The Forgotten Era: What Really Happened AFTER the Dinosaurs Went Extinct ? Earth History Documentary

How did life recover on Earth after the cataclysm that wiped out the giant

dinosaurs

? Today, many

extinct

animals are more familiar to us than some species still alive. Among them,

dinosaurs

, Diplodocus is more famous than the anteater, and Tyrannosaurus is more famous than the Paramount. Dinosaurs have been part of popular culture for more than 165 million years. These majestic creatures dominated the Earth, occupying most of the ecological niches and leaving little room for other species. The Earth has faced major upheavals on five occasions that have had a fundamental impact on its subsequent In

history

, when they disappeared during the fifth mass

extinct

ion, the non-avian dinosaurs left an immeasurable void, but the loss of a man is the gain from another and this gap allowed the evolution of mammals and birds that are now very diverse groups of animals without this extinction, the dinosaurs probably If they had continued to dominate life on Earth and other animals would not have had the opportunity to make their way, the extinctions massive changes changed the rules of the game and reshuffled the deck condemning some groups and giving new opportunities to others when the dinosaurs disappeared, our distant ancestors survived dear traveler welcome today we are going to go back in time to discover

what

the Earth was like after the dinosaurs They are extinct but before leaving for a new adventure don't forget to like the video and subscribe to the channel so you don't miss anything, thank you and welcome to life before and after the dinosaurs.

The overseas mass extinction is an event that resembles a relatively brief biological crisis on the geological time scale. At least 75 percent of all animal and plant species have disappeared from the Earth's surface in the last 500 years. millions of years life on the planet has suffered five mass extinctions 75 to 90 percent of all terrestrial species have disappeared in catastrophes of titanic proportions today more than 99 percent of all organisms that have ever lived on Earth

earth

have disappeared the phenomenon of species Extinction no longer exists surprising species are deadly each of the great mass extinctions has played a role in the

history

of the Living World taking it down New Paths as the decimated fauna and flora are forced to evolve these deadly events nevertheless paved the way for new forms of life the Ordovicians Salurian extinct The extinction occurred 444 million years ago a geological event caused an episode of glaciation considerable amounts of water were trapped in an ice sheet that occupied three times In the area of ​​present-day Antarctica, the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere was absorbed due to the alteration of the rocks and the temperature on Earth decreased considerably, sea levels fell and marine creatures saw their habitats cool and shrink, once As sea levels began to rise again, levels of available oxygen in the water decreased, resulting in higher concentrations of dissolved toxic metals.

This event resulted in the extinction of 85 percent of all terrestrial species. The Devonian extinction. It began 383 million years ago probably due to a strong volcanic episode the pulses caused the oxygen level in the oceans to drop sharply this was a real catastrophe for marine fauna and flora the Earth suddenly froze Again, but this episode was more short and lasted less than a million years. 75 percent of species disappeared during this mass extinction. The third mass extinction. The Permian Triassic extinction took place 252 million years ago. It was the worst catastrophe that life on Earth has ever known. 90 percent of the species died.

The destroyed forests will take more than 10 million years to recover. Huge jets of lava were produced during volcanic eruptions that released billions of tons of carbon. The Mac then leached into the coal fields to the surface causing other greenhouse gases such as methane. to evaporate as a result global warming of disproportionate magnitude occurred the temperatures of sea water and the surface of the

earth

increased by several degrees the rocks of the Earth were rapidly altered by acid rain the oxygen in the oceans decreased by approximately one 76 percent damaging marine life about 200 million years ago the earth suffered the Triassic Jurassic Extinction geological events caused a warming of the earth's surface and an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the oceans have become acidic, preventing the marine species to develop properly this is a new blow for life on Earth that is losing up to 80 percent of terrestrial and marine species the fifth and last mass extinction is that of the Paleo Cretaceous 66 million years ago it was caused by the large asteroid impact and almost 65 percent of the species in the biosphere disappeared but this catastrophe remains the most famous, although not the deadliest, because it caused the disappearance of all species of the famous non-avian dinosaurs.

The end of the dinosaurs is an event that marks minds, however, man did not participate in it for almost 60 years. Millions of years separated the last dinosaurs from the first being that could be described as Almost Human. This Extinction evokes the drama of the great civilizations that have disappeared. Dinosaurs reigned for more than 165 million years and dominated all continents. This Great Extinction has long been mysterious and mysterious. It remains one of the great enigmas of the history of the world, even if scientists agree on a possible scenario, but before going into details let's see

what

the world was like at the time of the dinosaurs, we are in the Cretaceous period, a little more ago. 65 million years old.

Once upon a time, seen from the sky, the Earth looked somewhat familiar. The supercontinent Pangea has already divided into two continents. Laurasia and Gondwana. Larasia subsequently splits into two parts to reveal the future North Atlantic Ocean. The general climate is quite hot and humid. The sea level is high. The vegetation. It is very diversified we find coniferous ferns but also flowering plants a plant that dominates thanks to the help of insects in the seas and on land it is the time of gigantism the great family of marine reptiles is the owner of the Cretaceous waters these reptiles They occupy all environments from coastal reefs to the Open Sea.

