Inside the Book of Enoch

Our topic tonight is the Book of Enoch and you may be thinking: haven't you already had lectures on the Book of Enoch? Well, there is more than one Book of Enoch and the most recent conference we have had is on a

book

called Second Enoch, this time we go back to First Enoch again. We had a previous conference on this topic, but we were mainly looking at essentially where that

book

came from. What is your context. We are analyzing its canonicity in Ethiopia. and erring in the church and so on, this time we're going to do a kind of deep dive into that first Book of Enoch, so we go to the New Testament to the Epistle of Jude, which is the penultimate book right before the Apocalypse in the New Testament .

Testament is also among the shortest books in the entire Bible, having only one chapter. By its greeting, the epistle to Jud affirms that its author is Judas, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James, so by tradition and certainly probably by the intention of the particular author there is more than one James as we have seen. But the James in particular or Jacob in this case is believed to be the leader of the Church of Jerusalem the Jamesian church that we have talked about James the righteous James the brother of Jesus and so, by claiming to be Judas, the brother of James, that James is the brother of Jesus according to the transitive principle, the idea here is that this is supposedly written in any place that claims to have been written by Judas, the brother of Jesus, and in fact, in the gospels. in Mark and in Matthew both have stories about Jesus' brothers and list Judas or Judah as the name of one of Jesus' brothers and by tradition they are generally understood to be Jesus' half-brothers so these are brothers who are sons of Joseph. but not children of Mary or that is how the tradition normally works, the most recent tradition works with James, the brother of Jesus, and we can ask why, Judas, if he is actually the brother of Jesus, why would he be called himself the brother servant of Jesus Christ? and James's brother, why wouldn't you start with "hey, I'm the brother of Jesus in Christianity" and part of this is probably that there is a different degree of authority that is given to James within the Jamesian church, so what James actually is, the leader of the church much longer than the period Jesus was alive and we have Traditions that, for example, a saying that exists in the Gospel of Thomas says that they both say that James should be the leader of the church. movement after Jesus is no longer with the Christians, the proto-Christians, and also that heaven and earth came into being for James, so in other words, James is a very important figure within the Jamesian church, sort of like on par with John the Baptist. and uh, and maybe having Jesus being less important proportionally than for the rest of Christianity, so the epistle of Jude itself is literary dependent or dependent on it, uses ideas from the Epistle of James and then the Epistle of Second Peter, another New Testament.

The text is literarily dependent on Jude, so those three texts, in other words, are related to each other and they all represent the thought and position of this Jamesian church and we will definitely talk about the Jamesian Jacobite Jacob. church when we're talking about the lecture we're going to give soon on why Paul's church is as close to the Epistle of James as it is to the Epistle of Second Peter, um Jude is a pseudonym, so even though we've been saying that the author Here is Jude, the author is actually someone who is not the authority on names, so I think almost all scholars say that it is surprisingly unlikely that a brother of Jesus, a real brother of Jesus, would have written this guy from a later letter from the first century. which is, you know, quite acceptable, uh, well-spoken Greek, um, especially considering again that we're dealing with poor lower middle class, lower class, um, Galileans, not peasants, but peasants, carpenter type family, you know , uh, and then, um anyway, and it's not likely to be either. a very common practice throughout the Bible and you know that all the um texts of the Bible that must be of Associates and relatives of Jesus are understood to be pseudonyms, so most scholars date this to the end of the first century or the early 2nd century and coming out of the Jamesian church uh, in terms of its content, Jude is primarily a warning against certain intruders, it says to quote certain intruders that have infiltrated among you, so there are these intruders in the Christian community that They pervert grace. of our God in debauchery, so one of the characteristics of the Jamesian church is that the members continue to observe the Mosaic law, they continue to maintain the kosher law and therefore the law is very important to their understanding, while there are other Christian communities that reject the law. and who say that you should not actually keep that law because instead they are focusing on Grace and therefore this idea of ​​perverting Grace into debauchery may be a veiled reference to Paul and the Christian communities Paulines, Paul in the letter.

Romans, for example, was taught that he no longer lives under the requirements of the law, but rather lives under the freedom of God's grace, but for Judas, the freedom of God's grace without law is perverted into debauchery in what as far as they are concerned, so if Paul is among the false teachers that Judas has in mind um Judas sees those who these false teachers are condemning as if they had been predicted by the prophets of old, so in the Epistle of Jude we read that It was upon these false teachers that Enoch in the seventh generation from Adam said prophesied quote see the Lord coming with 10, thousands of his saints to execute judgment on all and convince all the wicked of all the works of wickedness that they have so committed. ungodly and all the harsh things that ungodly sinners have spoken against him, so the coming of these ungodly, these false teachers, these Christians who think that grace is the important thing and not the law, this was predicted by the prophet Enoch according to Judas and, of course, it is very common in the New Testament for the authors to cite the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Old Testament, and so on, if we get our Bibles and turn to Genesis throughout the long list of begettings, the generations, the genealogies that exist in the Book of Genesis we find. the name Enoch and it is six generations from Adam, so in other words, Enoch is Adam's great-great-grandson.

However, we do not find this quote that Jude attributes to him. In fact, there is no prophecy or statement from Enoch in the text. More or less mentioned and very briefly in Genesis 51 18-24, so we read in Genesis, when Jared had lived 62 years, he became the father of Enoch. Jared lived after the birth of Enoch 800 years and had other sons and daughters. All the days of Jared were 962 years and he died when Enoch had lived 65 years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah 300 years and had other sons and daughters, therefore all of Enoch's days were 365 years.

Enoch walked with God and then he was no more because God took him away and that's it, we don't have that quote or any prophecy or anything else, just that little bit, as I say, of this genealogy list, this list of begat Jared. begat Enoch, who begat Methuselah, who begat Lamech, who begat Noah, so the genealogical lists that we find in Genesis 5 and then again in Genesis 11 are probably a pre-existing text, a text that is older than the rest of the Torah that is used by the editor or redactor of the Torah to connect different stories of the Genesis narrative into a single complete story, would have been separate texts or separate myths that are now brought together to give it a sort of quasi-historical feel, Although separate, the geneologies fit together. and many scholars think anyway that they were part of an independent pre-biblical source that is labeled the book of generations and if we look at the book of generations, these are the periods of the times of the Patriarchs who lived before, during and after . the great flood Noah's flood Before the flood everyone lives very many years, as you can see here in red is the amount of time before they have their child and then in gray is the amount of time until the dots die The line What you see here is when the flood occurs and then after the flood, life expectancy contracts rapidly until we get to Abraham, who lives 175 years, according to this book of generations, and so on, in terms of everyone.

