Ungelöste Rätsel der Physik | Quarks

Welcome to Quarks & Co. It's good to have you with us. Many people think that everything has already been discovered, that after all they have landed on the moon, the Internet exists, but if you look at physics a little more closely. , you will notice that there are still mysteries at the European research center CERN, for example, scientists explore the nature of mass with the help of large accelerators and even in everyday life, for example with spaghetti, there are still mysteries of physics and that is What it is about today Many of these mysteries are still unsolved, even though very brilliant minds have dealt with them are the popes of natural sciences Galileo did the first experiments Newton founded classical physics that Einstein The physics of the church of the third millennium led to modern times.

He no longer needs dogmas. He hides his ignorance behind beautiful theories. Physicists have advanced to the highest spheres with their knowledge. The last questions, have you found an answer? Does the universe have a beginning, will there be an end and yet, despite all their observatories and telescopes, this so-called exact science, they do not know most of the cosmos; a scandal, not because the human horizon is still limited, on the contrary. Never has man come so close to the limits of the cosmos with instruments and measuring devices. With the naked eye, a person can see about 6,000 stars in the sky.

With today's telescopes, astronomers can detect around 50 billion galaxies in systems of billions of stars, whose structures they know exactly in direct order. Image of the forces that predominated at the origin of the cosmos. The scandal is a mystery in our own cosmic environment. Astronomers don't know the Milky Way any better. Its diameter is about 120 thousand light years and its number of stars is 300 billion. Based on their galactic census, physicists can tell exactly how much mass there is in our Milky Way. Using the law of gravity, this results in a verifiable statement of how fast stars rotate around the galactic center, and astronomers can measure this with their sensitive devices.

The result has been a surprise for 80 years. According to observations, there should be 400 times more mass than can be observed. Since then, physicists talk about dark matter, because to this day there is something dark and where is that mass. It must exist, otherwise the laws of matter are correct physics is not what it is an unsolved physics mystery about a quarter of the world exactly 23 percent is made up of dark matter but things were getting worse the telescope space Hubble could see further than a human being had seen before for four months its chamber was open to astronomers discovered that everything is expanding faster and faster, that can only be explained if there is an energy that counteracts gravity on a large scale , which actually wants to drag everything Together, for 20 years, physicists have been saying that dark energy is because it is dark, what this energy could be if it were.

If the laws of physics are correct, then our world is made up of 72 percent dark energy. energy, astronomers' observations cannot be explained. Conclusion: 95 percent of the world is of a different type than the matter that terrestrial researchers can examine in laboratories, we only know about five percent of the world, despite the best and most telescopes. With complex methods, with these dimensions you become humble. We ourselves inhabit our galaxy, which is made up of millions of stars. It is gigantic in size, about 120 thousand light years in diameter, and we ourselves, our sun, are located in a lateral arm.

This galaxy and this galaxy does not stop, no, it spins like a gigantic carousel and takes about 230 million years to complete one revolution. That is, so to speak, our vision of the current world, but if we look back. It is noted that the vision of the world changes constantly, the Spindle photo is proof that the Earth rotates and the solution to a great physical enigma. How did the Frenchman Jean Bernard Eco come up with this idea in the mid-19th century? It is about the question of what our world is like and this story begins much earlier, in ancient times people in the firmament according to explanations the stars served them as the world of the gods until the year 600 BC the earth is a disk in which the fire of hell burns the stars are holes in the vault of heaven through which a burning fire can be seen behind them.

The ancient Greeks observed them systematically and justified natural philosophy. They discover that the earth is curved and therefore must be one of the most influential. The natural philosophers are Aristotle. According to him, our planet is made up of the elements water, air, earth and fire. The earth is the center of the world, according to the mathematician Claudius Ptolemy. In the second century AD. The world view prevails according to which the sun. and the planets revolve around the Earth became a mystery again, but it could not explain planetary orbits. More than a millennium passed before the worldview of the ancient world began to shake.

