Largest Stars, Dark Matter In The Solar System, Science Being Slow | Q&A 252

What is the

largest

star in the universe? How come I don't understand the fmy paradox? Can I exchange

stars

between galaxies? All this and more on this week's quiz show. It's time for the question to show your questions. My answers as always wherever you are. channel, if a question pops into your brain, write it in the YouTube comments and I'll round up a bunch of them and answer them here. Okay, let's get into the questions. Sustainable Thanos. You mentioned the biggest star we have. I know it's about 150 times the mass of the Sun, but I've seen animations depicting really huge

stars

, big enough to engulf our entire

solar

system

, and some are misleading or there are stars out there that are actually only 15 times the mass. mass of the Sun. the mass of the Sun, but they are much larger due to a much lower density.

Yeah, the biggest star and the most massive star are like two completely different concepts that you're really going to need to keep in your mind and keep them separate because there are different factors. that leads to both so let's start with the biggest star and the biggest star we know and this is like at the moment I'm filming this episode in March 2024, but this changes all the time and that's why I refuse. to be precise if you come to me in a future video, phrase, you mentioned the star and you said it was the biggest star, but it's not the biggest.

This is the lowest. I know astronomers continue to work and yet this video is just stuck in the past and I can't go back and I can't update it and I can't put new voiceovers on top of it, so the words I'm about to say about what it is the

largest

star and the star with the greatest mass. They are going to be wrong almost the moment I tell them that they are doing well, it is the largest star that we know at the moment, it is called W g64 and it is a gigantic star in the great Melenic cloud, it is a red supergiant and astronomers have measured it.

It is about 1.1540 times the size of the sun if you take the orbit of Saturn, this star almost reaches the orbit of Saturn. We Bal game that would engulf the orbit of Jupiter, this will almost reach the orbit of Saturn and this star is practically the largest star theoretically possible. I interviewed an astronomer a couple of years ago and I asked her this question like what is the largest possible star and this was before wg64 was discovered and it was about 1,500 times the size of the largest possible star. Sol, she thought was the biggest these stars can get before they are too diffuse and simply can't form any bigger and yet the mass of this star is only 25 times the mass. of the Sun, then you have a star of 25

solar

masses that is swollen to 1500, more than 1500 times the size of the sun, and then you know that the mass is not very dense, now we go in the other direction.

Let's think about the most massive star in the universe. The most massive star we know again. The same warnings are Bat 99, also located in the large mandeline cloud and has 226 times the mass of the Sun, making it 10 times more massive than the other. star I mentioned, but it's only 37 times the size of the Sun, so it's dramatically smaller, so what's the difference? Why does it all come down to temperature? So with a star like Bat 99 you have a star that is relatively young at an earlier stage. Its evolution is incredibly hot and that causes its surface temperature to exceed 10,000 Kelvin.

I don't know the exact temperature. Now I'm looking down memory lane, but it's going to be ridiculously hot, but with the red supergiant, the star is much cooler and when you get this star that is much cooler, these stars tend to be much larger and the temperature of the Their surface is much lower than the red one, so it's like around 3500 Kelvin, so cooler stars can get much bigger. than the blue supergiants that are younger and like even our sun, when our sun, which is only the mass and size of the sun, when it runs out of fuel in its core, changes from hydrogen to helium, it gets this increase. in temperature in the core, it swells the outer layers of the star and will probably engulf the Earth's orbit and yet it is the same star, the same material, it's just that there is more temperature in the core, it swells the outer layers and It wraps around the Earth's orbits, so yes, you can have stars that are incredibly large but not super massive, you can have stars that are incredibly massive but not super large, that's the universe for you.