Pleisosaurs do not swim with their tails but use their legs transformed into swimming paddles. They feed on ammonite fish and other marine reptiles. Mosasaurs are cousins ​​of lizards and monitor monitors. They measure between 1 and 15 meters long or between 3 and 50 feet thanks to their long vertically flattened tail they can propel themselves underwater their limbs transform into a swimming paddle that gives them the ability to swim they feed on fish and other reptiles all these reptiles breathe with lungs and not gills. Therefore, they must regularly surface to renew their air supply. Some species, however, have nostrils that are too small for this, such as pliosaurs, they swim with their mouths ajar, letting water pass through the openings in the paddle and odors are expelled through the nostrils.

Analyzed in passing, along with these reptiles are other more famous species, such as marine crocodiles, flat-bodied snakes and sea turtles. Arch is only a sea turtle that lives in shallow waters. It is the largest sea turtle known to date that lived alongside dinosaurs. It measures more than 4 meters or 13 feet long with its strong beak capable of breaking the shells of ammonites, Bellum Knights bivalves and other crustaceans. It can also uproot tough algae and grasses. Its skeleton is light thanks to its large fins. It can move very quickly. underwater to catch its prey or escape from predators such as mosasaurs, it is a species of carnivorous crocodile that is exclusively marine.

It can reach up to 3 meters or 10 feet in length. Its body is equipped with a moon-shaped tail fin, which makes it a much more efficient swimmer than modern species of crocodiles its legs have taken the form of short, flat fins in which all the fingers of a single limb are united in a single membrane marine fauna includes smaller creatures that live peacefully Along with the giants, the rudists are a family of bivalves that were very present in the time of the dinosaurs, some are solitary and others form dense colonies and build true reefs that offer shelter to shrimp fishing or even sea slugs to feed, they filter the water. from the sea and capture plankton and waste in the water.

Plankton contains, among others, for Amina Farah they are single-celled animals protected by a shell rolled on itself, although they only contain one cell, they can reach up to eight centimeters or three inches in diameter, there is no shortage of fish, therefore Of course, representatives of our modern fish appear at this time, although they are not yet very numerous. The seas are also inhabited by mollusks and ammonites, which are strongly represented protected by a spiral-shaped shell and composed of a series of chambers. The animal is located in the last chamber, which is often the largest. It moves by means of a small tube that directs its tentacles.

They are equipped with suction cups thanks to which it can catch its praises, crushes them and then thanks to its jaws that look like the beak of a parrot of the time more than five thousand species of ammonites, in addition to them, the Bellum Knights are cephalopods whose shell is internal, their hydrodynamic body allows them to reach a great swimming speed, these carnivorous specimens capture fish with their 10 tentacles decorated with bird hooks and pterosaurs share the air pterosaurs are an order of flying reptiles that coexisted with dinosaurs, one of them stood out for its impressive size since it could reach up to 12 meters or 40 feet in wingspan.

The Cutlass quetzal is affected by the gigantism of the period, pterosaurs are great lovers of fish as they cannot swim underwater, they are content to fish in flight by sliding their beaks right on the surface of the water, depending on the species, the beaks of pterosaurs are very diverse, some have teeth long and thin to filter plankton, while others have no teeth and are more like foreign scavengers on land. Dinosaurs are the dominant animal group thanks to their extraordinary size and weight. They diversified and evolved on all continents. Dinosaurs are the pride of the Cretaceous period with their dragon heads and long, sharp teeth, they never cease to fascinate. popularized image the world of dinosaurs is still a world apart Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus are the largest land animals of all time during their ring they probably reach the size limit for a land animal on planet Earth as an animal grows its bones They lengthen but must also grow in order to remain strong enough to support their weight, the limbs become increasingly thicker and therefore increasingly heavier, further increasing the overall weight of the animal.

The maximum size of a land animal is therefore limited. In Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus, the vertebrae and ribs are hollowed with multiple cavities. This makes the skeleton lighter without reducing its strength. However, it seems that no dinosaur could have exceeded a length of 40 meters or 130 feet and a weight of one hundred tons. The Diplodocus is known throughout the world. It can measure up to 27 meters or 90 feet long. Its skull is elongated and its snout projects forward. Its nostrils are located further back above the eye sockets. The air follows a complex path that It allows the animal to carefully analyze the odors in its environment.

Its well-aligned teeth are located in the front part of the jaw. When they wear out, they are replaced by new teeth. Its enormous pelvis, reinforced with five welded vertebrae, supports its weight of about 10 tons. Its long tail. It serves to counteract the weight of his neck, ending in a conical whip and allowing him to use it as a defensive weapon by cracking it like a whip. His neck contains 19 vertebrae and can reach 15 meters or 50 feet in length, while being a giant he can have advantages such as have access to more food and be able to defend yourself. themselves more easily these animals are also forced to eat more than others and must support their own weight against these herbivores Giants carnivorous dinosaurs are very diverse, from large scavengers to small agile predators Tyrannosaurus is a real star of predation less species well-known but equally powerful coexist The spinosaur family is distinguished from other theropods by its long snout, numerous small teeth and its thumb with an impressive claw.

Baryonyx is a spinosaur that measures almost 10 meters or 30 feet long. His does not mean powerful claw. This large carnivore moves on two legs, although it is not completely aquatic, it spends a lot of time near water to hunt for fish.Its powerful arms are used to catch and control its prey. Its crocodile-like jaws make it a formidable predator. It not only eats fish but is also an active hunter of other land dinosaurs and is a scavenger. It has a long tail that allows it to balance the world of dinosaurs are full of insects that dig the earth crawl on the ground or fly in the air bees ants and butterflies appeared at this time under their tiny paws the world is covered with flowers the first flowers look like our modern magnolias with large petals The flowers will then transform and specialize, they will acquire various shapes and colors.

