These Substances 'Defy the Laws' of Physics

thank you we live in a macro world where everything has a defined shape takes up space and behaves predictably we are used to the idea that thin materials tear fragile things break ice chills Flames burn and water flows down, but when The opposite happens, we are left speechless for centuries, magicians built their careers based on these unexpected phenomena. In 1983, the most famous illusionist of our time, David Copperfield, shocked audiences by making the Statue of Liberty disappear. The effect was mind-blowing and to this day it is difficult to say exactly how he did it. Through his act, Copperfield managed to surprise the audience by challenging our understanding of reality, making it seem like the statue really disappeared;

However, we intuitively know that the Statue of Liberty did not actually disappear, the audience simply couldn't see it for a moment. But do you think there can be something extraordinary and genuine in our world? Something that doesn't involve magic tricks. The answer is a resounding yes and today you will witness true wonders first-hand without any tricks. Get ready to see liquid flowing upwards. a vote floating in an aquarium without a drop of water dry water hot ice and many more unusual and surprising things

substances

that

defy

the

laws

of

physics

like support videos and help the YouTube algorithm to promote high-quality content please leave a like to support this video What we are about to show you is not an illusion and that is the most important part: there are real materials and structures that genuinely exist and even David Copperfield would not envy their amazing properties.

Some may seem impossible to you, but rest assured that everything is real and strictly follows the

laws

of

physics

. Clearly, there is more to this world than meets the eye. With that in mind, let's move on to the first item in our collection. At one time, nanotechnology experts wondered what would happen if you lined up a lot of carbon nanotubes vertically and pressed them together. The developers at Surrey Nano Systems were the first to find a practical answer. They created vantablack, the darkest substance in the world. Vantablack is a honeycomb composed of millions of carbon nanotubes.

However, unlike Bee Honeycombs, their carbon cells are empty, although this structure is quite unique, its most important property is that it almost completely absorbs electromagnetic radiation. What does this mean? It means that it is possible to make an aircraft that does not reflect radar signals. Optics without glare due to scattered light. Some new ones. designs and much more, don't you see the implications for fully understanding the vanderblack effect? Imagine being in an empty room with the ceiling walls and floors covered in vantablack, there is absolute darkness and emptiness around you, turn on a flashlight, but it does nothing.

The difference is that as long as a flashlight is pointed to the side, it doesn't illuminate anything and you can't even see its beam. You might see your hands and legs when you point it directly at yourself, but other than that, there's nothing around but a black void. If you pointed the flashlight forward and took a step, you would hit an invisible wall, that's what 99.965 absorption means. Because of this property, we view any object with such a layer as gloomy anomalies compared to other objects. Its incomparable absorption makes it impossible to distinguish details. See the relief and shape, any sculpture coated with vantablack would be perceived as a two-dimensional silhouette made of black paper thanks to the ultimate black body effect. vantablack has already found applications in aviation automobile manufacturing and of course in space, what you just witnessed was vantablack's amazing ability to hide the texture of an object, blurring the lines between reality and fiction, As impressive as this is, you might want to grab your socks right now because we're about to take them off.

This totally sounds like something broken. Straight out of a science fiction epic, one of the most recurring motifs in movies involving time travel and extraterrestrial visitors is the rapid healing of wounds and body regeneration, for now they remain science fiction; However, real evidence suggests that we could be seeing the dawn of such technology. We are about to see polymers capable of coming back together after being cut. Furthermore, this reintegration does not imply the loss of original properties or any external intervention. Meet the pdms ssip BNB, an absolutely unique polymer with an innate ability for self-repair similar to futuristic robots.

This material can work without problems. repair itself after breakage without the need for adhesive welding or any other tricks developed by scientists at Tianjin University, this elastomeric polymer has quite impressive strength, can regenerate even at low temperatures in fresh or sea water and even in an aggressive chemical environment while it is too Soon we will talk today about the instant regeneration of human muscles and skin. This new polymer will surely find applications in robotics. Aviation and automobile production. Imagine a car that can repair its interior trim or a leather sofa fixing its upholstery on its own.