I hope you enjoyed that appetizer because now we're going to get into a bunch of questions about my paradox and this always happens when I address a question about my paradox on a show, then I get a barrage of questions about my paradox after that and I feel responsible somehow, so I have to clean up behind me, so I'm going to give you three paradox questions, here's the first one, Mark Allen, hey Fraser, every time you mention advanced civilizations colonizing the universe, would you say they would at close to the speed of light, but surely their Von Noyman probes have to stop to do their thing before they can replicate and move on so they can't expand near the speed of light, so obviously you can't go to the speed of light, this idea arises. from the interview I did with Robin Hansen and his concept of grabby aliens and we're going to talk a little bit more about grabby aliens in the next question, but I just want to cover this first, which is when we think about a civilization expanding into the cosmos a One of the things that we more or less need to understand is that the universe is expanding away from us faster and faster and you already know that, we know that the universe is looking 902 billion light years wide but in fact, the largest part of that universe is completely unreachable, even if we could go at the speed of light we could never reach those areas, only about 4% of the entire observable universe is within a region of us that if we left tomorrow at 99.999% speed. of light we could get to those places that is the accessible universe as opposed to the observable universe and it is a small amount that takes us to about a billion light years from us, so any future civilization that has arrived on the scene is as realized that they are in this universe that is expanding and they really want everything as they really have to want it, then they will understand that the first thing they have to do immediately is to send Von Noyman probes to these auto- Replicate robotic probes to other star

system

s as far as possible.

Now remember that once you get a spaceship up to its Cru cruising speed of 99.9, whatever the speed of light is, then it will just stop forever and, in theory, you'll have some time. Somehow I discovered that it can

slow

down when it reaches its destination and yes, maybe you're going to lose some of those galaxies above the Cosmic Horizon, but you're going to get some of them, hence this idea of ​​aliens grabbing aliens. As if they spread out, you can imagine that they could do this in waves where they will first send the spacecraft to the most distant places, places where, if they don't act now, they will fall over the cosmic horizon and lose that. territory and then they will send them to the next furthest and the next furthest and what will appear as a sphere that is filling from the outside in because they are trying to plant seeds in all of these galaxies. throughout the entire universe once one of these probes has reached one of these galaxies and then ends up in a star system, it will start making copies of itself and like you said, it will do its thing and try to colonize the entire universe. galaxy, but from an external observer you would see the wave front of these probes moving through the cosmos and yes, it might be necessary, say, if we wanted to send a Von Noan probe to the most distant galaxy we can reach and say it's you.

We know that 800 million light years away, so this probe has made an 800 million year journey from our perspective, it now experiences a dramatically smaller amount because it approaches the speed of light and then reaches the star system. and then it begins to self-replicate and fill the entire galaxy in approximately a million years and going at 10% of the speed of light, so from an external observer it would seem that these galaxies are just appearing and in very little time time they are

being

completely colonized compared to the distance

being

traveled and that is what Robin Hansen was imagining of this sphere of permanent EXP influence of some civilization.

I'm sure you noticed the name of the Star Trek planet that appeared over my shoulder. This is one way to vote. Tell us what you thought was the best question, the best answer, the best answer to the hybrid question and this week's winner was Antonis Carpos. Where should I send my scientific discovery to be verified or promoted so that other scientists know about it? So thank you all. who voted for that question now we're going to put a different Star Trek planet name over my shoulder for every question in this entire show we're going to put the names in the show notes so you have a good reference and then at the end of the show, after you've watched the full episode and really thought carefully about what the good question was, go ahead and write the name of the Star Trek planet in the comments below and then I'll gather them up and we'll celebrate the next one next week cargo Runner 9960 I don't understand the concept of grabby aliens, why would a species want to convert or consume all the resources in the universe?

So this is one of the other common questions we get. about grabby aliens it's like why would they want to do this, why do we assume that all the aliens are going to want to consume the entire universe and the answer is you don't assume you assume that 99.999% don't. They don't want that, they want to stay home and they want to live in their simulations and their holographic universes and they just want to contemplate transcending and achieving peace and they just want good and pretty things and just be happy and they just stay in their little ones. system and they never go anywhere, but it's that 0.1% that you have to watch out for that says: I want it all, please and I can, because you have all these neighbors and they're just going to sit.