The flowers produce a perfume that attracts insects. The insects will find the nectar as a nutritious liquid and the pollen to consume. These flowering plants become dominant. They dress the landscape alongside conifers. walnut trees beech plain trees cycads and tree ferns wind or rain transport the pollen emitted by the male organs these grains are transported randomly to the ovules of other individuals to ensure the reproduction of the plants insects that come to feed on the pollen transport it from flower to flower the association between plants and insects becomes increasingly closer dragonflies, cockroaches and insects also appear creta trigona is the well-known bee from the age of the dinosaurs it looks very similar to some of the current tropical bee species it has special bristles Their legs are an adaptation for pollination since they fix the pollen when it falls on the plant.

The mammals, although modest and secretive, live alongside the dinosaurs as fearful little bugs. These primitive creatures thrived and diversified within extremely severe limits. Dinosaurs and reptiles occupied most of the planet's ecological niches and left very little room for other creatures. They are left to survive in caves, grottoes or in holes, trees and underground. Limitations regarding their size and way of life have been imposed naturally. Reptiles are less active at night. Mammals have adapted to a nocturnal life, they have good eyes, good ears, a good sense of smell and whiskers to feel their way. The intensive functioning of all the sense organs requires a larger brain than that of reptiles, the energy burned by the The brain must be constantly renewed, warm blood and an insulating coat.

Mammals appear to give priority to foods rich in protein. They feed on insects, other invertebrates, and plant seeds to release energy very quickly and digest food quickly. Sharp teeth appear that can catch, kill, grind and crush food life as it is at the moment. turned upside down by a cataclysm the meteoric impact that took place at the Paleogene limit of the Cretaceous is a perfectly established fact in the history of the Earth an enormous asteroid the size of Everest crashes into the atmosphere at an exceptional speed of almost 65,000 kilometers per hour or 40,000 miles per hour hour with its diameter of more than 10 kilometers or 6 miles and its weight of one billion tons crashes into the province of Yucatán in the Gulf of Mexico the energy released is immeasurable this asteroid hits the continent and forms a crater 30 kilometers or 20 miles deep the impact is so large that the rock of the Earth's crust liquefies in a radius of 60 kilometers or 40 miles around the impact all the existing water is transformed into steam the thousands of animals that were there in At that moment they die immediately everything happens so fast that they don't even have time to feel anything these animals die a soft death but those that are further away not only do we see a flash of light a few seconds after the impact the shock wave takes shape like a cloud of vaporized rocks that advance rapidly in the ocean the unbearable heat evaporates everything around it most animals die from the violence of this wave the most vulnerable are those who cannot find shelter quickly the animals live in caves on the side of a hill and can take refuge in a safe place they have a chance of surviving fires break out the earth goes up in smoke the dinosaurs due to their gigantic size have great difficulty finding shelter and are vulnerable the shock wave releases all its energy in about 10 minutes but it did not cover the entire surface of the Earth some animals are not aware of the catastrophe that has just occurred the consequences will be reached the impact of the meteorite causes a large earthquake a violent tremor is felt cracks appear and landslides occur the earthquake It is sweeping the entire planet.

The tremors of the earthquake have been felt for several days, but the worst is yet to come. A giant tsunami the size of a mountain range is advancing toward the coast. It crossed the Atlantic at almost 1,000 kilometers per hour or 620 miles per hour. The wave It approaches the coast and then crashes into the earth, dragging animals, trees and debris in its wake, then retreats with such force that it shapes a new geological landscape. Hills, valleys and canyons form, dead animals are scattered or washed back into the sea, the tsunami subsides but the millions of tonnes of rock that were propelled into space by the impact now fall as meteorites ranging in size from a pea to a house Boulders hit the surface of the Earth for several hours causing a sharp increase in temperature in less than a day the cataclysm exterminated almost all life on planet Earth millions of animals are burned alive oxygen levels increase in On the Earth the heat increases and the burning accelerates among the corpses a few survivors persevere a few isolated dinosaurs still wander through the apocalyptic landscape trying to survive the purgatorius an ancestor of today's primates wanders among the flames while for millions of years it has been prey Of the dinosaurs, it seems that their physical conditions give them an advantage to survive the catastrophe.

This small mammal is similar to a large mouse that climbs trees. It is at the base of a group that gave rise to species such as the great apes and man. small animal lived in the shadow of the dinosaurs organized its life discreetly feeding on insects and fruits found in forest habitats can now take advantage of the ecological niches left free by the dinosaurs to diversify the clouds of ash and chemical elements released during the impact. They grouped together and gradually Veil The Sky sulfur was produced in large quantities during the impact this element now comes into contact with water in the atmosphere and is transformed into sulfuric acid a deadly rain falls on the Earth the surviving animals must take shelter because the sulfuric acid burns the skin and flesh the rains also hit the ocean the clouds present in large quantities gradually mask the sunlight the Earth is plunged into darkness the plankton that needs constant light is slowly becoming extinct The dinosaurs, who mostly use their sense visually, are seriously impaired by this new condition.