From this, then, if we look at Enoch, you can see that Enoch is the one before the flood right here that we are approaching and that he has a singularly stubby bar because, after the birth of his son Methuselah, he lives another 300 years and then. he walks with God because God God took him and that's why he's very unusual, about the only thing we hear about any of the anti-Deluvian patriarchs between Seth and Noah, so that's all we know from Genesis, he lived a very long life. more short. time that the rest of the antediluvian Patriarchs walked with God God carried him God carried him is plausibly a euphemism for Dying of misfortune rather than of old age, but readers from early on were intrigued by that phrase and have always preferred to offer interpretations. which are much more exciting and certainly in the second temple period, um, this is understood to have originally been thought of this way, but by then it is understood that God took him to heaven with him and so, for example, in the translation subate when the Egyptian uh The Jewish translators translated the original Hebrew into Greek and translated that God carried him using the Greek verb mety, which means it has the sense of moving from one place to another, so it's not just um, it's more like transport, he is the transporter on him, um, this same sense.

It is found in the 3D century book of serak or churchman which says that Enoch pleases the Lord and was taken as an example of repentance for all generations to ascend to heaven as in this medieval manuscript diagram of him ascending to heaven on a ladder. um, although the way the Bible works and as we'll see the canonization process, there's an Old Testament, then there's a big gap, and then there's the New Testament, that doesn't mean there wasn't Revelation in that. inter testamentary period, uh, the second temple period, but the way the books were written is different, so the type of prophecy that the Jewish writers had is a different style and they also did not include it in the Canon with some few. exceptions, the most important exception is the Book of Daniel.

The most common style for prophetic texts between the Old and New Testaments evolved away from the type of direct poetic Visions, for example, in the original parts of Isaiah and also, for example. in the book of Jeremiah, where the prophets are speaking or saying, proclaiming to speak the word of God directly, thus says the Lord, and they do so generally speaking in a poetic style of a poetic vision, so this leads us to call it gentle. of apocalyptic visions that are shared through angels and then in apocalypse um a prophet will have an angel that will come to them and show them a vision uh and that Vision apocalypse the word apocalypse only means Revelation but it also comes to have the meaning that we have for that is, you know that the world is going to end and this is what will happen after the end of the world and that is why the authors of these apocalypses in this intertestamental period, this time after the Old Testament before the New Testament, frequently assume the authority of a great biblical figure, for example, pretending to be a famous person from the Bible and as if that person were writing it, so the Book of Daniel is written that way, written hundreds of years after when Daniel would have lived there . um Pseudepigraphic Books of Moses of Ezra of Abraham of Solomon and of course of Enoch because of this reference in um this understanding in Genesis that God took Enoch to heaven, it became a very natural choice for later pseudopus and it is because that we have more than one uh book attributed to Enoch one of three of them um as we mentioned, the word apocalypse comes from a Greek word that means revelation or revelation, so when we sometimes call uh The Book of Revelations it is sometimes called apocalypse, it's the same word, it's just the Greek and the Latin versions of that apocalypse come in response to unfulfilled prophecies and failures of the Deuteronomic response to the problem of evil, so the previous type of response to the problem of evil, uh, what?

Why do the righteous, why do the Israelites suffer, is it because they walk away? of God and begin to worship pagan gods and so on, they need to return to the worship of Israel's god of Yahweh and Yahweh Solo, however, by the time the second temple period comes, the Jewish people will become, you know. monolist and finally monotheistic, they do not worship other gods, and yet they continue to be punished, so the Persians continue to dominate them later, when the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander take control, they consider themselves even more oppressed, why? Would this still happen? um there are also groups of Second Temple Jews who don't.they agree with the temple elite, so the Sadducean class that controls the temple um frequently collaborates with them, they are appointed Persian officials or later by the different The Hellenistic Greek kings and they are Persianized and heniz and therefore , the way they run things, the way they run the temple, is seen by some of the sects of Second Temple Judaism, the Pharisees, in some cases, as something that was done incorrectly. and as a result the world seems out of control the Jewish people continue to suffer they are not able to be independent and have their own kingdom and in fact even their local leaders, as far as some sects are concerned, are doing everything wrong and therefore Therefore, they are based on Persian and Zoroastrian ideas, so Persia is this great Empire, of which in the second temple period the beginning anyway is Jerusalem. it is simply a backwater provincial capital of a Persian province.

Persian and Zorasiatic religion has really interesting ideas about, for example, cosmic dualism. Suffering occurs in the world because the great God of Light is being countered by a god of darkness. and there is a continuous struggle between good and evil, but eventually that will happen and in an apocalypse when this world will be destroyed and a future world will emerge that will involve a restoration of a paradise a resurrection of the righteous saviors and are associated with this process in different places and uh the evil ones finally all those who are making mistakes all the torturers of Israel and also all the traitors will all be and the evil ones will all be eternally punished and all these ideas that had not really been in um, the previous parts of the Hebrew Bible before the exile, uh, Old Testament, instead, now they all enter the mainstream, uh, after exposure to Persian and Zoroastrian ideas, okay, so let's look at these books of Enoch and specifically the one we'll look at . tonight first Enoch, so these are not related texts, so some books like the first and second Kings, are actually just two parts of the same book that were written at the same time, in this case, the first second and The third Enoch are not related books, so they are written at different times by totally different authors or editors, so the oldest and most important one is the one we are talking about tonight first.

Enoch is what it's usually called, um, it's also often called The Ethiopian Book of Enoch because, while it was originally written in Aramaic or a combination of Aramaic and Hebrew, possibly just originally in Hebrew, but it's much less likely that some parts may have been in Aramaic, the full text survives only in Gas, which is one of the Ethiopian languages, it is so Ethiopian, some It is very early, so some parts are from 300 or 20,000 BC. The second Enoch is called Slavic Enoch and we have done a whole lecture on this one too so that it survives in its entirety only in Old Church Slavonic because it was uh important in Eastern Europe the bogam mils uh Christians well not Christians many bogil uh religion uh you looked at it and you had it as important um it's probably from a lost I it's from a Greek translation possibly originally originally Hebrew um probably written in the first century of the common era, the Christian era and finally we have the third book of Enoch, much less important , which survives in Hebrew, but contains solitary words in Latin and Greek, so it is because it is from the 2nd century CE or later, in this case probably the 30th.