What is even more impressive is the ability of this polymer to transform into a conductor by adding an idiom and gallium, just think of self-repair Electronics, what would happen if you broke a smartphone in half only to see the two halves joined together and fused together? in a matter of minutes, turning themselves into a fully functioning device? smartphone the extraordinary properties of pdms ssip BNB bring scientific achievements to the realm of science fiction, while many modern materials surprise us with their capabilities, we know that their production often involves complicated processes and sophisticated equipment, fortunately there are some exceptions in the That even the simplest processes can produce a super material The discovery of graphene is one of those rare, almost magical moments in science.

You may find it hard to believe that two young Moscow State University graduates equipped with cheap duct tape were the first to obtain graphene and subsequently even won the Nobel Prize. This is exactly what happened in 2004. Andre Geim and Constantine Navasolov tried to separate the graphite into individual layers using masking tape. Multiple tape peels. They then obtained a layer just one atom thick that could be seen with the naked eye. This was the first piece of graphene beyond. The research revealed a host of unique properties of graphene, as it turns out to be an excellent conductor of electricity and heat and its properties could be modified by altering the shape of the sheet or substrate, meaning an even greater plethora of possible uses.

In addition to being 100 times stronger than steel, graphene is the thinnest and strongest material in the world. Now this sounds unthinkable, doesn't it? Isn't there a need for an extravagant example to show its properties? Well, he is one of them. A one-square-meter graphene hammock can support a large cat weighing more than four kilograms. It would weigh less than one of your mustaches, just for comparison, a piece of paper of the same size would be a hundred thousand times heavier given such unique properties, there is no doubt that graphene would revolutionize the production of electronic and optoelectronic chemical devices, sensors, Nanocomposites and systems.

Energy Storage This chapter is about plastics, let's start with a simple question: what happens if you step on a plastic cup? You've probably visualized a crushed glass. That would be the case unless the glass was made or coated. line the surface would be sufficient Linex is a particularly durable spray protective coating made of two-component polyurethane, in addition to its strength, it features high adhesion, chemical resistance and abrasion resistance Linex can completely protect virtually any surface, it may seem exaggerated, But even fierce ax blows would leave almost invisible marks on the hood of a Linux-coated car and the coating would still be intact.

Linex polyurethane materials are applied using specialized industrial equipment under high pressure. The spray material solidifies in three to six seconds. Its short cure time allows for multiple coats. of Linux to be applied without drips or runs in any desired thickness new innovative materials never cease to surprise us with what was once considered impossible in other words each new technology surprises us with its novelty and the holes of nanotechnology have a special place here Most people believe that the Nano prefix implies something ultra-modern. Many would find it difficult to believe that one of the most amazing Nano materials was created almost 100 years ago, however, it is true and this material was known as Aero gel in the distant 1930s.

American chemist Samuel Stevens Kissler was obsessed with Kisler had a unique idea: to preserve only the structure of a silicate gel by replacing its liquid with air using a clever and rather complex method. Consequently, in 1931 he introduced the world to airgel, a material with some exceptional properties. The airgel consists of a three-dimensional nanogrid. With a particle size structure of between three and five nanometers and cells up to 100 nanometers, as you have probably guessed, the cells are filled with air, which makes up 99% of the airgel. This structure makes the material extremely lightweight and a solid insulator that you can easily hold a cubic meter of airgel at arm's length and a layer one millimeter thick would protect you from a flamethrower and you don't even need pure air gel to protect you from a flamethrower or any flame, in fact it is enough to reinforce the fiberglass with pieces of this material.

Observing everything, this person casually holds his palm against the wall made of this compound even though a gas flamethrower is pointing the other way. The excellent properties of airgel have earned this material 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records, you must admit that it is quite impressive considering that the material was discovered a hundred years ago, you already know the capabilities of graphene and you have just seen the gel of air in action. Many of you are probably wondering what you would get if you tried to make an airgel with graphene. It seems quite tempting to combine it.