Darkness will rain for several weeks. The small mammals that lived alongside the dinosaurs had already developed nocturnal abilities. In fact, they hunted mainly at night to avoid falling prey to the giants. They have, therefore, a great advantage to face the endless night that is coming. The vegetation also suffers the effects of the cataclysm. Plants that had not yet succumbed to the fire are deprived of sunlight and stop growing. The large herbivores that survived until then see their food sources diminish after a few months a cold wave settles on the land once warm and lush it becomes frozen and hostile the purgatorius isolates itself in its burrow to stay warm it feeds on everything it finds and this is what will save its life all the dinosaurs, whether herbivorous or carnivorous, succumb to this frozen environment with the exception of the avian dinosaurs.

In one year the planet is almost completely emptied of all forms of life 75 percent. hundred of the species that populated the biosphere disappear the ocean is empty except for a few rare species of fish and sharks Generally speaking, the smaller the animals were, the more likely they were to survive in a few hours, a few days, a few months or maybe a few years. The world of dinosaurs collapses, implying a fundamental change in the ecosystem since their disappearance will open the way for our distant ancestors. The Earth is like a huge desert, however for the few land animals that survived it is a new opportunity without predators to hunt them. few survivors will be able to multiply rapidly without more reasons to hide are ready to settle and repopulate the Earth the survivors will write a new chapter in its history the large reptiles disappear from the face of the Earth other orders survive with very small populations four orders of reptiles remain with turtles crocodiles snakes and lizards 98 colonial species of Coral that inhabited warm shallow waters tropical waters are disappearing solitary corals that settle in colder and deeper regions have had better results cephalopods echinoderms and bivalves are seeing their numbers decrease of genera, the ammonites and bellumnites have disappeared like all other species of mollusks of the class of cephalopods surviving from the nautiloids represented today by the Nautilus and another group to which the octopods, squids and cuttlefish belong.

The base of the food chain is affected by the lack of light. The plants wither. Large herbivores are deprived of food in the sea. Food chains are disrupted in the same way as plankton. all those that fed on it disappeared die of hunger the small animals that eat waste are used to feeding on plant remains and the small animals that live in the mud even if all the plants die The aquatic fauna can survive for a long time, in addition They are also able to resist periods of drought well hidden in the mud of fresh water.

They spend their lives in slow motion on land. These debris eaters manage to find animal corpses, seeds or plant remains to survive for a few months combined with their ability to hibernate. They are more efficient at resisting hostile conditions. Another characteristic may allow some animals to better resist the consequences of the meteorite fall. Mammals and birds are constant temperature species, they depend less on the outside temperature and are able to survive better, similarly. , the species that live by the sea are more capable of resisting important changes in their environment. It is luck or a real capacity for adaptation of living organisms.

It is impossible to adapt to such rare and catastrophic events. Natural selection only works if it is slow enough and weak enough not to cause the immediate death of all individuals in the species during the Paleogene Cretaceous Extinction animals are killed at random if some are favored it is because they were better able to resist the new living conditions created by the event after a start warm the Earth suffers a clear tendency to cool tectonics led to a reorganization of the great ocean currents and raise the great reliefs that consume CO2 just 10 million years later a continental tear in the northern hemisphere releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere carbon in the oceans causing a temperature increase of at least 5 degrees Celsius this warming once again disturbs ecosystems and has an important influence on the evolution of mammals vegetation transforms forests become dense The last remnant of the supercontinent Gondwana fragments forming Australia and Antarctica Australia takes with it a notable fauna and flora of which we still find some specimens today.

This separation causes the creation of a circular and arctic current that will isolate the southern continent from the warmer waters and will cause its frozen terrestrial world is now dominated by familiar life forms such as flowering plants, songbirds and mammals in the waters mammals predominate with whales, seals and countless modern bony fish share the ocean with sharks that were already present the explosion of all these groups created the current biological world most of the largest animals have disappeared the surviving reptiles are quite modest in size with some snakes, lizards, small crocodiles and only turtles The birds prevail due to their size and try to make it rain in the animal world the gastornus parasiensis Also called diatrima and the teratornus incredibilis are birds with impressive sizes.

The Gastornis is the largest bird of its time growing up to 2 meters or seven feet for the largest specimens. It has short wings, long legs and a thick beak. It moves in the manner of ostriches. Currently, since it cannot fly, it likes forests and swamps in the tropical climate. At that time, it is not a prey because its potential predators are mammals or crocodiles. Crocodiles are smaller than its robust beak and its powerful claws allow it to have an omnivorous diet. The teratornus is nicknamed The Monster Bird. Its wingspan can reach up to 5 meters or 16 feet and the surface of one ofIts wingspan reaches 17.5 square meters or 190 square feet.

At that time it was the largest bird capable of flight, its strong legs and powerful feet allow it to catch and catch prey with a very strong grip. These two specimens are only fleeting on land and the birds that will last will show more modest sizes in the future, but for now these terrifying birds of prey lurk in the savannahs, they prefer environments with sparse vegetation that allow them to chase their prey, capture and They devour small mammals, such as primitive horses, but also carcasses, such as modern vultures. As long as the mammals remain too small to act as predators, these giant birds have no serious competitors and remain at the top of the food chain.