He knows the other two books and is simply writing more of them themselves, so I say this will be the focus first, Enoch, so the previous lecture, the context of Enoch, has almost 500,000 views, but because we didn't have a lot of time to really focus on the text, I thought, well, there's a lot of interest in this book, let's go back and look at the context instead of spending so much time on the Ethiopian churches and erring too, so if you want to see that and you haven't. I saw that conference. I advise you to look at the context of the previous lecture, so first Enoch is a very influential apocalypse, as we already saw when I cited him.

It is cited that it is the book of Jude, which is part of the New Testament. Canon quoted him directly, so there are several early Christian writers who seem to have considered the first Enoch as scriptural and many of the early Christian writers are also the early non-biblical Christian fathers, but in the later and third centuries as well. He first looked at Enoch and thought he was kind of part of the cannon, so in addition to the Jude quotes, there are indications that the language that we read in first Enoch and, in fact, some of his ideas, his thinking influenced in several other really important ones.

New textual texts Texts of the New Testament including the gospels of Matthew of Luke with the book of Acts which is the second part of Luke the Gospel of John a lot of Paul's letters have these indications so Romans Ephesians 1 and 2 Corinthians 1 and 2 Colian Thessalonians 1 Timothy, so they are authentic letters of Paul and also people writing later in Paul's name and in addition to that, the epistles of First John to the Hebrews and R and the Book of Revelation, so in They actually had great popularity throughout early Christianity. communities, as this is a span of many different early Christian communities that in many cases are in conflict with each other and all look back to First Enoch, it is also influential within the rest of the pseudepigrapha family, so books like The Testament of the 12 Patriarchs The Testament of Abraham The Apocalypse of Abraham The Assumption of Moses The Fourth Book of Ezra The Second Book of Baroo All of these types of apocalyptic pseudepigraphic literature from the second temple period are also aware of the first Enoch and are using ideas that are there and in addition to all this, there are many fragments of the first Enoch found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, so this is also important to the early Christians, it was also important whether it is an important scripture or text. anyway, to other Jewish sects of the second temple period, specifically the essin in kumran, who were the people who kept the Dead Sea Scrolls, so how do we get the text I mentioned that the first Enoch and his version complete survives only in gays?

In Ethiopian, there are actually two main versions that have appeared in Ethiopian, so the alpha version is believed to be closer to the Aramaic original. There is also a beta set of manuscripts that have additional edits and additions, and there are different ones anyway. components that we have, but the first one, the complete text only exists in that Ethiopian translation, there may have been a Hebrew original, if so it was lost, in reality, as we are going to see, this text has many component parts and, therefore, So, maybe some fragment of it or some component of it is written in Hebrew, but many of them were probably composed in Aramaic, uh, we know that from another apocalypse from the second temple period.

The Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel is partially composed in Hebrew and partially in Aramaic, so both languages ​​are used, one as a lurgic language, the other as an everyday language, so Hebrew, the oldest language, and Aramaic have come to displace it as the linga franka of the Levant in the second temple period. So, whatever, whether there was a Hebrew original or not, there are about 11 Aramaic fragments of the first Enoch that have been recovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls and some of these include a large complete section of Enoch that does not exist in the version.

Ethiopian, so, there's more than one, there's more than one book of this, you know, there's a lot of different material and that's part of it, it's housed in different Traditions, there was a Greek translation, of which only a few small ones survive. fragments. some of you already know, sometimes Ethiopian books are translated directly from Aramaic and sometimes they go through this Greek translation, so I think it's not entirely clear how much of the Ethiopian version, the full complete version, may have gone through the Greek. intermediary to reach us um certainly the Latin fragments that we have our translations probably from Greek and it seems that maybe the Coptic tra fragment that we have we also have a fragment a cc um which is probably due to how close syak is to Aramaic, it is probably is going back to Aramaic.

In any case, you can see based on how many of these languages ​​we have fragments of this text that survived and it was a popular text even though it didn't survive in all of them. the other languages ​​only in Ethiopian, part of the reason is that while it is very popular among the early Christian fathers, including people like Tertian, when we get to Augustine and Jerome, they don't like it and don't think. it's that they think it's not about going back to the real Enoch and they don't see it as scripture, so Augustine is ultimately the guy who does a council where he lists what the books in the Canon will be. just a local provincial Sinn, but because that ends up being the final list, he is one of the influential people and therefore not listed in most of the Christian Canon of the Bible like I say he is in the Ethiopian. and the Bible of the Church in Eritrea, this is how the text survives and has come down to us in its current form.

It is a relatively long text. It is subdivided into five main books, but as we will see, these books are even compound books that include. fragments of earlier texts, so in itself it's really its own little bible, its own little library, so of these books are the book of the Watchers, which is an expansion of the Genesis story before the flood, the antimeluvian parts of Genesis, um, next is the book of similarities which are long apocalyptic parables, then we have an astronomical book that discusses the Enoic calendar, the calendar of Enoch here, then we have a book of dreams and visions that has two different visions , the second of which is sometimes called animal. apocalypse, um, which is turning the Bible into a story with a bunch of animals, which will be fun, maybe make a kids movie, but anyway, that also brings the story back to me, from the times of the Bible to the mccabes time period obviously the contemporary era when the book of dream visions was written and then from there it predicts a future future that did not happen but an imminently imminent apocalypse and what the world at the end. of the world and after the day of judgment and we end up with an epistle to Enoch which is itself a combination of a lot of interesting little texts and so of all these main sections, they are probably a combination of earlier texts that were not um, which They were separate, so there was probably a book of the Watchers, a book of Parables of Enoch, an astronomical book, a book of dream visions and an Epistle of Enoch which, as I say, is composed of other component texts, all of these were edited together. by an editor who left a kind of endnote in chapter 108, at the end of the endnote of this, so scholars date the book of the Watchers to the 4th or 3D century and the astronomical book to perhaps the 3D century and those are the first parts and maybe I'm going to say the most important parts and those are the parts I'm going to spend the most time on tonight, then there's this parables of Enoch, so those are the parts. be from the 1st century BC.

C., but there may be parts that are written, some scholars say as late as the 3rd century of the most common 3rd century, ad um, it is not clear because perhaps what has happened is that there has been a Christian interpolation in which some Christian stuff has been added and that is taking an earlier Jewish text and Christianizing it and that makes it seem later than it is, which is why there is a wide range of question marks depending on how they were put together. then, like I said, we have this book of dream visions that boils down to an um with that animal apocalypse that boils down to a particular moment in history, first it deals with the story, we're the Bible, but then it takes the story to the end. . the maban revolt and around the time period from 163 to 142, that's when it ends, that's when we know it was written because then it starts predicting a future where the world will end very soon and all that kind of apocalyptic stuff . part, uh, that didn't happen and that's why we can date it and then, as I say, there's this Epistle of Enoch that's written maybe in the second or first century BC.