We're going to live in their simulations and they're going to think about philosophy and we're going to go all out, we're going to try to grab every piece of energy available, every watt of energy, every atom, and we're going to add this to our Collective like the Bor , TRUE? and you can say, wow, okay, it's scary, sure, but then you can imagine other civilizations that were like, well, we wanted to just sit at home and consider our own benevolence, try to transcend. to a higher level of peace and prosperity, but we are worried about that Civilization that will try to take over all the grabber aliens, so we better grab first to be prepared so that when the grabber aliens show up we are not just going.

To turn around and be conquered by them, we are going to fight and so even if you are not the ones who are going to try to take over the entire area for evil reasons, you can imagine game theory reasons why other civilizations . You might want to do the same just to protect yourself because being a powerful civilization gives you room to maneuver. I've been reading culture books recently and there's an attitude that AL I or culture people have towards less advanced civilizations, you know? They don't want to cause them any harm, but they also don't want to let them be idiots, so they have such advanced technology that anything these other civilizations want to do to them is pointless, harmless, and they can't do it.

Whatever they do, they make jokes in the books about how various people in the culture have fun trying to crush self-replicating robotic probes that are trying to take over the Milky Way, so you can imagine yourself becoming the grabber. alien or you realize that grabber aliens are enough of a threat that you should try to become more powerful than any potential grabber alien, either way you need to acquire resources to be able to do awesome things. Three, why is everyone evading the answer because it is a human answer and aliens are not human, we expect them to do human things that they definitely won't do so we can watch them because they don't do things our way, yes this is another common rejection What I get when we try to imagine what advanced civilizations might want to do and say, as if we were human beings, we look at everything from a human perspective, how could we expect aliens to do the things that we humans are going to do? and then there's sort of Two answers, this is that maybe they won't, that most of them won't, but all it takes is the 0.1% that's kind of like human beings to try and Trying to take over this galaxy, so that's one thing. that you are only going tosee the expanders, you're not going to see the philosophers, the philosophers, the transcendents, you're only going to see the expanders, so it's a kind of survival bias that what you see are the ones that Let's go for it, trying to take it all, but the other thing is that in this universe we assume that we have a couple of basic things that we all share: there is energy, there is light that comes from the stars and maybe other sources of energy.

It is

matter

that is formed by those stars on the planets, the asteroids, the comets, things like that in the galaxy and it is the equivalent of a limited amount of sunlight falling on a forest, a limited amount of nutrients on the forest floor that the various trees they can use to grow and they share it, they can have different species, but they all share exactly the same resources, so we live in this physical Universe potentially with other civilizations and we share these physical things with them and therefore the universe will end up having limited resources, so one possibility is that when you have resource limitations in nature, you get Evolution, you get competition, you get humans doing human things, so they probably won't be humans, but you can expect that. a percentage will behave in a similar way to us with respect to their environment.

Dark Star 420, isn't there a star heading towards us from the great Magel in a cloud? It'll never get here, but it's really cool. I have no idea. I don't remember a story about a star heading our way from the great Melenic Cloud, but it's almost inevitable that there will be one and let me tell you why and that's because the Milky Way is ejecting stars at various escape velocities and in this point now. Astronomers have discovered almost 100 stars that are on trajectories that will take them out of the Milky Way, they are leaving this galaxy and they will never return and there are a couple of ideas as to why that might be.

You can imagine that you have two stars that are on a stupid microphone. Well, you have two stars that are in a binary relationship, two stars rotating around each other and one of the stars explodes like a supernova and disappears and then the other one now shoots out. of the system and is now heading on a trajectory that will take it outside the Milky Way. The other scenario is that there are stars that get very close to the center of the Milky Way, get close to the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way and then get into a sort of three-body interaction, they are ejected from the Milky Way.