In the middle of the 15th century it was invented by Johannes. Gutenberg the printing press, scientific knowledge is spreading more rapidly and the discovery of America in 1492 seems to confirm the spherical shape of the earth. At this time, the doctor Nicholas Copernicus was studying Ptolemy's worldview, while studying ancient writings. The Greek Charisteas already existed in ancient times. Samos had the idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Copernicus cannot abandon the revolutionary idea. He may be able to explain planetary orbits. Copernicus proposes three theses: the Earth rotates on i

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f. own axis, the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and the other planets orbit around them for fear of the church, but he only printed his work 30 years later.

But Copernicus' calculations cannot explain the orbits of the planets. Years later, astronomer Johannes Kepler investigated the records of planetary movements. He is fascinated by the writings of Copernicus, for four years he calculates and has the decisive idea that the planets move in ellipses around the sun and become faster as they approach the sun. In 1609 Kepler published his Astronomia Nova in which the planets are moved by a force emanating from the sun. A new puzzle arises because Keppler cannot explain this power. At the same time, the mathematician Galileo Galilei learns of the invention of the lens telescope.

From Venice he improves the magnification many times and can see the sky better than ever. By observing Galileo he discovers that four moons orbit the planet Jupiter. This is the first proof of the Copernican worldview, but it contradicts the church's Earth-only worldview. It can be the center of the circular movements of the universe. The church forces Galileo to renounce his convictions and he resignedly walks away from the investigation. From now on, what remains is the mystery about the mysterious attraction of the sun. In the middle of the 17th. In the 19th century, natural sciences become more important, scientists once again discuss what keeps the planets in their orbits.

The English natural philosopher Isaac Newton studies Kepler's theories and Galileo's laws of free fall. The fall of a planet supposedly leads him to a crucial idea: The mass of the body exerts an attractive force. The larger a body is, the more mass it attaches to i

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f. This explains why the Moon rotates around the Earth and the planets rotate around the Sun. Newton's laws for the motion of bodies are still valid today. mechanics there and are considered the mathematical proof of the Copernican worldview, but without the findings of his predecessors the mathematical principles of Newton's natural philosophy would never have occurred, but it remains a mystery, practical proof that the Earth rotates, it takes time.

Once again, 150 years into his mission, the Bernese Foucault developed an idea to demonstrate that the Earth really rotates on its own axis. According to Newton, a body changes its motion while no force acts on it and therefore always maintains its direction. wobble because But as the Earth rotates, we see a shift that is large at the poles and decreases toward the equator. In 1851, Foucault presented his experiment to the public. He proves that the Earth rotates, but a new puzzle is already emerging. Is our solar system the center of the universe or does it rotate? We are talking about something much bigger, what is considered the first experiment in physics, the birth of experimental physics, that is, the inclined plane of Galileo Galilei with which he established the laws of fall of him until the day of today.

Physics always loves them. There are experiments that lead to new discoveries and with them new questions arise, so there is a connection between the inclined plane of then and the modern particle accelerators of today. The question of whether our solar system is the center of the world or if there is something bigger. Today we know that even our galaxy is only a small part of the universe, so the mystery about the nature of the world has only taken on a new magnitude. , but the universe still has an end Even 100 years ago, only the Milky Way was known today.

We know billions of other galaxies, but is the universe really infinite and why is the Planck satellite expanding? new answers, which captures a special light The cosmic background radiation Astrophysicist Torsten Enßlin evaluates the data remains as long as the light does not stop, it always moves towards Ford and is in constant motion and when we capture it today. It seems to come from places behind all the places we can see, so it's radiation coming from behind galaxies. Background radiation and when we see it today we see what the universe used to be like in the past.

It is possible because light moves at a certain speed that never changes. The speed of light is 300,000 kilometers in one second, which is seven revolutions. From the Earth to the Sun, a ray of light takes eight minutes to reach the next star it takes. 4.3 years to reach the center of the Milky Way 25,000 years and we only see the light from neighboring galaxies after two and a half million years, but the background radiation is older than any light. We know that it radiates uniformly towards us from everywhere. Physicists recognize it for its wavelength and its very low temperature.

There is a visible light like starlight that can be seen with my eyes. There is invisible light like microwave background radiation and today we can record it with a microwave receiver. and basically take a photograph of the early universe. It all starts with the big bang 13.7 billion years ago. Hot plasma fills the space and continues to expand. Only after 380,000 years has the universe cooled enough for matter to expand and particles to form. atoms light now has a free path while the light from the big bang is in motion space expands and therefore the wavelength of light this is where cosmic background radiation differs from other radiation the Planck satellite receives cosmic rays of all directions where the background radiation is filtered and a map of the sky of the primordial cosmos is created.