C., so we will see them in turn, especially the book of the Watchers. and the astronomical book, so the oldest component of the first Enoch um of the book of the Watchers definitely has, as I say, sections that perhaps date back to the third and fourth century. The text expands on the brief history of Genesis chapter six, where the sons of God take human wives and give birth to the heroes of old, and is also a kind of expansion of the account of the beginnings of civilization found in Genesis chapter 4 four, so why don't we look at them because they're very short and see what the source is. material that the author is working with in the Bible to expand a much broader account, so in Genesis 6, immediatelyBefore the story of the flood, we read when people began to multiply on the face of the Earth and daughters were born to them.

The children of God, the children of L, saw that they were beautiful and took wives from all those they chose. Then the Lord said: My spirit will not remain in mortals forever because they are flesh, their days will be 20 years, just as we spoke. Recently, in our Baale and Asher conferences, the sons, and indeed in our angelology conference, the sons of L are traces of ancient gods in a monotheistic Israelite pantheon of Prem. Over time these were gradually reduced to angels and they are definitely understood to be angels when we arrive. until the second temple period and the readers, the authors of the various parts of the Book of Enoch, understand that in that way, um, that section of Genesis continues, the Nephilim were on the earth in those days and also later, when the sons of God entered into the daughters. of humans who gave them children, these were the heroes who were ancient warriors of renown, so from this really brief passage we understand that the offspring of marriages between human women and these gods or angels, the children of L, They become the heroes of old powerful warriors such as the demma gods Gilgamesh and Heracles of Samaran and Greek mythology along with the Nephilim, which is a Hebrew word for those who have fallen and this is usually translated as Giants, but they are also a sort of semi-divine Giants, uh, who are perhaps somewhat mythologically similar to the Titans in Greek mythology and the Jotar in Norse mythology. most primordial group of gods that the later gods fight with so nephilim, so another brief passage in Genesis also influences this first component of the Book of Enoch, the book of the Watchers, the book of the Watchers, then Cain , then Cain is the first son of Adam. and Eve, who kills her brother Abel, and after she killed Abel, Cain left the presence of the Lord and settled in the Land of Nod, east of Eden.

Cain met his wife and she conceived and gave birth to Enoch and he Cain built a city and named it. it's Enoch after his son Enoch, so in Genesis, as we have it, you know there aren't too many people on Earth yet, we have names anyway in Genesis and Cain's son named Enoch, you know, this is the grandson from Adam, although he is a very different person at least in Genesis as we have it written from Adam's great-great-grandson, Enoch, who is the son of Jared, the person who is the um Enoch that we are talking about in this book, but he is interesting here where we have uh also in Genesis, another Enoch and um, a point of confusion, you know, as people, later, are writing their own Traditions about Enoch in the restoration tradition in Mormonism in the Scriptures written by Joseph Smith, um, this he creates a whole long story or tells a long story about Enoch and the Enoch that he's talking about is the Enoch who walks with God, but that Enoch builds a city, the city of Enoch, uh, which is taken to heaven, so I think it's probably not a coincidence that there's Is this another Enoch here and there's a city called Enoch in Genesis in terms of um uh inspiring Joseph Smith's idea of ​​a city of Enoch, so the story in Genesis 4 continues until Enoch was born irod and irod was the father of mahu and mahu was the father of methusael and methusael the father of lamech lamech took two wives the name of one was Ada and the name of the other was Zilla adabor jabel he He was the ancestor of those who live in tents and have cattle His brother's name was Jubal He was the ancestor of all those who play the liar and the flute Zilla carried tubalcain who made all kinds of tools of bronze and iron the sister of tubul wine was Nama so um we actually have competing genealogies in Genesis um the main one, the kind of line of patriarchs as later or as better understood, the righteous patriarchs uh Adam and Eve have a replacement son after Abel is killed and Cain is exiled, who has enosh, then Canaan mahel Jared Enoch Methuselah lamech Noah and then Noah has three sons who survive after the flood Shem ham and japeth um but in that it comes from the book of records uh like I said this is this idea of ​​a prebiblical source um that the biblical redactor is adding to create the Book of Genesis um but the Yahwist Source the J sorus Who is one of the main authors of the Torah?

Genesis has this other genealogy where Adam and Eve have Cain and Abel and Abel was killed, then Cain's son is Enoch, who had Irad, who joined Mahel to Meusel, then Lamech and the descendants of Lamech, but you can write. Look, there are some repetitions here, so Lamech is on B at the end of this, as is Enoch above and then Mahalalel and you know, Methuselah has ones that are more or less similar but they're not exactly the same, but it's It may be what it is. What happens here is that there are pre-biblical Traditions that both sources draw from and know and tell the story differently, so in some cases maybe Enoch and Lamech here are not really different Enoch and Lamech in the way they they finish.

They are in the final Bible, but they are quite a different tradition about Enoch and Lamech, so be it, as chapter six of the first Enoch may be, in other words, of the book of the Watchers, it is an expansion of the story of the chapter 6 of Genesis and here um. The sons of L, the sons of God, are now explicitly called Angels, so in the book of the Watchers we read that it came to pass that when the Sons of Men multiplied, in those days fair and beautiful daughters were born to them, and the angels, children. of Heaven saw them and desired them and they said to each other: Come, let us choose wives from among the sons of men and beget children, and Sam jazza, who was their leader, said to them: I am afraid that you will not agree to do this act. and I alone will pay the penalty for a great sin and they all answered him and said: let us all swear and bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this, then they all swore together and were bound by mutual implications about this and they went in total 200 200 of these Fallen Angels who descended in the days of Jared, then, the father of Enoch who descended to the top of Mount Hermod and these are the names of their leaders Sam laaz, their leader ARA remel Cabel. tlel remel Danel ezel Barak qual Asel armaros badel Nel zakel Samel I don't need you to like all these names L satel turel Jamel serel these are their Chiefs of 10 and all the rest joined with them and took wives for themselves and each one chose for himself one and they began to enter them and become contaminated with them and they taught them incantations and incantations, so now they are teaching the wives here Magic and also root cutting and they made them familiar with plants, so herbology and The women They became pregnant and gave birth to great Giants whose height was 300 cubits, so perhaps 450 feet tall, these giant Giants are the length of Noah's Ark and consumed all the acquisitions of men.