Parissodactyls will be very successful and will include the ancestors of horses, foragers and rhinos. The three lineages were one at that time. These animals are different today, but their ancestors were very similar although they do not occupy the same environments they do not eat the same plants which avoids too much competition that could lead to the disappearance of some species the etherium hierarch is usually attacked by these dangerous birds although it is a member of the evolutionary lineage of the horse it looks more like a dog at that time it is about 60 centimeters or 20 inches long and is no longer than 20 centimeters or 8 inches it has four toes on its four legs and three toes on its paws Its hind hooves do not have hooves like our modern horses, but a type of pads similar to those of dogs.

Its approximately 40 teeth are used to crush soft leaves and sheets of young plants. Since it is a herbivorous heptadon, it lives in North America. This primitive Tapper measures one meter in length. long, although its extremities in the skull are similar to those of current collectors, it does not yet have its characteristic small trunk. It is a close cousin. Hirachius is one of the first rhinoceroses. It is a little larger than the heptadon but does not yet have a horn. It looks very similar. at that time but its lineage later splits clearly new mammals appear, including the fennekotis, this medium-sized herbivore vaguely resembles a deer or a modern horse, occupies the root of the ungulate family tree, has teeth well adapted to the tough vegetation of its habitat, it measures up to 1.5 meters or 5 feet long, has long, straight legs and a narrow snout, each of its limbs ending in five full fingers, allowing it to walk like a modern TAP Air.

The 20 claws on its limbs were later modified to become hooves in modern undulit species. Biodiversity remains very different from today, even if forests are present, grasslands begin to expand and herbivorous animals develop. Some families of mammals evolve into new ecological types such as runners, gliders, even true flying animals, swimmers, jumpers, brewers, are distributed throughout the entire surface of the Earth and occupy the entire surface. environments from burning deserts to icy poles adapt to tree canopies, high mountains, oceans and freshwater swamps Innovations such as the wings of bats and the large incisors of rodents will prove crucial to their biological success Bronte therium is a genus of ungulates reminiscent of our modern rhinoceros.

It has a pair of horns and a snout, with the males being more imposing than the females, although its appearance brings it closer to the rhinoceros, which reaches the size of an elephant, measures up to five meters long and weighs up to five tons. This herbivore likes tender leaves and young shoots 1.5 meters or 5 feet long, 80 centimeters or 30 inches high and 100 kilograms or 220 pounds of peracadon. Just like a pony, it is actually a species of primitive rhinoceros, although it has no horn and is a runner. At this time, it feeds on a wide variety of vegetation in the passes and open forests.

Its slender legs rest on three fingers and its head is particularly large compared to the rest of its body the diversification of herbivores is undoubtedly parallel to that of carnivorous mammals among the groups represented at this time hyenodon whose name means hyena the teeth appear under its feline appearance its solid and robust body has a long tail and each of its fingers has sharp claws hyenodon is an outstanding hunter although its brain is small it has a very developed sense of smell a powerful jaw and its speed allows it to hunt many praises its sharp and pointed teeth allow it to crush them when hyenodon catches them It is also a scavenger that covers the carcasses it finds with excrement to mask its scent and prevent other scavenging predators from detecting it.

It measures 1.50 meters or 5 feet and 3 meters or 10 feet long. Hyenodon is not afraid to take on large predators. like Gastornis, since it can run at speeds of 55 kilometers per hour or 35 miles per hour 55 million years ago, a group of mammals took a different evolutionary path equipped with two close-set eyes and hands with opposable thumbs, they are the first primates The precursors are the placia dapiforms, these small mammals are insectivorous and arboreal. The first specimen is none other than purgatorius, this small being that hid as best it could during the fall of the meteorite. The forms of placia dapa diversify to form a hundred species settled in tropical regions their size varies from that of a hamster to that of a squirrel, the primitive architecture of their skull, their small brain and the presence of claws on their paws do not yet classify them as true primates, such as marmosets, baboons, gorillas and humans.

The first known persimmon is called Althea. thalasius from 55 million years ago its descendants spread throughout the northern hemisphere at that time it is one of the most diverse groups of mammals the legs of the prosimians evolve and are now hands and feet equipped with claws that form nails that are shorter and flattened that those of the Plácida do, their thumb is opposite to the other fingers, they can now hold on to the branches and grab the food. The eyes are located in the front part of the face and are very close together, although this position makes them lose the lateral vision that was a real advantage for detecting predators: it allows binocular vision in three dimensions, so primates can jump from tree to tree, better evaluating distances and limiting the risks of falling.

The entire upper part of the skull is remodeled, contributing to the increase in brain size in Asia 45 Millions of years ago, the first real apes appeared. They are omnivorous or vegetarian animals that have the characteristic of having a large brain and elaborate social behavior in the heart of regions covered by vast swamp forests. Primitive monkeys rub shoulders with the small catapiticus prosimians that lived 36 million years ago. It is the oldest of the first apes. The best known and largest is the Egyptopithecus. This mammal weighs between six and seven kilograms or about 13 pounds. It lives in the rainforests that cover North America.