Milky at extremely high speeds, like a thousand kilometers per second, up to a thousand kilometers per second, which is very fast and the large Magellanic Cloud I know I just mentioned the largest star in the UN that we know, the most massive star that we know and they are both in the large melenic cloud and that is because the large melenic cloud contains the most active star-forming region in our neighborhood. places that are far beyond what we have in the Milky Way with very large stars, so you can imagine that some of the largest stars, perhaps in the Tarantula Nebula, exploded a supernova and ejected their companion stars , so there's some research that came out today while I'm recording this and by the time you read this we'll probably have reported on it in Universe today and I bet you it'll hit the space bites this week and that's because astronomers are pretty sure it happens the same from Andromeda, that there are stars at escape velocities leaving Andromeda in our direction and vice versa, that there are stars leaving the Milky Way and heading towards Andromeda, so it is completely possible because these stars are going faster that the galaxies, since the galaxies are moving towards each other, you know that they are destined to merge several billion years from now, but they are both sending stars at escape velocities away from both and yet , some of them are going to the other Galaxy and those Stars can get caught in three body interactions and then there could be stars in the Milky Way that came from Andromeda and vice versa and those Stars could contain planets with life on them and so you can imagine that . although it would be pretty horrible to try to be in one of those star systems when the star next to you goes Supernova, but who knows who knows, then we could have stars that came from galaxy to galaxy and maybe it will be completely different.

Still, one way to think about how life could jump from one galaxy to another surprises you if you want to support the work we do at Universe today. Consider joining our patreon club. Your support allows us to have minimal ads and no sponsorship messages. Sponsors do not receive ads. at college.com for Life if you want the additional parts of the live broadcast that are not in this edited version, you can sign up for a special sponsor-only podcast and get the overtime segments as well as other special behind-the-scenes episodes , including our monthly program. User only quiz show, thanks to everyone who has already subscribed and welcome to our newcomers Igor Bizar Hoppy Rabbit Avery Bell Rusty Matt McHugh David McDonald Janice Smith Ben Mills Brett Laro Martin Travino not sure Joker will join the club on patreon.com Universe Today Sam Powell Have you ever been frustrated by how

slow

the process of scientific discovery is?

Don't you wish we were a little bolder and more daring? I think everyone gets that feeling when you're stuck in the middle of it, like you're thinking about how long it lasts. It's going to take waiting for the second season of One Piece. It seems like it's going to take forever. Think about how much time passes between Stanley Cups. It seems to take forever. And just like when you live life day by day, this takes forever. but from my perspective as a

science

journalist, when I'm reporting on various missions, I get overwhelmed and, yes, sometimes I would love to fast forward to the future, when the Habitable World Observatory or the Solar Gravitational Lens Telescope is built and we.

I'm getting those observations from these other star systems, but I'm also completely overwhelmed by all the discoveries happening every day, so I have to sift through thousands of potential news items every day, now most of them are very low. degree stuff that I'm probably not going to find anything interesting, like there are about 130 articles published just on Archive every day that I check to find something that I think is going to be really interesting, like Andromeda's Milky Way sharing stars as an example. I heard it here first, just remember this, you know, a lot of missions like that were launched and I thought this would never happen, like I remember when they launched New Horizons to Pluto and it was going to be a 10-year cruise phase.

I remember when they launched the Rosetta mission to comet 67p and again it was going to be 10 years where the spacecraft had to go into hibernation waiting for it to pass and you just parked it in your brain and then you just left. Let's go back to all the wonderful things that happen every day, every week, every month, every year, and then suddenly time is approaching and 10 years have passed and now you are 10 years older and 10 years older, but you know that Meanwhile, they kept us entertained, so no, no, I'm not, I'm not frustrated at all, in fact I often feel like it's too fast, it's too much, I can't understand it all, especially with the kind of progress what's up.

It's happening in computers, artificial intelligence, a lot of that, like please slow down, give me a chance to digest what's going on. Could we be more bold and daring? I think being bold and daring is a result of what you see after all the dust. It's clear, but you forget about all the back and forth that happens and when you look back, there's a great biography about scientific discoveries about people fighting over dinosaur bones or whether or not plate tectonics explained the continents on Earth and It took people decades and decades. having these ideas to fight for them so that the aging scientists die before other people accepted their ideas and now the cycles go much faster and much faster and much faster and a lot of it feels almost overwhelming so um no I think, if anything, I would like certain aspects of the

science

to slow down a bit to give me more time to digest what's happening with Jacob Soy, since we can't see anything before the cosic background of microwave, how do we know what?