The colors mean temperature differences in the primary light. What we see in these temperature differences are regions that have become slightly densified. They have expanded a little, which means that the fluctuations are changing. The analysis of density fluctuations aims to show whether the universe would then be finite but limited to itself. It would be difficult to imagine, but according to the theory of. Relativity this is possible but there is still no proof of it. Additionally, astrophysicists hope for new clues about the forces that hold galaxy clusters together and allow the universe to expand if the theory is true. make up 95 percent of the world, the universe will possibly expand forever.

Galaxies are moving further and further away from each other. The theory is true, but if it is not true, the attraction of matter as we know it would stop and reverse. expansion would at some point result in collapse for most of them. It's hard for us to imagine what it really means when astronomers say that space serves itself as the cosmos expands, but there's a trick: you can do a thought experiment. You don't necessarily have to think in three dimensions, but we do the following: we imagine that the space and area would be the area of ​​a balloon and on this balloon I paint three dots 123, these three dots represent galaxies, so to speak. and now we come to the expansion of the universe which basically corresponds to what I'm doing here, that is, I'm placing the balloon.

And what you can now clearly see is that the galaxies are moving away from each other, each looking at each other from each other. In each galaxy, the other is moving away, so you can at least imagine that it's interesting what happens next. Well, in the past you thought that at some point the expansions would end; This is all going backwards, so we're moving. From origin to the Big Bang, the distances between galaxies would become smaller and smaller, but we now know that is not the case.Our universe is constantly expanding. That is the result of many different natural constants and it is exciting if you do it.

Let's imagine what would happen, what our daily life would be like if we changed one constant slightly. Oh, that hurts, the stupid gravity. You should be able to do something about it, for example by reducing the gravity at exactly the right point. moment. Let's see what happens. Another thing that happens when you twist the gravitational force is that you make the gravitational constant smaller. All objects lose weight. A small g also means you can jump higher. It's less tiring. If you rotate a little more, even the appearance of the object changes in plants and animals, because with lower gravity it is not necessary to build everything so stably, everything becomes finer and more elegant in the solar system, a new balance is created . established between centrifugal force and gravity 1 the moon moves away from the earth and both together move away from the sun this takes time Longer circulation the year has more days in the sun the combustion processes are slower along with the greater distance from the sun ensures that temperatures on Earth are significantly lower.

At some point Earth's gravity is no longer sufficient to maintain the atmosphere. There is no air to breathe. Finally, if the gravitational constant is extremely small, all structures dissolve. There is only a diffuse gas, there is no possibility. for life Maybe it is better to renormalize the gravity or even increase it a little as the g increases, everything gains more weight under the load of gravity. To avoid collapse, plants and animals have to be more stable. a new balance emerges between a lot of force and gravity. The moon, the earth and the sun are approaching. The year is getting shorter.

The pressure in the sun increases and therefore it burns faster. The sun can no longer resist gravity and collapses into a neutron star. Gravity increasingly shapes the appearance, so that only spherical structures remain. Even the cavity between the atomic nucleus and the electron shell disappears. atomic nucleus and If only neutrons remain in the center of galaxies, black holes form that grow rapidly and devour the galaxies. In the end, the universe is only made up of black holes. When the gravitational force is maximum, black holes merge. a single black pond There is no longer any possibility of life.

The idea of ​​​​the experiment is over, it is good that the gravitational constant is exactly what it is, if our world did not exist, little Newton would have so much. It is fun to play with the laws of nature, but the interesting thing is that these natural laws, in our understanding, are universal. They apply here not only on the Earth in our study but also when you move away from it in space, that is, we move away from the Earth and The law of gravity still applies, it also applies on other planets, even on other solar systems, in other galaxies, but modern physics has a surprise for us because, according to string theory, our universe is just one of many 10 to the power of 500 different universes. , there are parallel worlds in which everything is a bit similar, perhaps with changed laws of physics and who knows, maybe there are too.