The resistance of graphene and the lightness of airgel in a single material. Well, Chinese experts already have a practical answer to this question. They have created the world's lightest solid material graphene airgel with a density of just 0.16 milligrams per cubic centimeter. Its vacuum filling variation is 7.5 times lighter than air. without air in its pores, the material would simply float; However, before you imagine something as crazy as a flying house, consider a few points, although the idea of ​​ultralight bricks sounds incredible, vacuum-filled graphene airgel quickly absorbs air and water vapor, making it heavier than air. The challenge of improving the structural integrity of graphene airgel bricks is ongoing and some prototype samples with promising properties have already been obtained.

Although they are heavier than air, their weight-to-strength ratio exceeds all known materials. There has recently been significant progress in this field. It turns out that a three-dimensional graphene matrix can be printed on a special 3D printer using unique carbon inks. These 3D printed graphene aerogels have some improved properties that are sure to revolutionize catalysis desalination as well as filtration and separation technology. field that requires large surfaces low density High mechanical rigidity and specific porosity this new material is so unique that it is difficult to imagine a full spectrum of its possible applications at this time the unique properties are not the only thing that can surprise us when it comes to even new materials some of them could surprise us just with their story, for example the story of Starlight is so strange that it could also be titled the three mysteries of Maurice Ward mystery number one a common hairdresser called Starlight a polymer with incomparable thermal insulation properties in home conditions just notice how A raw chicken egg coated with a thin layer of Starlight remains fresh even when exposed to a blowtorch, but believe me, this goes far beyond preserving the egg: you can coat a hand with a thin layer of Starlight and dip it in molten liquid. steel and still feel nothing Starlight effectively protects objects against high temperatures, plus, unlike traditional materials such as asbestos, only a thin layer is required.

Another important thing is that Starlight simply applies tothe surface, it is not necessary to glue it or use special fixing structures. I have to admit that such material is indispensable for space exploration, aviation, the energy industry, etc. This brings us to the second Maurice Ward mystery. For some unclear reasons, the amateur chemist never revealed his secret, neither Boeing agents nor members of the UK Ministry of Defense were able to attack. a deal with him Morris Ward never sold Starlight technology, he could have easily become rich and famous, but he chose to live on his own terms, the secret remained sealed and was taken to the grave, now you might ask, okay, that's really Intriguing, but what about the third mystery, well here goes, the public learned about Starlight in 1993.

The inventor passed away in 2011. In 2013, Thermashield purchased all rights related to Starlight from Ward's family. Two decades later, no one, not even Thermoshield or NASA laboratories, has managed to replicate Maurice. Ward's success there is still no commercial product available and this is the third mystery, we hope that one day science will reveal it and we will see several applications of Starlight despite all its incredible properties, the focus of our previous chapter Starlight could not dazzle to anyone with external effects. However, shape changing nitinol is a totally different story, just watch how it transforms into a nitinol clip.

Bent or crumpled but once slightly heated around 40 degrees Celsius the mangled wire transforms into its original clip shape. This looks fascinating An experiment with an internal spring looks no less spectacular Once stretched or crumpled It becomes straight and elastic when heated There is a nickel titanium alloy that I can remember its shape and it restores itself when exposed to heat Wondering how this happens, We will tell you that the first thing you should know is that there is no nanoelectronics involved, but rather the alloy has two structures, bostonite and martensite, during deformation, the austenite transforms into martensite at the points of curvature when exposed to heat, the reverse transition, thus restoring the original metal structure.

Now the real secret of nitinol is that its memory can be completely erased by heating the alloy to 500 degrees Celsius. 90 Knolls thermomechanical memory has already solved problems in multiple fields, including medicine. Aerospace and aviation. In medicine, nitinol fixatives are used to connect, straighten, and break bones. Parts 90 null spirals restore the diameter of damaged vessels in dentistry, nitinol archwires have revolutionized bite correction in space technology, nitinol produces self-sealing thermomechanical joints, self-straightening and telescopic metal farms. and satellite dishes in aviation memory Nitinol has been used for variable geometry air intake devices and nozzle edge serrations in previous chapters.

What surprised us most were the physical properties of the materials or the mysterious changes in shape, but here the very name of the substance stops us. our clues 3M Dry Water sounds contradictory to say the least since water cannot be dry, but in reality there is no contradiction, dry water is actually perfluoro, two parts methyl, three parts pentanone, which looks exactly like water but It has completely different properties unlike normal water. Nothing gets wet in dry water, not even cotton, the substance is simply removed from a paper napkin, leaving it completely dry. With that water, you can easily walk through raindrops, but it is also difficult to dissolve something in it, for example, it does not.