These Giants are so big that they are consuming everything that humans can. grow and when men could no longer support them, the Giants turned against them and devoured humanity, so they are much bigger than people and now they only have people as snacks, so these excerpts show how the The Watchers author's book, you know, has greatly expanded on the little kernels he found in Genesis, so the little reference we had to the children of L was worked out into a h of 200 angels led by Sam Jazza plus everyone these other wonderful names of Ln. that we have for the Fallen Angels, so the angels are initially sent to watch over humanity, hence the Watchers, that's the book of the Watchers, instead they swear this pact between themselves to take human wives, which which results in these Giants of incredible size, however, as we already have.

I saw that they were also teaching things like incantations and other types of knowledge that they were teaching to the Giants and their wives, they also taught the men, so Azazel Azazel, one of these fallen angels, taught the men to make swords and knives. and Shields and cuirasses and he taught them the medals of the earth and the Art of working them and bracelets and ornaments and the use of antimony and the beautification of the eyelids and all kinds of costly stones and all the coloring dyes Sam jazza taught incantations and root cuttings armaros the resolution of incantations baracael taught astrology Cabel taught the constellations Ezekiel taught the knowledge of the clouds here archel taught the signs of the Earth shamiel the signs of the Sun sarel the course of the moon so essentially all of this um early natural philosophy ancient science um how meteorology works how astrology works incantations and reversing incantations and so on everything is taught by the Watchers the Fallen Angels the origin here then they are the origin of civilization which obviously has a negative tint so if it is the evil angels that They are causing all this or teaching all this, so there is a kind of attitude here that civilization itself is corrupt, so this results in Chaos on Earth.

The giant children, as we saw, were eating human flesh and the fallen angels. I have taught everyone how to make weapons of war and also how to use makeup and that is causing a lot of chaos, so all this attention draws the attention of um uh, the archangels of heaven, and then we read that Michael uel Raphael and Gabriel looked from Earth and they saw. Much blood is being shed upon the Earth and all anarchy is being wrought upon the Earth and they said to each other that the Earth from its empty Foundation has carried the Shout of its voice to the Gates of Heaven and now, oh saints of Heaven , The Souls of the people make their demand pleading to take our case to the highest, so after having been alerted to the entire situation by the archangels and having examined the damage, God chooses to correct the problem, the only thing that essentially gives what doesn't really exist in the uh. in Genesis it is a moral excuse or why God destroys all humans and everything in the flood is because uh uh there is a moral need The Book of Enoch here argues then said that the most high, the holy and great spoke and sent Uriel to the son of Lamech and said to him go to Noah then Noah is the son of lch and tell him in my name hide and reveal to him reveal tell Noah that the end is coming that the whole earth will be destroyed and a The flood is about to come on the whole earth. earth and he will destroy, he will destroy everything that is in it and now instruct him so that he can escape and his seed can be preserved for all the generations of the world, so there will be a flood and Noah's.

We're going to get to the story of Noah like in Genesis, but there's more about the angels and in fact the whole story is much longer in the book of the Watchers here in the first Enoch, then the Lord said to Raphael, one of the other archangels. Bind Azazel uh hand and foot and throw him into the darkness and make an opening in the desert that is in the doubtel and throw him there and place rough and jagged rocks on him and cover him with darkness and let him stay there forever and cover. his face so that he cannot see the light, so the fallen angel will be thrown into a pit and covered with rocks and so on, and on the day of great judgment he will be thrown into the fire and heal the Earth that the angels have corrupted and They proclaim the healing of the land so that they can cure the plague and that all the children of men will not perish through all the secret things that the Watchers have revealed and taught their children, so let's erase all of this. contamination process killing everyone and cleaning everything and meanwhile the Angels, the Fallen Angels, who are the problem, are tied up and thrown into a pit until the day of judgment. um you might notice here that the idea of ​​a day of judgment again, this is not something that exists in Genesis, this is an idea that has come into religion in the period of second temple Judaism, so as I say , according to the context of the SE Second Temple period, the book of the Watchers here is expanding the biblical text, so it is developing. angelology now we have all these angels with names and demonology, all these demons with names and what they are in charge of connects the flood narrative also with the idea of ​​a future apocalypse, so we had the other one, but now there will be a day. of the judgment we are hearing about in the future and that the punishment after judgment day will be Hell Fire, so none of those things are pre-exilic themes that do not exist in Genesis, for example, after the story is told enlarged from the Watchers so now we are reintroduced in the book of the Watchers in chapter 12 to Enoch and so we read before these things Enoch was hidden and none of the sons of men knew where he was hidden and where he dwelt and what had become of him . and their activities had to do with the Watchers, these fallen angels and their days were with the Saints, the text now changes to the first person as if it had been written by Enoch himself, so perhaps there is a seam in the text , a new component of it.

I Enoch was blessing the Lord of majesty and the king of the Ages and now the Watchers called me Enoch the Scribe and told meEnoch, scribe of justice and then the Watchers make a big, long appeal to Enoch to appeal on their behalf, um, which is something interesting has happened so they're being punished and they want to be forgiven uh Enoch makes the appeal but the Cielo denies it and explains why uh they are going to be punished forever um and after that, Enoch is given a much greater punishment. vision of understanding the workings of the cosmos so that you can understand all of this, it will take you to the heavens, it will travel through the Earth through the underworld, etc., so we read that in chapter 14, behold in the clouds of the vision.

He invited me and a Mist summoned me and the chorus of stars and lightning accelerated and hurried me and the winds in the vision made me fly and lifted me up and carried me to the sky and I continued until I approached a wall that is built of crystals and surrounded by tongues of fire and that began to scare me and I entered the tongues of fire and I approached a large house that was built of crystals and the walls of the house were like a mosaic floor made of crystals and its base was made of Crystal and the ceiling was like a path of stars and lightning and between them were fiery cherubs and its sky was clear as water, a flaming fire surrounded the wall and its portals burned with fire, so essentially it had a Much more , this is also very typical when we see things from the second temple period, this kind of vision of Heaven elaborated in ways that are anything you can imagine, all kinds of CGI special effects that would have crystals and lightning and sparkling fire things um uh more glorious of what can be described as the basic essence, as well as with the description of God that God speaks from the Whirlwind in the Book of Job.