There is a planet somewhere and a TV show with a host who is also doing an experiment, but the physics in this universe are a little different than in our parallel universe. Our laws of physics also apply and one of them is the law of gravity and we all know that since school, pen and hammer, all things fall at the same speed. On Earth there is an atmosphere, the plume slows down when it falls, but this experiment was done on the Moon in connection with the Apollo 15 mission. Here you can see astronaut Scott with a hammer and a feather. slippery, but look at both numbers at the same speed because there is no atmosphere on the moon, so gravity also works here on the moon and gravity is something like the grail of physics.

And some people wonder how reliable the law of gravity really is. . It's that moment again. The moment of truth is approaching. Does the gravitational constant still have its old value? Electrical engineer Günter Herold and physicist Ulrich Schreiber will measure again. That's our business, all physicists ask themselves. The next moment they try to complete them again at the same time. Gravity is one of the four basic forces of physics. It keeps the planets in their orbits around the Sun and us on Earth and this is supposed to be the proof, the Moon. The Americans and later the Russians also have laser reflectors in their mouths.

They work like a cat's eyes on a bicycle. With its help, researchers around the world can measure exactly how far the Moon is from Earth. As is known, researchers use one of the mirrors today. By pointing a laser beam, the distance between the Moon and Earth can be accurately calculated in advance. The researchers test this prediction. Your yardstick is a pulsed laser. If you hit one of the moon collectors, the laser light is reflected. During the duration of the light, the distance calculated according to Einstein's theories does not change, so I am also firmly convinced that Einstein's theory will win.

It won't be the last. It's an extremely good theory, but maybe in ten or twenty years we will have one that is even more accurate in its predictions. The laser is cleaned and directed towards the telescope dome and leaves the Earth as a thick mass. The law of gravity causes all bodies to fall at the same speed no matter how big or heavy they are. This also applies to the moon and the earth and since you know their properties, you choose them. Physicists use them as mass objects to verify repeatedly. the gravitational constant. The measurement worked.

The laser signal returns less than three seconds after it left the ground. From what I see on the screen, it's 30 seconds shorter. Since today's predictions are 30 seconds, there is a deviation of. around 90 centimeters and 90 cm at a distance of around 365,000 kilometers. This isn't enough to shake up the gravitational constant and disprove Einstein, but maybe researchers can do something beautiful with the next measurement of Earth's moon. Natural constants like the Gravitational constants are constantly monitored by physicists and if there is a slight deviation then it is time for a new theory, but there are also mysteries of physics on a small scale, for example the critics of money have already tested them. .

He takes it from Getty and tries to divide it into two parts, as a rule he does not succeed; They are divided into many different parts and this problem has occupied physicists for a long time, and smart people like Nobel laureate Richard Feynman have tried to solve it. They had no explanation for this phenomenon and it was not until 2004 that French scientists found the reason. They examined the phenomenon with a high-speed camera and discovered the following: vibrations occur and these vibrations travel along the spaghetti and from there. It is not exactly the same everywhere there are small differences and that is exactly where it breaks but the crucial point is that the vibrations continue so that everything does not relax and this leads to many different sectors, everything is reflected in the end it comes back and in any case that meant you solved the spaghetti puzzle quite late, but there are many puzzles in everyday life and there is still no answer.

We have three good examples. The first is the confusing office that seems very discreet. Here is a pipe connected to an air. hose so that the air comes in from below and you can see back here what happens, the air comes in in eddies and is thrown back and the interesting thing is that when you look at the temperature, how do you look at it now, I can feel it here, but so that I can also See it, we have a thermal imaging camera and now take a look at this result. Here it's red and that means warm and here it's blue.

The air is cold there, so somehow, suddenly, at one end the air becomes cold at the other end. It's hot and there is still no explanation for this vortex tube, but that phenomenon works even it is used technically, so maybe you have an explanation for this physics riddle, there is a second riddle that is even more surprising, take the shampoo, a glass dish and just let the shampoo Sometimes there are beads here and if you pay attention here you can see that suddenly a pile forms, but then there is a reflector in slow motion, you can see it even more beautiful.

