The Steps to Making Mars HABITABLE

Early in Mars' four and a half billion year history, just after its fiery creation, convection of molten iron in the planet's core generated a powerful dynamo that sent waves of magnetism emanating from the planet. This magnetosphere protected the planet from solar radiation and marked the beginning of the Nowakian period. A time when fresh volcanism created an atmosphere comparable to Earth's heat trapped at the surface, it allowed moisture to circulate around the planet as part of the hydrosphere, supplying water for rivers to flow into the oceans. However, what was created was the potential for biology over time.

This magnetic generation stopped when the core cooled and the planet was left vulnerable to the endless bombardment of the solar atom by Adam, the air was stripped away, exposing the surface, the water retreated underground as the ice and Mars became what which is today, a desert. outpost at the edge of our sun's

habitable

zone, but this position just within range of life has made Mars the focus of plans looking toward future plans to bring life back to the red planet to see how you can do something like this. Look back at the Nowaki conditions in paradise and use them as a model to make Mars

habitable

once again.

To start, we have by far the most theoretical aspect of Mars terraforming which affects the weak inherent magnetism of the planet. In truth, there is likely little we can do to ever change this since altering planetary mechanics remains outside the human toolbox for now. Our best bet is to supplement this magnetism. The most popular proposal is the placement of a magnetic device in front of the planet in what is known as Lagrangian position here the competitive gravity of the sun and the planet counteract each other locking the objects in a stable position between the two bodies, if enough magnetism can be generated at this point, it will be can clear a path for Mars to take refuge in if we humans are truly capable of working together to The financial design engineer builds and implements such a device if physics allows something like this to exist and if everything goes as planned , then the hard part will be supported by any volcanic outgassing left on the surface.

Mars maintains a weak atmosphere even today, it would be this same gas leak that would invariably rebuild the atmosphere acting as a slow but persistent catalyst to release CO2 reserves across the planet. The first to disappear would be the thin layer of carbon dioxide snow that covers the Earth's surface. The Martian north pole each winter sets in motion two simultaneous feedback loops: on the one hand, more gases filling the air would increase pressure,

making

it more difficult for more dry ice to sublimate, reducing the rate at which the remaining dry ice can enter the air, this is what it is called. a negative feedback loop at the same time, however, gases floating in the air will further insulate the planet's surface and trap more heat, leading to further sublimation, increasing heat capture, increasing temperatures, thereby which will lead to further sublimation.

I think you understand that it is a positive feedback loop, although the conflict between these opposing forces would facilitate the change in global climate warming and would almost certainly continue until not even the South Pole was cold enough to host dry ice. The only difference here is that seasonal deposits of CO2 ice have accumulated almost half of the planet's air. Below the surface, tapping into this reservoir would release an avalanche of new gases into the air and trigger a new era on Mars. Water ice can also sublimate, meaning that as Martian air thickens, its ability to hold water increases along with moisture removal. polar regions and redistributing it around the world, very soon dense clouds would rise above the Martian skies providing the seeds of the climate, ice would dominate the content of the clouds at first rising to the surface as snow or frost, but with a growing atmosphere eventually the water would converge. in the air and fall to the surface in the form of rain this exchange of moisture between the polar ice, the air and the ground marks the basis of the water cycle, even today the temperatures surrounding the Martian equator can frequently increase up to 20 degrees Celsius, providing fleeting opportunities for water. into the soil to mix with salt and form a liquid brine, we find evidence of this on the walls of small craters where gravity drags this moisture downslope leaving dark trails of hydration behind them.

What images like this show us is that water still moves on Mars. and with rising temperatures, these melting patterns will become increasingly widespread until the soils at the bottom of the craters become saturated, at which point the excess moisture will have no choice but to overflow to the surface and form the first puddles of the planet from here the ephemeral crater. Lakes will proliferate in tropical regions, at first only remaining during the heat of summer before becoming long-term features as heat penetrates deeper and deeper beneath the surface of Mars. It is only a matter of time before the permafrost deposits are affected once this ice sheet disappears.

As the ground begins to melt the largest reservoir of water on the planet will have been unlocked under the pressure of the surrounding rock much of the melted water will float to the surface where it can break into patches of mud pits eventually these pockets of moisture will accumulate in a complete hydrated layer in the soil what we would call groundwater. At this point, the water begins to behave differently. This is where micro hydrology becomes macro hydrology. Yes, there will still be local water sources, but groundwater will now migrate to larger and larger basins. Sites of the new flood will appear wherever local depressions fall below the regional water table, draining soil moisture into the land and eventually into the seas.

Erosion tells us the story of where the water has been here, where the looming Tharsis Plateau meets the depths of Cristo Planitia that we can see. that perfect conditions have been created for groundwater drainage providing drainage for much of this side of the volcanic province's aquifer. Mariner Valley has been defined by unparalleled degrees of erosion revealing itself to be the main artery of the ocean the source of Mars what began as a group of at least 12 different chasms eroded into a single interconnected canyon carrying water southward. The only canyons that have managed to stay separate from Mariner Valley are those that flow precisely away from it to serve as the mini Mars springs closest to the equator. eckus casma here we can see the water that once poured from the mountainside to flow north into the bed of a large lake before emptying into the sea through the valleys of Kasai.