It was there 300,000 years before that, how do we know there was ever a time? the cosmic microwave background this is the first point in the universe when everything cooled to the point where light could finally escape that the universe became transparent and this incredible discovery was made by accident where astronomers had built this radio telescope and were scanning the sky and they got this signal that they were detecting that matched other astronomers' predictions that if the universe worked the way we thought, then you should look at this hum, this background radiation and the way this actually works is that You know, back in the 1920s, Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving away from us in all the directions that the universe is expanding, but actually a better way to describe it is that the universe is becoming less dense with time and therefore if you turn back the clock, those galaxies would be getting closer and closer to each other and eventually you would get to this point where all the

matter

in the universe was so so close together that everything would be ionized and then there would be this transition from when everything was completely opaque ionized to when it was transparent and light could finally escape and should emit this very specific wavelength of light that astronomers were able to detect and the cosmic microwave background is the most beautiful evidence that we live in this expanding universe, but then you just take the numbers and move on if you know the expansion rate of the universe and are able to measure it. back in time you can measure up to this point where the universe was so dense it was opaque and everything was just ionized hydrogen and helium, then you can keep running the clock backwards, just imagine the universe a little further. dense a little denser and eventually you get to this point where the entire universe is like the density of a star and you can calculate the amount of time it would take from when it was the density of a star to when it was the density when light could actually escape to the universe and if you imagine that the Universe was the density of the star, then you can calculate how long it was like the density of the Interior of the core of the Sun, and you say, oh, it was more or less that way. for about a dozen minutes, about 12 minutes, um, and that was able to convert hydrogen to helium during that time to create about the ratio of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, and that's the ratio that we see from hydrogen and helium in the universe. not only do we have that moment where we see this radiation, this first light of the universe and then you do the calculations and you go back to this moment when the universe was like the core of a star, you get those proportions that are the second great pillar of evidence was that, well, yeah, once time passed as the core of a star, then time passed as the surface of a star, I guess, and you could keep running the clock backwards, then we'll know, well, then there was a time when you didn't actually have atoms, you had subatomic particles and then you go on and you can find this moment where the various forces merge and you had the electroweak force and you had fusion with the strong force that people don't have.

I've been able to figure out how gravity fits into this and you keep doing the math and that takes you right to the moment, moments after the Big Bang, and that's as far as we can go, as far as math can take us, the CNB is just beautiful when you think about what it's telling us and it's just math, it's, it's taking, it's extrapolating what we see today, making predictions, seeing what you expected to see and then continuing that process until the Big Bang, the Canadian space defender, do you think? there's more room for science reporters or debunkers I don't understand, are you saying there's more room for science reporters or there's more room for pseudoscience debunkers or there's more room for science debunkers?

I'm not sure how many science debunkers. we require it because you know, hopefully, if it's science, it's not nonsense, but you definitely want debunkers of bad science, I mean, one of the problems we have now is that we have the media landscape that is fracturing, so in the old days, um, when I started doing Universe Today, there were dedicated space journalists at a lot of the major media outlets, you had Miles O'Brien at CNN, you had people in Florida today, you had people at MSNBC, Alan Bole at MSNBC, you had a group of dedicated reporters in everybig media outlets and when you went to the Kennedy Space Center to see a space launch, there were trailers for each of those outlets, there was a CBS trailer and an NBC trailer, there was an ABC trailer and I walked past all of these. trailers that were almost empty when I was there last time and then people started cutting back on their ability to report on science there was no longer a space reporter in these big media agencies maybe there was only one science reporter and then the science reporter could board all the biology news, health news, uh, and I have to do some space news, but they're not going to have the same level of knowledge and then you got to where even the science reporters were no longer needed and they were laid off, so Now I have the weather reporter who has to do some science news or the environment reporter, or the health reporter who also has to address some of this stuff, so they're just not going to know, but at the same time I I refer to these.