Everything works with shampoo but also with oil and here too. There is still no explanation for the phenomenon so if you can have an answer they become immortal in the world of physics and we have a third phenomenon and that is even simpler two containers with water the same amount once the water is cold once you see the steam here the water is hot both containers go to the freezer question, where does the water freeze first? Now, common sense says that it is cold first, but that is not the case because hot water freezes first. Now there are intelligent physicists. who have said, well, that has to do with evaporation, heat is removed and through evaporation some water is also removed, which means there is less water and things go faster in the freezer.

Now a young ten-year-old student approached. with the simple idea of ​​putting the counter on it, so the quantities have to be the same. He repeated the experiment in most cases. The hot water is still freezing and no one knows why, so maybe here's an explanation. These are, so to speak, the little enigmas of physics, but there are also experiments that have disrupted the thinking of an entire era, as Albert Einstein explained with his theory of relativity, a mysterious property of light previously discovered experimentally. the speed of propagation of light is constant it has the same value this led to a revolution in our view of the world and since 1905 this amazing phenomenon has been confirmed again and again through experiments Albert Einstein the most important pillar of his theory of relativity is the Principle of nothing But nothing can propagate faster than light.

Only recently were astronomers able to confirm this law. In a supernova, the so-called neutrinos arrived at exactly the same time as the light from this stellar explosion. They obey Einstein's principle, but it is precisely these neutrinos that Einstein was able to use for the first time at the Cern in Geneva, but the physicist Schwentner works in the largest particle accelerator in the world in a nanosecond the neutrinos travel about 30 cm like the light travel times of neutrinos have been measured precisely, but the idea never arose that you can simply tell time, but that was originally the requirement with a precision of 100 nanoseconds or so, then the people at cern die Zeit said that in reality it could be done better, that's how opera comes about.

In the experiment to measure the speed of propagation of neutrinos, engineers and surveyors create the devices. To measure distances and transit times, their colleagues in Italy must collect the neutrinos in their Gran Sasso laboratory in Geneva. Neutrinos penetrate everything without problems. No resistance stops them on their way through the rocks. First, physicists use GPS to determine the direct distance, to the nearest 20 centimeters: exactly 731 kilometers, 2,178 meters and zero centimeters, so that the opera experiment can begin in spring 2011. The task of the CERN is to produce neutrinos in its 27 kilometer long accelerator in a device that is grouped together exactly and then shot in a straight line towards Italy.

The Alps are not the big versions of the packets tens of thousands of nanoseconds wide when the neutrinos arrive. There, in the laboratory, the physicists stop the synchronized clocks and read the times. In March the first important campaigns are carried out. Hundreds of thousands of measurements are made. There is not the slightest doubt that Einstein could not have been right. The first results are completely surprising. Physicists continue to divide the distance between Geneva and Gran Sasso by transit times. The results cannot be true. Neutrinos are always faster than light, exactly 53 nanoseconds. silence a measurement error packets of tens of thousands of nanoseconds are too large the question of a stupid error is in the question room where so many people put together an emblematic storehouse of systematic effects that could also explain this result and that is why the next step at CERN was a very good idea.

They simply say that now we do not shoot a beam downwards, but rather we shoot a beam below which is extremely short, all the measurement technology is put to the test, is the distance correct? earthquake in the Alps that the distance had changed slightly but that also new campaign shows again something that one would have wanted to avoid actually remembers the results of this that this opera of the opera experiment took that were those who are 20 - and these with these appropriately produce results similar to the The previous reaction, of course, was recent: in September 2011, the researchers went public with the sensation:Einstein is not right.

His principle is the cornerstone of the theory of relativity. The physical theory of modern times would be wrong in principle. This experiment is surprisingly simple. You know the distance between Geneva and Gran Sasso. Cinemas start in Geneva and Kinshasa. You time yourself and notice that right now they are faster than light. Now there are several options. Or you have measured correctly, they are actually faster than light and that would be a revolution because the laws of physics would have to be rewritten again, our view of the world would change again. Maybe there was an error somewhere in this experiment and that brings us to a fundamental problem in elementary particle physics.

These experiments are gigantic and cost a lot. What is done? There are many international collaborations and what you would need would be a large experiment. one second because in science it is important that the phenomena are reproducible if that were the case then we would have a new puzzle in physics you are still here that can only mean one thing you love science then it would only be the logical consequence to watch one of these videos or subscribe directly trust me, it has been scientifically proven