Enoch, in this book of the vision of the Watchers is allowed to see the working of the cosmos, how the entire universe fits together, which is usually visualized as God maintaining vast warehouses where he can store rays, for example. for later use when necessary and that is why Enoch says that I saw the places of The Luminaries, that is, the sun, the moon, the stars, etc., and the treasures of the stars and of Thunder, and in the most extreme depths from UT where we, uh, where were we? fire bow and arrows and his quiver and a fire sword and all the lightning, so he has all the places where the stars, the sun and the moon are stored and everything together with the bow or the elaborate device that is used to He shot a lightning bolt and they also took me to the Living Waters and to the fire of the West that receives each Setting Sun so that I could see where When the Sun sets over the Horizon the sun is stored or received in the uh the Living Waters that I saw. treasures of all the winds all the storehouses where God keeps the wind for later use I saw God how God had provided with them all creation and the firm foundations of the earth and I saw the Cornerstone of the earth and so again we are I am still dealing here probably in the second middle period of the second temple.

This is a relatively early book with the Old Testament picture of how the world works, which is the idea of ​​a flat Earth with a hemispherical firmament of the heavens above. It is a heaven above which are the waters that are above the firmament below the Earth the depths of the shol and below are the Waters of the great abyss and then God exists above and outside the uh Cosmos in the Heaven of heavens and the window can open in the sky through which the Waters from beyond the firmament can cause the flood and so on and so see those things the Cornerstone and on which the Cornerstone on which the Earth is built is under the Earth and so successively The angels take Enoch on a journey throughout the earth, finally he arrives at a place with seven magnificent mountains, we read a quote on the seventh mountain in the middle of them and it surpassed them in height and looked like the seat of a throne and fragrant .

The trees surrounded the throne and among them was a tree such as had never been cast before, nor was there any among them nor were there others like it. It had a fragrance beyond all fragrance and its leaves and flowers and wood do not wither forever and its fruit is beautiful and its fruit looks like the dates of a palm tree, so Enoch comes here, you know, maybe to the Far Away East, where he has a vision of Enoch, sorry for Eden, and sees the tree of life in which he is very interested and curious, so he asks the Archangel Michael who is guiding him at this point to explain to him what what he is seeing and Michael responded by saying that this high mountain that you have seen, whose top is like the Throne of God, is his throne, so you saw it looks like a throne, guess what.

It is here that the Great Saint, the Lord of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit when he has descended to visit the Earth with kindness and as for this fragrant tree, no mortal can touch it until the great judgment when God does so. take revenge on all and bring everything to its consummation forever then it will be given to the righteous and holy its fruit the fruit will be for food of the elect it will be transplanted to the holy place to the Temple of the Lord the Eternal King so that the tree of life is off here in Eden or wherever the throne is, all those things will move to where the temple in Jerusalem is when the apocalypse comes and then all the righteous people will be able to, you know, consume the fruit of the Tree of Life for Eternity while living an eternal life with God, so this pre-anti-Deluvian Edenic image is here mixed with the kind of post-apocalyptic predictions of a coming Paradise that is Again, a very common theme in the second temple period which, you know, you can see, it's based on what Christian ideas are, so you can see where all these ideas don't sound strange, they're kind of strange to the Hebrew Bible, these are development. that has taken place um later, I mean, it's in books like Daniel Daniel, written after this book, but the pre-exilic books don't have this, but this kind of um, these ideas are not foreign to early Christianity.

New Testament like the writers of the New Testament. We're very familiar with this book, so we just looked at it, kind of did a deep dive into the book of the Watchers. If we look at these other books, I mentioned the other one that's old and I want to pay for it. A little bit of attention is the astronomical book, the astronomical writings, um, which are chapters that everyone should say there, chapters, chapters 72 to 82, so in the astronomical book, uh, Enoch is shown how the Sun, the moon, stars and planets operate exactly as they are. People before have been observing the Sun and the Moon and all that.

Enoch is gaining a secure knowledge here of how they work, so we read at the beginning of the text the Luminaries of Heaven course book, in other words. the Sun and the Moon and the planets The Luminaries uh the how they move in their directions their relationships of each one according to their classes their domain and their seasons according to their names and the places of origin and according to their months with which Uriel the Saint Angel who was with me who is his guide showed me and showed me all his laws all the laws of how the heavens and all astronomy are functioning exactly as they are and how it is with respect to all the years of the world and until eternity until that moment in which a new creation is created that remains forever, in other words, until we reach the apocalypse and we are going to have the end of the world in a new time, this is how the heavens work and this is how This book talks about the important question of calendar, as the ancients used celestial observations to understand, you know what time it is, what day it is, what month it is, etc., for all of us who we get. calendars on the phone everything is on the phone the phone tells us everything we want to know but before that everything existed when we went out when um we didn't live in a city with light pollution like mine where we can't observe almost anything and we have all this artificial light, the way you would live would be much more in tune with the natural calendar and there are several units of time that would have been obvious from observation, of course this starts with the day. and we still pay attention to days, you know that a day consists from sunrise to sunset and then the entire period of darkness during the night until sunrise again and from this period that period of time which is a day solar cannot be measured either.

This way we measure it from the beginning of the day to the end of the night or actually from mid-midnight is where we do it modernly, obviously, um uh, the Jews do it the other way around, so reaching sunset is when the the day starts but it's essentially the same length of time um of course the day the length between day and night changes so at the equinox the day and night are the same length but in the summer the The day will be longer and the night will be shorter and in winter like now, the day is shorter and the night is longer, but the period of the solar day remains the same length, so it is a unit of time that we can observe and measure the solar day, so if we take the time period uh, from equinox to equinox, you know, from spring equinox to spring equinox.

If you notice that they get longer and longer and then shorter and shorter until they become the same again, then that period of time that passes is a solar year, which is a year. year and we call it a tropical year, that is, the time that passes between the equinoxes, unlike a sidereal year, which is the time it takes for the sun, if you are looking at the sky, to reach the same place. is against the constellations, so the sun also moves in the sky against the constellations that are fixed, at least your observation seems to move, obviously, in reality we are moving, but as far as observation goes, the sun seems move against the constellations. constellations the siderial year the stellar year is actually 20 minutes longer than the tropical year but the tropical year is what's important for the seasons so that's the year we'll talk about when we talk about the solar year here so it's a unit of time we also have the observable month, so the period of time from when the month is the moon is totally black since it is in the first quarter reaching the point of being a full moon and then in the first quarter waning and until uh black again, so the same time period That's a lunar month so we don't observe them much but we still talk about days, months and years these natural units of time if you care if you're an ancient person who cares about making a Calendar , however, it comes with a small problem and that is that the units don't actually match, so we have a day, we have a month and a year, but the year is not particularly yours, it is not a unit even of days that lasts the anus. 365 days, 5 hours, 48 ​​minutes and 50, 45 seconds, and as a result of that, if you were just trying to figure out if you are, if you're just measuring the days and saying now that it's a new day, it's new.