Mix with alcohol, the two liquids separate instantly leaving a clear demarcation. Now we know for sure that dry water is not really water, it is not drinkable, you can't clean anything with it, so how do we use it? Dry water is an excellent insulator. You can submerge a laptop in a dry water aquarium and the device will still work without problems with the keyboard. Dry water boils at around 50 degrees Celsius and evaporates quickly. Without leaving a trace, naturally, it is perfect for extinguishing fires in server rooms, archives and museums. The electronics will remain intact. Documents. and the paints do not get wet dry water is quite fascinating but it is not the only liquid that can surprise you look closely at how a ferromagnetic liquid behaves this is possibly one of the most fascinating places you can see today it feels as if it were an interaction with cylindrical shapes and The spherical magnets were taken directly from a world of science fiction and alien intelligence.

The mathematically precise but unknown 3D shapes that form when liquid comes into contact with helical services are especially fascinating. Dynamic images with surfaces that appear and disappear at the same time are truly a pleasure to behold. Naturally, one begins to wonder how this all works and why it happens. The answer might be easier than you think. In 1963, NASA employee Steve Papel was trying to solve the problem of delivering liquid fuel in zero gravity. Iron nanoparticles were added to the fuel along with a small amount of surfactants to prevent the magnet from clumping to attract the particles and consequently the fuel to the desired location.

That's it, this was the first ferromagnetic liquid. Now you know that liquids are not just for show. Ferromagnetic fluids find applications in optics. and electronics, as well as the adaptive suspensions of supercars, many beautiful experiments involve magnetic effects. Stay tuned for our next feature to see one of them. Videos related to magnets have become common these days and mostly involve metals, but what you are about to witness is a floor. A piece of graphite levitates effortlessly above a magnet. Everyone knows how difficult it is to place one magnet on top of another so that it floats in the air without sliding.

Achieving this manually is virtually impossible due to the shape of the magnetic field, however, you can easily do it. With a graphite plate, furthermore, the plate remains levitating even when pushed in any direction, what we witness here is a stable levitation without any tricks, but how does it work? You may have guessed that the secret is in the material of the plate. This is not normal. graphite but pyrolytic graphite an extremely strong diomagnetic substance its magnetic susceptibility is almost 40 times greater than that of bismuth the best natural diamagnetic material when exposed to an external magnetic field pyrolytic graphite generates its own magnetic field oriented in the opposite direction to the first The Intensity of this inherited field depends on the intensity of the external field and the properties of the materials.

Due to the unique qualities of pyrolytic graphite, the magnetic force generated can counteract the force of gravity as a result, when repelled by an external magnetic field, a plate of this material can float even In addition to a normal non-superconducting permanent magnet, a powerful magnet is often needed to display the extraordinary properties of the materials; However, in the case of gallium, you can do without one, all you need is about a cubic centimeter of gallium and a couple of tablespoons of warm sulfuric acid. and an equal amount of potassium dichromate personally using a magnet seems easy to me, but let's continue with our experiment anyway introduce acid into a Petri dish with gallium see how the metal drop shrinks if you then add a little potassium dichromate the metal will begin to pulse.

In a strange way, gallium contracts and expands, pulsing in rhythm with the heartbeat. This occurs due to the rare properties of metals. At room temperature, it remains liquid and easily wets most materials. In our experiment, the wetting properties decrease with acid and are subsequently restored with potassium dichromate, consequently, the gallium droplet expands and contracts caught in the tug of war between these chemicals is a pulsating metallic heart, a quite sight. Unusual Gallium pulsation has multiple practical applications It can be used to create chemical timer microvalves and mini pumps that operate without batteries Gallium is also widely used in medicine, electronics and electrical engineering.