Juventus and Orson Welles craters follow a similar design and both begin with steep chasms near the equator before flowing out. north towards their respective maha and salbotana valleys, but then there is the great mystery of hebes chasma, the dead end canyon, although at first glance it may seem connected to eckus, a closer look shows that these canyons are completely separated from each other without a channel to release. water and debris it is still unknown how the weathered materials may have been transported away from this site. What this indicates is that erosion is not driven by surface flow removing rock, but rather by a series of underground collapses.

It is seen that ice takes up more space than water, so when underground ice melts into groundwater it can create cavities in the ground as the water rises it opens these chambers for heavier materials like rock. The fact that Hebes and the rest of these chasms sit almost directly on the equator means that this area has the greatest groundwater potential anywhere on the planet, allowing this type of erosion to occur. repeat over and over again, this is why we can see many more isolated canyons in the early stages of the collapse, all of them falling parallel to the equator lining up with where the heat is concentrated on the planet at the center of this abyss is the hebes minsa a mountain of sediment deposited here in times when a lake filled its walls knowing that temperatures here can often exceed 20 degrees Celsius it is not difficult to expect to find water.

By clumping here seasonally, this could explain images like this one produced by the European space agency, where what appears to be at least two blue bodies forming in some of the deeper corners of this canyon running through the largest of these features is a clear channel running through it. the inner table to feed the personally confined basin, it wasn't until I saw images like this where this map is projected onto a 3D model of the canyon that I really started to believe this could have been water, I mean really, what else could These are other satellite images of the region, like the ones Google makes available, they don't show these blue areas, but they allow us to look much closer at where we've seen them before.

Here we can see the many smaller channels running through the table. in a flat basin that resembles a lake bed. If we look at the second significant blue patch in the northeast corner, we can see that it again occurs within one of the deeper parts of the canyon and we can again see familiar erosion channels leading out from the leading mesa. on the bed of a flat lake at its base, a little further down we will find perhaps the clearest example of liquid that escapes from the cliffs, leaving dark traces of sediment along its path until reaching another flat lake bed, all together what we have here.

There is clear evidence pointing to the fact that Heebs Chasma may well function as a periodic watering hole as long as planetary conditions fluctuate enough to allow it. This certainly makes Heebs one of the most promising places to support life on the planet, which may help explain the second strange thing. About this photograph, what appear to be green plumes spreading around the edges of the canyon walls, what causes this coloration on the ground, is again unknown, as current efforts to explore the planet have focused more in finding evidence of ancient life. we ignore all the most promising places where active bodies of water and life could actually be found.

If we want answers or even some data to help explain these phenomena, we will have to pay more attention to places like this, since it is the only way to know for sure. go there ourselves, while these equatorial sinkholes will serve as the planet's first cesspools, an expanding atmosphere could further increase warm temperatures, erosion features found at greater distances from the equator tell us of times in the past when that the heat did exactly that. Before these drainage features disappear, the largest local changes in elevation occur, the second largest of these behind Tharsus being the Helles crater completely out of reach of the equator, groundwater extraction would begin here long after the deepest abysses. to the north;

However, valleys such as the Dao and Niger valleys have still managed to develop in the low relief of the Hadriakis Mons volcano. Even further south, there are the Harmakis and Railway valleys that drain groundwater directly from the Prometheater highlands, but they are It's the axios and crazy valleys that really test the limits of how far water will flow south on Mars and extend beyond it. 60 degrees south we will find similar latitudinal limitations in the valleys that feed our boy. There is much spectacle with suryas zengae and joanas phallus extending up to 64 degrees south, further from the equator than any other major erosional feature can find significance.

Water here is likely to turn to ice even in non-waking conditions and Mars, as for the drainage characteristics of the northern hemisphere, are not as abundant as a result of most of the north being low-lying plains or, in other In other words, exactly where all this water drains. Where the land extends northwards in what is known as Arabia Terra, a series of smaller valleys feed off this dull seabed up to 50 degrees north before the landform retracts southwards elsewhere. from the northern valley that come from the second largest volcanic province on the planet, elysium. I barely reach this mark with trails for fraud valleys that disappear to the bottom of the sea somewherearound 45 degrees.

The only erosion features I found further north were this apparent valley above Arabia and this one above Tempetera, neither of which I could find a name for. Due to its position at what is essentially the bottom of the planet's only ocean floor, water would accumulate around the northern ice sheet, bringing water from the equator to the poles, completing the water cycle, which all this What it means is that if we see water flowing to these latitudes, we will know that we have reached the greatest extent of the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Martian magnetosphere, opening the door for the next and final step: building a native Martian biosphere.

Hello, I hope everyone enjoyed it. If you did and would like to know more about building a Martian ecosystem, be sure to subscribe so you don't miss my next video when it comes out. If you're a fan of this Mars series so far and want to help me continue

making

these, you can head over to my patreon. like all these people who appear on the screen and who helped make this possible. Lastly, if none of these names or places make any sense, you might want to watch my introductory video to Martian geography below. thank you