The day of the year, um, if the calendar would go down, then it would be 3 65, but it goes down if you just don't have any way to correct it. Likewise, the month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds, so, again, if you're just counting the days and you say that every 29th day you'll have a new month, um, that's going to end very quickly because, uh the month has an extra half day and finally the same thing if you're trying to line up the months with the years there are 12.37 months in a year instead of just 12 so these don't line up while you're trying to make a calendar , the easiest solution falls short, so if we say that months last 30 days.

Well, that's 11 hours too long, so if you just made a month 30 days long, it wouldn't take long until your months stopped lining up with the actual phases of the moon, they'd disappear pretty quickly in the same way if you're you're going to make the year 12 months of 30 days, in other words you're going to make the year 360 days, so that's 5 days too short and therefore it won't take long for your calendar year to stop aligning with those equinoxes, so spring would be constantly moving and all the seasons would be moving and at a certain point you're having, you know, winter in the northern hemisphere, you're having winter in July at a certain point because uh the The calendar is moving, so as you know, in the modern calendar, the Gregorian calendar, the Christian calendar, is a solar calendar that is slightly modified from the calendar that the Romans traditionally had, but was substantially revised by Julius Caesar So what is called the Julian calendar? the calendar aligns with the solar year, so as we said, the solar year is about 5 hours longer than 365 days, since it consists of 365 days most years, but as you know, we add an extra day, a leap day, every four years and then there are others. small fixes to fix that over centuries and so on, and that's how there is an intercalary day to continue aligning the calendar with the solar year, however, because the months are aligned with the solar year, they don't. corresponds to the real phases of the moon.

If you want to know the real phases of the moon, you have to look them up on your phone. you have to have acalendar that tells you: "There is a full moon tonight" or "There is a new moon tonight." I don't know, based on the fact that it is December 1st or February 1st because the months do not align with the phases of the moon in our Christian calendar, the Islamic calendar, on the other hand, is aligned with the cycles of the moon, so, huh. It has 12 months which correspond to the beginning of the lunar cycle and perhaps you have seen when Ramadan will begin.

During the month of Ramadan they have to be observing the moon and the lunar cycle to decide when Ramadan begins. clerical officials and the result of this is that the Islamic year is only 354 or 355 days long and, as we know, it is much shorter than the duration of a solar year 365 and so on and so on and so on as a result um in the year Islamic, the seasons of the year change continually and that is why when Ramadan constantly moves against our Gregorian calendar, because it is not that they are not using, they are using a lunar year which is much shorter than the solar year, so that, um, Rabin Calendar, the Hebrew calendar in Judaism is kind of a compromise between lunar and solar.

It is called the Luna solar calendar, so the months in the Al Hebrew calendar align with the lunar cycle just like the Islamic calendar, but as the seasons begin to move apart. alignment um an intercalary month is added, so a full leap month is added every second or third year, which makes the general calendar recover to the solar year, so it was already observed in Antiquity that every 19 years You know it's not like that. aligns the lunar and solar cycles, but every 19 years they align, so if you add an extra month at various points in your lunar calendar, you will be able to have enough months so that every 19 years you have a The cycle renews itself, but in the meantime , because these are added ad hoc as they are needed every two or three years, um it's not a hoc, but they are on a cycle, the calendar is slowly becoming misaligned either way and but it is always aligned with the lunar cycle and in It's generally aligned with the solar cycle, but always a little off, okay?

So, just like the Christian calendar that we mentioned, that's not the original Christianity, it's not Jesus, he didn't come down and say what, now it will be the month July, now it will be the month of August, you can tell from the name. juuli Julius Caesar and August Augustus Caesar this can be said to come from the Romans, in other words it is adapted from the pagan calendar of Rome in the same way that the Hebrew calendar has its origins. The oldest version is from the Sumerians, but it's uh. adapted and created from the Babylonians, so it was adopted by the Babylonians, we have talked about how much influence Persia and Babylon had on second temple Judaism, it may have already been adopted before that, even before the E.U. . even before the exile, but certainly during the exile and after, the Hebrew calendar adopted even the Babylonian names for most months, just as we have the pagan Roman names for our months, still regular, although that became um. uh the calendar for most sects of Judaism in the second temple period and we can even see it in a 5th century AD synagogue.

From Galilee, um, this is a decoration in the synagogue that is of this, like a zodiac and so in the middle is the god Helios with his Chariot of the Sun and around him are all the constellations, well, the constellations of the zodiac align with the Babylonian calendar with the Hebrew calendar, um, and presumably that's why it becomes a decoration in However, the synagogue not all of the second temple Jews agreed and some of the sects actually rejected the use of the Babylonian calendar and that is especially true for the SC scenes and for the Qur sect, who are the people who created the Dead Sea Scrolls?

Also, what about the week? You know, we have what the days are like, how long the days are, how long the months are and how long the years are and how they don't align with anything, so we also have this 7 day cycle. of the week, so presumably this was started by the Sumerians but promoted by Babylonian astrologers and astronomers, also promoted by the Persian Empire based on the fact that there are seven planets and in ancient times the planets are all things that move in the heavens so the Sun and the Moon are planets along with Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus and Saturn those are the visible planets um and the days also follow that cycle and are named after um uh the same planets although they are in a different order, so the planets uh , going around the earth as far as the Ancients understood, the Earth is in different spheres Moon Sun Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn uh the days of the week are in the wrong order for that, but it's related and then in English um the Los Norse or Germanic are actually equivalents of some of the gods, so Mars, Mercury, Jo and Venus are given over to their Anglo-Saxon Germanic variants and that is why we have Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.

So how does this 7 day cycle of yours work this week? been going on for thousands of years, what relationship do the weak have with the months and years of the Gregorian calendar? So the answer is that there is none, it floats freely, so if you think about it, you know that's why when we have holidays like the 4th of July or the 25th of December or whenever those dates, the ones that refer to to a date or New Year's Day, they continually move on which day it is, so it's because the days just follow one after another, so it always follows Sunday.