The average concentration of gallium in the Earth's crust does not exceed 0.002 percent, but it can still be extracted from mineral sources. Stay tuned to learn more about the substance that never existed on our planet until humans invented it. Helium-2 does not exist in nature, it is a liquid created by humans in an attempt to reach absolute zero while subjecting liquid helium to ultralow temperatures. Scientists noticed that it suddenly changed its properties upon reaching a temperature of 2.17 Kelvin or less. The changes were so significant that they called helium at such temperatures helium-2. This substance behaves in a very unusual way.

Let's see how superfluidity is the property of a liquid with zero viscosity, being superfluid, helium-2 can permeate ceramics with pores as small as half a micron in diameter no other known material can do that, there are two other experiments that vividly demonstrate this effect. If you pour helium-2 into a cup and fill it only halfway, you will see a thin layer known as rolling film coming off the sides of the cup sooner. dripping alternately, if you immerse a capillary tip tube in a container of helium, a fountain of this superfluid will almost instantly be expelled from the tip.

Helium-2 is difficult to store due to its super fluidity, it constantly tries to escape from a sealed container along the walls and through the smallest spaces in the lid, this must be taken into account in practical applications, the behavior of helium -2 at ultra-low temperatures is quite intriguing, but let's face it, its unusual properties are not so unusual when it comes to such extreme conditions. Why don't we go back to the real world and take a look at, for example, europium? This expensive rare earth metal belongs to the lanthanide group. Overall, it shares many characteristics with its fellow lanthanides, but has one very distinctive property, unlike its chemical relatives, europium.

It forms both different and turbulent compounds, which means that it can bond with two or three atoms of different

substances

. This unique feature opens up two promising application avenues for europium. Divulant europium exhibits a stable red line in its emission spectrum as part of any compound. This property is critical. to develop organic red LEDs and phosphors based on them, this paves the way for green photonics in which atmospheric carbon dioxide is used to produce light-emitting devices, given the growing concern about greenhouse gases and global warming. global. The technologies disclosed based on europium can offer a timely solution.

However, the emission spectrum of the turbulent Europeans varies depending on the compound that incorporates its atoms. This property gave rise to an ingenious anti-counterfeiting strategy for the European currency. The EU banknotes They incorporate European elements that glow in a specific spectrum. Replicating this glow requires a precise paint formula which makes it very challenging. Therefore, Europium guarantees a high level of protection against counterfeiting. What we see now clearly challenges our everyday experiences. , white sneakers stay clean after being in a mud puddle and Pepsi Cola takes off a white t-shirt without leaving a trace meanwhile construction materials, tools and auto parts also stay clean even when exposed to dirt and the oil.

Incredible as it may seem, this is not a Photoshop trick, but the result of applying a hydrophobic coating. Hydrophobic refers to substances with non-wettable surfaces. Liquids form drops and do not get absorbed by such surfaces. This phenomenon is scientifically known as the lotus effect. Take a look at a drop of water on a lotus leaf. It takes a spherical shape and rolls without leaving any trace. This effect comes down to the special structure of the surface. Hydrophobic, they have a layer of microbristles that traps an air pocket beneath a droplet. In the case of the lotus, this function is performed by ultra-fine hairs, while artificial materials achieve it through textures at the micron level.

Research reveals that the most effective hydrophobic surfaces are micron-sized bumps coated with nanometer-sized bumps. These materials are categorized as super hydrophobic. This type of material is exactly what keeps the services you see now impeccable. Now that we've seen how dirt doesn't stain, it's time to explore the phenomenon of hot ice. Let's keep breaking. stereotypes we are used to the fact that ice is cold however you are about to see one that can warm you if you want you can even create an ice sculpture of Santa Claus in the summer what makes it possible is the oversaturatedA sodium acetate solution is used instead of water.

A small crystal introduced into the solution at room temperature triggers crystallization, thus forming a kind of ice cube. This process produces heat and warms the ice. This effect is used in the manufacture of popular hand warmers, so the next. When you need a quick warm-up, just use the ice, while hot ice can warm a car driver, unfortunately you can't use it to make a windshield, for that you need strong car glass that won't shatter into pieces during an accident. in some. In some cases one even needs something more specifically bullet resistant glass. The bulletproof glass that we see in the movies is more than fiction and serves to protect people in real life, however, there is an important detail: the target remains passive and cannot retaliate with shots, it may seem that nothing can change.