The big media agencies are running out of money, you know, unless you're the New York Times and a couple of other big agencies, they have a business model that just doesn't help them succeed. able to increase the quality of their news reporting and I think what you are seeing then is great success in the smaller news agencies like Universe today I mean what are we, is it me and maybe a dozen reporters who specialize in space and astronomy and that's all we report, that's all we know, so we can specialize and stay up to date and make sure our information is accurate, and I think there's still a lot of room in You know the bottom line is not a background as a lot of room for the little guys, so if you want to be a science reporter, you can do great science reporting, start a newsletter, be able to make a living from that newsletter and move on. it's like an even smaller version of what we do with Universe today, so I think there's still a huge amount of opportunity for people who want to do this and there's a huge hunger for it, like remembering that everyone loves space, everyone love this. things and yet the quality of the reporting can't meet the demand, the hunger and when you look at these smaller people who largely cover rocket news, I mean every single thing that SpaceX is doing, there's like 10 channels on YouTube.

Every movement of the tanker, every arrival of the barge, every bolt placed, they are everywhere from the sky from Boach Chica, it is something surprising and it shows that the demand is there, but the supply is not as before. and so people have been able to fill this niche, so I think there's still a huge opportunity for people to be science reporters, whether you want to be a debunker, I mean, it just depends on your attitude, I mean, as you know, Professor Dave does a great job. of debunking um look Simon Dan does a great job debunking uh Godless Engineer I mean there are a lot of channels that I think do a great job debunking some are more direct than others um and then you have people like me who do the journalistic part and I think there's a lot of room for that too, so I'd say there's a lot of room for all of that and more.

I just don't think you can appear to be part of a larger media institution in the way you could in the past, you have to go your own way and that requires a certain level of entrepreneurship at the same time as doing your reporting. Menik Henry Dryer, what other interests do you have outside of rocket science? um it's funny when I started Universe today um I was working for a web development agency in Vancouver and I had a lot of crazy ideas about building websites and I was talking to my clients about these ideas and they were like no I don't get it.

I haven't seen any examples of this. Could you show me how it works? I'm like, okay. I'm going to do this myself, so I built Universe today as an opportunity for both of you to explore one. of my hobbies, which were space and astronomy, which I had always been a fan of even when I was little, but also to practice my theories on what it takes to run a website in this modern era, which need to be updated regularly. On the basis that there has to be a certain amount of Personality that manifests and you want to offer people different ways of receiving this information, it's not about building the website, it's mainly about maintaining it, but it was a coincidence that the website out about space.

I happen to be reading The Case for Mars by Robert Zubin and The Pale Blue Dot by Carl San, so I was inspired by space at that time. Like, okay, the space will be the website, but it will just be a side project. Who cares? I learned pretty quickly that no, no, this is all I want to do with the rest of my life is write about space and astronomy, now I just have to figure out how to make a living from it, but I had tons of other hobbies that I could have. You know, I really liked video games and I think that would have worked well.

I would have been a video game journalist instead of a space journalist. Mountain biking. Hiking. Living on Vancouver Island. Cook. Read science fiction. Travel. Any of those could. That's what I ended up publishing. I mean right now I'm really interested in natural habitat restoration, so where we live here on Vancouver Island, we have a pretty big piece of land, but it was covered in forests, uh, and all the trees. They were cut down and now they're just a bunch of tightly packed Douglas skin trees, planted three feet apart and it's not healthy, so I'm out there all the time with a chainsaw cutting them down and imagining what would be cool if I opened up more area and I planted other things and brought native species and there are birds and ducks and all kinds of things, so I found snakes and lizards and noes and different kinds of plants, weird plants, so that's what I'm you.

I know I always ask people what you're obsessed with, that's what I'm obsessed with and have been for the last few years and I'm sure yes, it would be if someone asked me in another QA like what if? You didn't make Universe today, what would be your website and would it be an alternate universe. Phaser can and probably would be a website or video series about life on Vancouver Island and how amazing this place is so who knows if I have time I'll do that too I don't have time some crazy person out there random. All the galaxies are moving away at the same rate or some faster than others, so on the closest scale the galaxies are moving in various random directions, which is why Andromeda is moving. towards us, the triangle galaxy is moving approximately towards us, all other galaxies in the local group are moving relative to each other, but outside the local group of galaxies, galaxies that are in the range of 10 million light years from distance and beyond are moving away from us and the further away the galaxy is, the faster it moves away from us and this was the surprising discovery that Edwin H made a century ago by measuring the distance and speed of movement of all these galaxies that we surround.

