads up this video may be a little more technical than normal but I found it fascinating so in this short episode let's see how they did it and what this means for us and technology in general that you are seeing.

Cold fusion TV Today semiconductors specifically the element silicon Powers our world in the 1950s Very, very smart scientists figured out how to manipulate silicon to make it behave like little switches. Thousands of them could be put together and programmed to do things we eventually called a computer. Our entire modern world has been built on these little silicon switches we call these little switches transistors and humans have made incredible progress with silicon transistors. Just look at Mo's law, which states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every 2 years or even. Better yet, look at the devices around you, from your car to your refrigerator, computer, phone and TV, they are everywhere for the last 70 years, all we really did was pack these transistors into smaller and smaller spaces to give us more processing power, but The point is that we are now reaching the limits of silicon transistors in terms of heat generation speed and miniaturization, but what if we could make transistors even better 10 times better?

You heat the silicon carbide, the silicon evaporates and what's left is the carbon, so all these atoms of carbon molecules sit on that surface and then they just connect together to form this sheet of graphene. I have talked about graphene several times on the channel. but in short, it is a 2D material made of a uniform honeycomb of carbon atoms one layer thick, its structure allows electrons to move through it with minimal resistance and, since an electric current is just electrons, This property makes graphene one of the most conductive materials known. man, it's also a strong light and basically overall a wonderful material, the only problem was that until 10 years ago it was quite difficult to manufacture in a cost-effective way, but fortunately graphite is grown on silicon carbide by synthesizing it by chemical deposition of vapor and electromechanical in liquid phase. exfoliation with three advances in graphics manufacturing that made it viable in the last decade and after that, applications came through one of the most famous, of which was a graphics loading bank from El Jet that could load a whopping 10,000 milliamp hours in 30 minutes five times faster than the competition, reviewers around the world were stunned when it came out in 2021, it also boasted five times more charge cycles than a regular lithium-ion battery, so You already know that graphine is great and has its applications, but as a transistor it doesn't make sense to technicians, you might see that something doesn't add up right away, as mentioned, graphine is one of the best, most efficient conductors. and fastest known to man, but a traditional transistor is a semiconductor, meaning it is not entirely a conductor. or an insulator, but somewhere in between a transistor needs to fit into the semiconductor class and that is because this intermediate property that semiconductors have allows them to be manipulated to turn on and off like a switch, in other words it has to

change

between conduction and insulation, so that's the main problem for a graphine transistor, its conductivity can never be turned off and well, that would be a pretty lousy switch.

The thing is, there is actually a solution to this so-called bandgap engineering and this is where the genius comes in. but first we must understand what a Gap band is. I found the next part quite interesting, so we all know that materials are made of atoms that have a nucleus and electrons that move around them. Rons can only be in certain layers or top discrete layers. the nucleus we can call bands now imagine a ladder think of the steps of the ladder as different layers of electrons around the nucleus of an atom in a given material the bottom steps are what we call the veence band this band is where the electrons normally reside electrons electrons feel comfortable here and don't want to leave now the upper steps belong to the conduction band at this level conduction of electricity occurs easily when electrons are here because they can just fly away now imagine a gap between the two sections of the ladder This Gap represents the Band Gap in an insulator.

This Gap is relatively wide, so the electrons need a lot of effort to reach the conduction band, so the material does not conduct electricity well. In contrast, in a semiconductor, the band gap is narrower compared to an insulator, electrons can climb, but with some external energy required, this allows semiconductors to conduct electricity under certain conditions in metals, there is effectively no band gap. . The electrons are having a party and can move freely throughout the material and that is why metals are good conductors. of electricity graphene is a strange case because it conducts electricity better than anything else, but it is not a metal, so scientists wanted to take advantage of the high conductivity benefit of graphene, but they also wanted to be able to make it stop conducting when they were ordered, if this could be possible.

In fact, it would be an amazing new type of transistor. Since 2008, scientists have been trying to use bandgap engineering to make graphine behave like a semiconductor. Everyone tried but they just couldn't make it work. The resulting transistors worked. wrong and were useless Walt and the researchers perfected an existing manufacturing technique and managed to achieve a high quality band. Gap in graph for the first time. This is how it worked. The method involved heating silicon carbide in a quartz tube filled with argon. The inside of the tube is two. Silicon carbide layers are shown in green. A high frequency alternating current is passed through a copper coil around the quartz tube and this heats the layers to 1000°C by induction.