This, but there is actually a solution. Now you will see how one-way bulletproof glass works, demonstrated by an employee of the Israeli firm BP Developments. The bullet from an M16 failed to break the two-inch-thick glass from the outside, but the inside side remained completely unscathed. However, when fired from the inside, the bullets effortlessly pass through, in particular fragments of the exterior, fly towards the attacker, which improves the effectiveness of return fire. The outer layer of this glass consists of hard, brittle acrylic, followed by thin layers of bullet-resistant carbonate with an adhesive layer. made of thin and transparent polyurethane that helps absorb the energy of the bullet when the shot comes from the inside.

No energy is spent on pushing hard fragments in, but the bullet simply forces the hard shell outward and flies together with the fragments towards the enemy in previous chapters. I learned about some intriguing substances with fascinating physical properties. Now let's delve into something different. A substance that does not alter yours but rather our seemingly constant physical traits, specifically the tone of our voice. Let's continue to observe how a person's voice changes. Many of us probably remember from childhood. how our voice becomes squeaky when we inhale helium from a party balloon, however, what you'll see now is actually the opposite.

Watch closely as a woman inhales a certain gas that immediately deepens her voice. The same thing happens when a man inhales the gas, especially the tone of it. he completely returns to normal by inhaling normal hair, this indicates that the vocal structures have not changed, so why was the voice altered? The reason lies in the unique physical properties of sulfur hexafluoride. This was the gas presented in the experiment. It has a very high density. and it is five times heavier than air, which causes vocal folds accustomed to normal air to produce a lower and deeper sound.

There is another impressive experiment that demonstrates its high density. If you filled an empty aquarium with sulfur hexafluoride and placed a light boat in it, it would float on invisible waves. A scene like that would never fail to surprise anyone. You have already seen the unusual behavior of some substances with unique physical properties; However, even objects made of well-known and seemingly ordinary materials can act in quite peculiar ways. Now let's take a look at a fascinating toy. The Celtic stone, as its name suggests. Celtic stone has its origins in an ancient artifact first discovered in Celtic cemeteries for our demonstration.

We will use a modern replica, a commercially produced version of this item. If you rotate the Celtic stone counterclockwise, it simply rotates for a while and then gradually stops. In short, nothing out of the ordinary. The real magic happens when you turn it clockwise. The stone begins to wobble. it reverses its direction of spin, this seems completely counterintuitive since nothing stops it or prompts it to spin in the other direction, is this another quantum effect? In this case, the movement of the Celtic stone strictly follows the laws of classical mechanics, the secret lies in its asymmetry.

Distribution of mass and instability along its longitudinal and transverse axis of rotation. One can only wonder how the ancient Celts came up with such an ingenious toy. Stay tuned to discover even more mysteries. The Gumbert is essentially a mathematical roly-poly or self-righting object that always finds itself. balance regardless of how it is tilted the GunBot was born not in the laboratory but in the mind the thing is that no such objects have been found in nature its shape is the result of solving a very complex topological problem for a long time it was believed that an object homogeneous convex with a stable equilibrium point and an unstable equilibrium point could not exist in short, it was believed that a convex object that always returns to equilibrium should contain cavities or inserts made of a heavier material, a well-known example is a toy Traditional roly-poly, the bottom of this toy has a heavier insert, so every time it tilts, its center gravity never crosses the support point, as a result, the gravitational force always makes the toys keep towards above.

Everything is clear here, but the question remains: can we do it? a single material roly-poly toy without inserts or gaps Russian mathematician Vladimir Arnold was the first to propose that such objects could exist the solution was found by Hungarian mathematicians Gabor Domicos and Peter Varconi after 10 years of research they even showed that There could be multiple solutions to this problem, they also came up with the shape that can be seen on the screen, as of now there is only one physical type of gombot, no other shapes have been proposed, making such a toy is very challenging and requires a processing accuracy of about one-tenth. of a millimeter, of course, everything in the real world strictly follows the laws of physics and nature.

Fascinating materials that challenge our stereotypes about the world around us. They teach us to embrace the parts of reality that go beyond our experience and remind us that the universe is richer and. More mysterious than we might think.