It is somewhat similar to the current howler monkey of America. from Southern Egypt epitheus climbs trees crawls branches and feeds on fruits has a diurnal lifestyle has all the characteristics that differentiate simeons from prosimians its cranial cavity houses a larger brain its eye orbit is completely closed which isolates the eyeball from the temporal part of the brain its eyes are closer together which has reduced the naval cavity and consequently the olfactory capabilities its powerful jaw is provided with molars whose crown is relatively flat the primates will show great diversity but its anatomy maintains a great unity its five-fingered extremities have nails the hand has an opposable thumb it has been perfected and is used as a grasping instrument and as an organ of touch sight evolved and improved at the expense of smell the orbits are directed towards the front allowing good binocular vision their complex social organization is also reflected in prolonged maternal care delay in sexual maturity and increased longevity primates generally live in groups ranging from a few individuals to several hundred members females usually give birth to a single offspring, sometimes also for physiological and behavioral reasons, primates vary in size from 50 grams to more than 100 kilograms or more than 220 pounds.

Their diet is diversified. Smaller specimens are more likely to be insectivorous or frugivorous, while larger specimens generally have an omnivorous diet. Primates thrive in tropical and subtropical regions. Most monkeys are diurnal, while prosimians live at night. Primates have a wide range of postures and modes of locomotion in trees, some climb and walk on branches on the ground, adopt a quadrupedal gait, but are also capable of running upright and performing lateral jumps, some species use their tails as a fifth limb to suspend themselves. Great apes practice a hanging movement by balancing on the ground. Their quadrupedal movement is particular since they move semi-erectly, relying on the second phalanx of the fingers of the hand.

All of them practice bipedalism. Occasionally, only man does it. His specialty. Some small mammals begin to exploit a new environment in the treetops there is inexhaustible food and safe shelter from predators, however, living in the treetops involves three-dimensional movement, not the two-dimensional movement of land animals, so there is an additional danger: the risk of falling. The small beings in the high branches will show particular adaptations such as a large brain or eyes directed towards the front that allow distances to be seen with precision. Color vision is also an innovation that allows animals to easily detect young fruits and leaves.

Carpalests are more tender and nutritious. It is a small mammal about the size of a hamster with teeth similar to those of a rodent. the long finger is an opposable thumb that allows it to easily climb to the tops of trees its elbows are not flexible enough to JUMP from branch to branch its eyes located on the sides of the head do not allow it to evaluate distances with great precision carpolest It is a close relative of the first apes, but not a true ancestor. Korifodon is a large amphibian herbivore like modern hippos. It lives in swamps and feeds on aquatic plants.

Its size is close to that of a hole and it can weigh up to 500 kilograms. or 1100 pounds its two tusks are not very developed at this time it is considered a large animal compared to the average size of humans the ancestors of whales and dolphins literally galloped over the land today it is difficult to imagine how the terrestrial quadrupeds could have become cetaceans despite its name, which means king of reptiles. Bacillusaurus is a mammal. The animal is the size of a whale. It has a jaw full of teeth. It does not yet have spiracles, but it does have nostrils located in the middle of the snout. which forces it to raise its head out of the water to breathe.

It has two small hind legs that are not useful for walking or swimming. Its long tail in its Finnish-shaped arms helps it propel itself to move. The silosaurus, like other ancestors of cetaceans, exploits the coastal environment and feeds on fish, crabs and mollusks evolution pushed it to adapt to the marine environment its hind legs progressively reduce in size and its arms and tail become fins its nostrils migrate towards the top of the head to provide ventilation The ear evolves to allow animals to correctly hear sounds underwater. Protocetis is a species of primitive cetacean, measuring 2.5 meters or eight feet long.

Its legs, which it uses as fins, are quite small but allow it to move on the ground. long jaw has very sharp teeth the structure of its ear allows it to hear well underwater but it is certainly not for practicing echolocation, its nostrils are halfway to the snout, which is the first step towards the top of the skull in the modern cetaceans. Amphibian life is still relevant to these primitive animals. Some females still give birth on land. Bats appear with a face. nectar This animal already has the appearance of modern bats Its wings can reach up to 35 centimeters or 14 inches in span Its long tail serves as a rudder Its legs are still too small to allow it to hang upside down It has a coat that likes to keep warm climates and It feeds on insects.

Even the oldest bats are already able to flap their wings. The dermopterans or flying lemurs are an order of mammals that live in trees and are better equipped to glide. When they launch themselves from a branch, they extend their four limbs in such a way as stretching a sail of skin that connects their wrists, ankles and tail, this allows them to glide more than 100 meters or 330 feet. Flowering palms, trees and conifers thrive. A group of plants will make their appearance in the plant world. They are herbaceous plants in flower. Plants plant their success is related to the evolution of pollinating insects.

Animals that eat seeds and fruits, such as bats and birds, have also contributed to the spread of diseases.floors. Herbaceous plants have a secret. They have the ability to survive and thrive even when animals cut them down regularly. Cutting off the top of their leaves does not harm their growth, they even survive severe harvests. Expanding grasslands support the survival of herbivorous mammals. Grasses include most of the species commonly called grasses and cereals. They are generally herbaceous plants, whether annual or perennial, they adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions ranging from lush tropical forests to arid deserts, from cold mountain climates to tropical climates, they are a valuable source of food and energy for wildlife. grasses are angiosperms the flower is a complex structure in which the male and female reproductive organs are grouped and grouped wrapped the female part will give the fruit at maturity but only after fertilization is the fruit that characterizes the angiosperms participates in the dissemination of seeds through various animals, wind and water, plants were able to disperse on the two continents before the total separation of Gondwana birds are small flying theropod dinosaurs with feathers, their ancestors were terrestrial predators, true hunters of the Jurassic lands.