He discovered that the further away the galaxy was, the faster it was moving away from us until at the farthest reaches the galaxies appear to be moving faster than the speed of light moving away from us in all directions, so up close it's just random. because we are all trapped in gravity, but beyond that, it is a very smooth Rel relationship, the further away it is, the faster it moves away from us and yet if you go anywhere in the universe you will see exactly the same thing as all the galaxies move away. from you, how strange it is, laugh Von Oden Hoven, how much

dark

matter is in our solar system, it all depends on what

dark

matter is, so if you assume that dark matter is a particle that is distributed evenly throughout the Halo of Dark Matter, the total The amount of dark matter in the solar system is a surprisingly small amount, probably about the mass of a small asteroid, so it has almost no effect if it's here in the solar system, but the Most of the area around the galaxy is not solar systems.

Empty space is the three-dimensional interstellar space between star systems and that's how you get this thing that represents 10 times the mass of the matter that we can see is the invisible mass of the Dark Matter goat. Sir, how big an object must be to maintain an atmosphere or does it have to do with its magnetic field. I think we have to ask ourselves how big an object has to be to be able to maintain an atmosphere for a long time, so for example, we have Mars, which is relatively small compared to Earth, it is one third and one tenth the size. its mass, so it has much less gravity and is not able to retain its atmosphere, it does not have a magnetic field, so it is not able to redirect solar wind particles and lost most of the mass of its atmosphere in space a long time ago and then we look at another example to say that Venus Venus also doesn't have a magnetosphere and yet obviously Venus has an incredibly thick atmosphere.

It is much closer to the Sun than Earth and therefore receives much more radiation from the Sun. The wind hits it much harder, so it is able to retain its atmosphere, but all the hydrogen was blown away. The atmosphere of Venus, so the heavier carbon dioxide stays, but all the water molecules were broken up by the ultraviolet rays and the hydrogen atoms were launched into space, so without that protection it still has an atmosphere, just an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, but we could put an atmosphere. on the Moon that had the density of the Earth, it would be much smaller on the Moon and would remain in the atmosphere for about 10,000 years, so it is only necessary to replenish it once every 10,000 years, so it is actually more question of time, how long do you want that atmosphere to remain?

I always think it's a cool idea that you can terraform the moon. Those are all the questions we received this week. Thanks to everyone who also posted their comments in the YouTube chat. Like everyone who joined me in the live show, we do the show every Monday at 5:00 p.m. PST, it's twice as long, it's like 2 hours long, and yet we heavily edited it in the QC that you're watching right now, so if you want the full experience, join the live show on Monday at 5 :00 p. m. I'll put a reminder here on the channel. I will continue to direct you to small channels that deserve your subscription, but first I would like to thank our sponsors thanks to Abe Kingston andream gross Antonio lilara d Gilton douge Stewart Dustin cable Jeremy murn Jordan young Josh Schultz Mark Anis Paul robok Steven kraki Steven fer Munley and Vlad chiplin who support us at the master of the universe level and all of our other sponsors, all your support means the universe to us, so for the last few weeks I've been directing you towards other channels that I think you should definitely check out and a couple of people recommended this channel and I really like it, so the channel is called anxious space and in anxious space they cover many concepts in space. flight, for example, how much it costs to hire an astronaut or the history of Vulcan or what's going on with Starliner, so I think you know that a lot of channels focus with laser attention on every single thing that SpaceX does, but it's a big one in the industry.

Of spaceflight there are a lot of other companies that are doing a lot of other interesting things both currently and historically in the past and it's great to see a channel that is considering all these other things that have happened now and in the future. past, as well as grappling with questions like, could the space shuttle ever have gone to the moon? So check out Eager Space and definitely continue sending me your recommendations for small channels with less than 10,000 subscribers that are doing a great job talking about space and Astronomy and other scientific concepts. See you next week.