The heat causes the silicon, which are the white circles, to evaporate and leave a carbon-rich layer. surface that forms a graph and a quote and is shown in black the high frequency of the heating coil guarantees uniform and robust graph deposits the entire process is efficient with the necessary materials such as silicon carbide and quartz tubes being the components relatively Economical for the entire $20 installation cost, scientists created individual transistors that, when measured and tested, outperformed current silicon

chip

s in speed. They were also successful in producing larger and more robust semiconductor wafers. Here is a quote from De quote.

Our research differs from other approaches because we have produced large SEC semiconductors on a round, atomically flat, deficit-free Silicon Carbide. Silicon carbide is hardly developed. Readily available electronic material that is fully compatible with conventional microelectronics processing methods. End of quote. So if all that crossed your mind, what does it all mean? What is the number one big picture? The Creation of Graphine Semiconductor In this latest article, we begin to discover how to convert Graphine into a semiconductor because natural Graphine is not a semiconductor. The Georgia Tech team created the Graphine with a Band Gap, meaning this Wonder material is finely applicable to microelectronics, the number two best computers.

The nice thing about graphene is not only that you can make things smaller and faster and, with less heat dissipation, you are actually using properties of electrons that are not accessible in silicon, so this is really a paradigm shift , it's a different way of doing it. Electronics: The graph semiconductor that was created had very high electron mobility and this is crucial for high frequency terahertz range electronics and for context our

chip

s today operate in the gigahertz range. Higher electron mobility allows for faster switching of transistors, which is essential for improving the speed and efficiency of electronic devices.

Imagine your laptop or phone lasts for days at a time and is five times faster. Number three: simple and profitable methods. This method involves standard equipment and relatively inexpensive materials. It is also compatible with conventional chip manufacturing methods and this compatibility is essential. to integrate into existing manufacturing processes, that means it is scalable and economically feasible for broader adoption in the semiconductor industry and that is quite rare for such advances in research number four, the potential for Quantum Computing applications, the The team also noted that there is a potential to use this high mobility of graphine in quantum

computing

.

The quantum mechanical wave properties of electrons in graphine are much more pronounced at low temperatures than in silicon and this could lead to new types of quantum devices and computing methods and this represents a paradigm shift from traditional silicon-based electronics. All that said, there is one downside that I haven't seen anywhere else when researching this: the bandgap for this graphene method is 0.6 electron volts and this is versus the typical 1.1 electron volts for silicon, so let me break it down. what that means. This means that while a smaller Gap band could be beneficial for applications like a new type of solar panel, a CPU is another case, if we use this graphics semiconductor as it is in a CPU, the smaller Gap band could cause a current leakage and this is when a device still loses a bit of current when it is supposed to be in its off state, this could increase power consumption and heat generation, undoing some of that awesomeness that Graphine had in the first place, but that being said, it's not a big deal right now and I'm sure that over time the band's Gap number will improve as they improve the process, if there are no more hiccups along the way, this event is massive and It could

change

the field of computing, since it doesn't.

I wish the team all the best before we get started. continue, let's hear a quick word from today's sponsor, incog. You've probably noticed recently that he is receiving more scam calls, text messages, and various fishing attempts. So why is this happening? The main reason is that your personal information is sold online without you. Even knowing that this information can be used to send scams and unsolicited ads, they can even sell your browsing habits and even commit identity theft. This is where today's sponsor, incog, can help you. They can simply remove your information from the data brokers' records on your behalf. just create an account then incog can communicate with the data brokers and then you can sit back, relax and let them take care of the rest with updates on how the task is going, so to protect yourself online use the cold fusion code on link below to get 60% off an incognit annual plan go to incognit docomo Fusion to get started thanks to in cogni for supporting the channel.

Well, now back to the video. Many things that are possible with Graphine that are not possible with Silicon. You can connect it. biological molecules, for example, you can interface them with something called molecular electronics, uh, a lot of things like that, so I think we are looking at a completely new landscape that is opening up in electronics. Well, that's the story of the world's first silicon graphine semiconductor. If you liked it, don't hesitate to subscribe. There are many other interesting things on this channel about science,technology and business. My name is toogo and you've been watching Cold Fusion and I'll see you soon for the next episode.

Greetings, guys. Good cold fusion, that's a new thought.