They flew is an adaptation now indelibly associated with birds. The survival of some species can sometimes be surprising. Before the meteorite impact, birds already had a long history behind them. The oldest known Archeopteryx appeared at the end of the Jurassic period about 150 years ago. million years old this animal has the body and teeth of a reptile combined with the feathers of a bird represents the missing link between reptiles and birds probably descended from Archeopteryx from a small terrestrial cholerosaur, these hollow-tailed reptiles include small light carnivores and fast like the companions, but also the enormous and famous tyrannosaurus.

Some coloring birds were covered in feathers and could fly. Its skeleton is very similar to that of birds. Feathers in flight did not appear in everyone. at the same time but were acquired through evolution the feathers are According to some theories an evolution of reptile scales before it became the modern feather as we know it today the form and function of the ancestral feathers were different the function archaic of the feather is its insulation by being covered in the feathers the animal is able to retain body heat and protect itself from the cold some of the first feathers have a configuration that is no longer seen today they have a more unstructured branching and configuration in down shape it is as if they have several filaments that have been collected and fused at their base the Kiwi a species of bird that currently cannot fly has feathers that look like hair as if they have been simplified because they are not necessary for flight the feathers also play a display paper or camouflage can also be used for recognition between groups of individuals or as maid attraction partners.

Feathers also protect by keeping the eggs out of the sun or warming them by trapping air. They can be used during the sexual parade. Flight is defined as the active production of energy that propels the animal through the air using its own power. This requires certain physiological characteristics such as hollow bones, a strong sternum and a perched foot. In order to fly, the animal must have a wing suitable for flight. Your air must be able to generate a vortex wake that propels you forward, your neuromuscular system coordination must allow you to navigate efficiently, and your metabolic level must support flight for long periods.

Archeopteryx already possesses a flight-ready wing that makes it capable of generating the flight strike. It has an ear canal that reflects the ability to negotiate three-dimensional space, which is particularly useful. For an animal that travels through the air it would seem that its flight capacity is weak several scenarios are possible regarding the acquisition and origin of flight everything could have started from the trees some species would have been able to climb high enough to jump, then glide and fly Another scenario is that some animals would have started by running along the ground while flapping their protowings, which would have given them thrust and lift until they could take off from the ground, while birds are considered particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations.

They remain the only heirs of the dinosaurs. Ten thousand living species of birds have been recorded today, while there seem to have been only a few during the age of the dinosaurs, including the archeopteryx and pterosaur lines. Most modern bird orders were established and launched 55 million years ago. the different groups are stimulated by the changing patterns of glaciation at the time that result in a cooling and drying of the climate about 60 million years ago a strong volcanic episode in the North Atlantic releases carbon dioxide a first warming of the lower atmosphere and of ocean waters Methane stored in the sediments of the continent is felt.

The margins are destabilized and released en masse, leading to a thermal spike and sudden climate warming. It is at this time that the context becomes favorable to the rapid diversification of mammals. Their development will lead them to master swimming and flight in the mountain ranges of the west of the country. America suffers intense deformations Europe is dragged into subduction and approaches Africa its contact leads to the formation of mountains, including the Alps, completed by folding on the margins of the Persian Gulf and the uplift of the Himalayas where India sinks under Asia ago about 34 million years.

An important climate change occurs due to continental drift, the global temperature decreased and the different seasons became more pronounced. The arm of the sea that separates Europe from Asia suffers a regression that opens new routes to the fauna and flora of both sides some time later. To the north, America and Scandinavian Europe separate after the warming period. The Earth is once again affected by major glaciations after the formation of the American mountain ranges and the Alpine chains. The Caribbean and the fetus close the link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. cuts off in the warm zone Marine currents change to a predominantly north-south direction, especially in the Atlantic, which causes the planet to cool.

About 23 million years ago, Antarctica began a widespread freezing of its surface surrounded by an ocean current that prevents warm water from reaching it. It is isolated from South America and becomes a large cold reserve. The cause of climate change could also be explained by an inclination of the planet's axis. The Earth would thus receive little light during part of the year, which would even mark the seasons more and imply a higher temperature. lower average climate change, increasingly colder and drier, is causing many of the world's landscapes to change savannahs and passes are replacing forests the modification of food resources disturbs herbivorous species but also their predators These must evolve and adapt.

Given the new conditions, the small forest herbivores that previously fed on leaves are now replaced by large species that feed on grass. The expansion of grasslands favors the appearance of animals capable of running faster and for longer. Grass as a food resource is less nutritious and wears down the teeth more quickly. Animals must therefore consume large amounts of grass and continuously growing teeth appear, as in rodents and horses. This adaptation compensates for the rapid wear of the teeth of many herbivores. species will disappear among archaic mammals, leaving room for other groups such as ruminant rodents or modern carnivores, the evolution of mammals leads to increasingly diverse forms and the birth of true giants that could almost be compared to the largest dinosaurs.

This evolutionary trend towards increasingly larger animals is explained by the fact that they were originally small while being large. It has many advantages some predators are less likely to attack large animals and it is also easier to find food its temperature remains constant while they spend less energy however the total amount of vegetation that large herbivores need is substantial, they cannot be very numerous and Its species will be more vulnerable in the event of a crisis. The Baluk Ethereum is a hornless rhinoceros measuring 5 meters or 16 feet. It is the largest known representative of this group and one of the largest land mammals that manages to turn gray on the highest leaves of the trees. trees in comparison it is as big as a giraffe but it weighs much more since it can reach up to 15 tons despite its large size it is still prey for crocodiles and other predators at its side we find cousins ​​of the current bores and wild boars the intellidons that can Recognized by their enormous heads bristling with bony growths, these hoofed animals feed on the roots and plants of small animals that they can dig up with their fangs, including Dino hyas, a large animal two meters or seven feet tall and weighing About 1.5 tons, it is a scavenger that comes to crush the bones of dead animals with its powerful jaws.

The megatherium belongs to the endentalist family, like modern sloths, unlike the latter, it lives on the ground because its gigantic size does not allow it. allows it to climb trees can reach up to 6 meters or It is 20 feet long and weighs up to four tons as much as an Asian elephant, it moves on all fours and stands up if it needs to feed thanks to its powerful claws it attracts the branches of trees to shred the leaves little by little from the grasslands and savannahs. they take the place of forests animals adapt to this change and new species of herbivores replace the old ones Grass grows from its base much faster if it is cut frequently when the climate allows this free growth there is no shortage of food for animals herbivores grass quickly wears down the teeth this new diet requires special adaptations to the teeth appeared distant cousins ​​of camels and llamas, they are the protoceratids most species have strange horns on their heads like the synthetic one that has a forked horn on its now and a pair of additional horns on their head this is a formidable weapon for fights between males since these ornaments are absent in females 35 million years ago ruminants a new group of herbivores with hooves appeared these animals have specialized stomachs that allow them digest hard grass in the prairies more easily their teeth grow continuously compensate for the wear caused by chewing they were first established in Asia but very quickly the species colonized America and Africa and the ancestors of giraffes, deer, cows appeared and the antelopes.

The hot Pluto Merricks is a curious animal that has five horns on its skull, one of which is located in the center of the forehead, barely higher than that of a goat. It has two long canines in the form of defense with its elk-like appearance. The civatherium is one of the first giraffes that lived in India. It is much smaller and more massive than the giraffe and has large horns. These herbivores grow and arm themselves with horns and fangs. The carnivores also evolve. The first are small animals that can climb. They easily take to trees to look for their prey.

Their diet is quite varied, with meat, fruits, leaves, eggs and insects. Over time, their offspring will develop particularly large and sharp teeth that function like scissors. It is at this time that the first true carnivores appear, feeding exclusively on meat. Two lines of carnivores were born on one side the lineage that will give birth to wolves, bears and seals and on the other hand the lineage that will give birth to hyenas and felines in some species the fangs become long and strong these impressive predators are called tigers saber-toothed, although they are not actually related to tigers, their skulls had to be modified to make room for these enormous canines, their face is quite short and the musculature of their neck is powerful, their canines are flat and sometimes credulous, tigers with teeth Saber-toothed predators suffocate their prey by biting them in the throat.

Saber-toothed predators occur in several lineages, which is why very similar adaptations are found in species that may be distant rodents. They are also characterized by their sharp teeth. They have continuously growing incisors that sharpen. By rubbing against each other this makes them very sharp and allows them to cut pieces of food or wood further down in the jaw. The especially hard molars allow them to crush food before rodents. Other small primitive mammals. The multituberculates had this type of dentition. They were the first vegetarian mammals only after their disappearance will true rodents occupy an important place today they represent almost half of all mammal species the first rodents appeared in Asia and then spread throughout the world until reaching Australia they diversify they occupy all environments and specialize has becomesemi-aquatic like beavers others live in trees others still live in the depths The burrows of most rodents have modest sizes but some rare species reach much larger sizes, this is the case of the fabaramus which weighs almost 700 kilograms or 1500 pounds.

This caveamorph is part of the guinea pig and capybara family, a last large family that prevails in mastery at that time. They are the proboscidians. The current elephants are the last ascendants. The primitive elephants are represented, among others, by more ethereal ones the size of a pig. Their enormous body is supported by short legs. They spend a lot of time in the water. They do not have a proboscus but rather a thick and mobile upper lip. A little later, some species begin to have a short trunk. The trunk and elephants arise from the fusion of the nose and upper lip.

For reasons of balance and muscular strength, the large head of elephants must be supported by a short neck. The movements They then limit themselves to reaching the vegetation, hence the appearance of the trunk, which is very useful. Mass extinctions have irreversible consequences for biodiversity by causing the disappearance of many species and reducing the diversity of life forms in Earth's ecosystems. The relationships between species and life cycles are disturbed, however, they allow the emergence of new forms of life that occupy the ecological niches left vacant by extinct species. The current world has a beautiful and rich history.

The past is necessarily different from the present. This history. was not originally written the Earth is continually experiencing unforeseen events extraterrestrial or does not take evolution in new directions a part of the actors is then displaced while the survivors are favored thanks to the fossil remains buried in the deep layers of the earth we now know that the parrot was not born a parrot and that the dolphin was not born a dolphin the stone skeletons reveal to us every day this history to which we belong because although modern man does not appear in this chapter his ancestors are represented to a large extent without The disappearance Of dinosaurs we certainly wouldn't be here to talk about it