Saturday and Monday follow Sunday, which goes on and on forever, no matter what month it is, no matter what year it is, and so on, so it is a free-floating cycle that is, in fact, not related to months and years, so while the week had its origins among the ancient Samaritans, so in the third millennium even a. C. obviously acquired an important religious meaning in Judaism, so every seventh day in the law of Moses becomes a Saturday, so work is supposed to cease, one of the Ten Commandments is remembered. the Sabbath day and keep it holy, so this idea was even incorporated into the priestly creation story in Genesis, where in each individual period of time called a day over the course of six days creation occurs and then on the seventh day , God rests, there is a day of rest. uh, and then the week is elevated to be cosmic and even divine within Judaism and the Mosaic law, so in addition to a weekly Sabbath, the Mosaic law speaks of a sabbatical year, that is, the seventh year when the earth it is left fallow so when you are growing crops at a certain time the crops will deplete the soil and you have to leave, nowadays we rotate crops but in this case the idea is to leave it fallow and just not grow it for a year , let the weeds grow and let the soil replenish uh be uh so that you can start a sabbatical again and also in that same sabbatical uh debts although not with foreigners let's not go crazy here the debts that you have with your neighbors are canceled and there are other things plus liberation of captives and so on, in the sabbatical year we had a complete conference on the book of jubilees, which is another of these apocalyptic books, in this case it is a retelling of the Bible when making a story who is really excited with zeal. the idea of ​​Jubilee years, so everything happens over the course of a time period of essentially 50 years or 49 time periods, so at the end of a 7th year you have a Sabbath at the end of 7 parts of years , 49, so a jubilee um becomes important um sevens become very important in this so um jubilees is one of the books that kumran people like uh the essin and as I say, different Jewish sects promoted different calendars, so here we go from The Book of Enoch the astronomical book uh, we have this authoritative solar calendar, Archangel Uriel shows Enoch that God has actually created the cosmos with a solar calendar in mind, so you're not supposed to use this Babylonian solar lunar calendar that becomes the Hebrew calendar, uh, that the Sadducees. and the rabbis are using no, this is a solar calendar that God is providing and so we read in 1 Enoch chapter 72, this is the first law of The Luminaries, the luminary that the sun has, is rising in the eastern portals of heaven. and it is setting in the western portals of heaven and I saw six portals in which the sun rises and six portals in which the sun sets and the moon rises and sets in these portals and the leaders of the stars and those whom They guide in six in the east and six in the west and they all follow each other in the corresponding order precisely, so many windows to the right and left of the portals, so the whole system is configured with doors, gates and portals, and there are different where the sun comes in. and when the Sun enters it at different times that's causing um uh you know, that's causing it to be a different time that corresponds to the Seasons uh and this Enoch and uel here go into great detail how this all works cosmically and It's because that we have to follow this calendar that results from this and, consequently, the calendar presented in Enoch gives a year that is 364 days long, so probably looking back that is too short for a true solar year, but it is close. . much closer than a lunar year, the year of Enoch is divided into four equal seasons, so it has an advantage of 364 compared to 365 and one thing is that it is much more divisible, so these four equal seasons can have 91 days duration each. of the seasons lasts 3 months, so there are two months of 30 days followed by one month of 31 days, that way you get up to 91 * 4 um.

Also, there are no intercalated leap days, so this year of 364 days is going to go down over time not too much, it won't take long for it to start going down we know we need a leap day with 365 days, we need a leap day every four years, so this is lowered every year and there is also no month jump, which means that the calendar technically floats free of the lunar and solar cycles over time, it just does so very slowly, so it is an inaccurate calendar, but the problem does not change as quickly as, for example, the Islamic calendar does in In terms of the solar year, the decline is very rapid, very rapid, it is a much slower decline, but the most important thing is that stay connected with the weak, because you can take 364 and divide it by 52, 52 weeks, and you get seven.

What that means is that the days of the week, what day it is in the week, the weeks and all that are constantly perfectly correct and always aligned, so we don't have this thing of knowing New Year's Day, January 1st. , one day. It's a Tuesday and then it's a Wednesday, then it's a Thursday, no, it's always the same day, so I think, although you know, sometimes this is considered a kind of primitive calendar because they both fail accurately. present present both the solar year and the lunar month, I think the reason he does it is because, what the author of Enoch feels here is that the week is the most important thing, because of the Sabbath, okay, so those are the oldest sections and really um, the longest amount of time, I know this has been going on for a little while already in terms of this lecture, there are three sections left, but I'm going to cover them much more briefly so that we have The Parables of Enoch, the book. of dream visions and the Epistle of Enoch, so the parables, um, date back to the 1st century, but as I say, they could be as late as the 3rd century AD, 1st century BC.

C., and it is because they are Christian images that they could be interpolations or maybe not depending on how it is interpreted. The text contains three long parables or similarities. All three are apocalypses. They all explain the cosmos through astronomy and the elements, the same sort of thing as the rest of the text. I have already seen that everyone is predicting the end of the world, the final judgment, the punishment of the Damned, including the Fallen Angels, the Watchers, who also predict the Resurrection, the glorification of the righteous, the emergence of a new world of paradise , the final victory of the righteous, um. all these kinds of cosmic apocalyptic predictions, themes that are so central to some of the sects anyway in second temple Judaism and certainly have an influence on early Christianity, so again, as I say, this is especially popular among people. who, with devout people who look at Jerusalem and the upper classes who operate the temple and say we don't like the way they are doing things, we don't like the collaboration with the Persians first and then with the Greeks and finally the Roman officials want this to change so that we can have a truly just world and so they are hopeful that there will be a cosmic intervention at the end of time, which they assume will be fine soon, that's the book. from Parables Oops, I'm sorry it got so the dream book Visions those slides were interspersed there um in the dream book Visions Enoch tells his son Methuselah two visions, the first uh Vision he has predicts the flood, like this that of course,This is written many years ago, obviously, and this is written perhaps in the second century BC.

C., so you know the flood story is very old at this point, but Enoch here, the pseudo Enoch, is able to predict the coming flood. to destroy the anti-Deluvian world that Enoch and Methuselah grew up in, so Noah, Methuselah's grandson, is the one who will survive this. The second is an allegorical retelling of biblical history up to the period of the revolt. of the mccabes had a whole lecture on the macbes the idea here is that the hellenistic empires the cusd and the times declined, they left a small window for a jewish kingdom to briefly emerge as independent in the 2nd century bce. especially this allegory is sometimes called animal apocalypse because it retells you know all the stories in the bible and then the story of the second temple period until the maban revolt as an allegory where everyone is like an animal and then after the maban period . it continues again with the apocalypse and the new world to come and all that kind of stuff predicts an imminent end of the world that didn't happen and that's why we can date this much more closely when it was actually written in other words, it's written in the period of history in which the author also writes his history and then all his future predictions that did not happen, obviously after 143 BC.

C., where he was and when he was right, so I just want to give you a little taste. of the animal apocalypse so you can understand it. This is an allegorical account of part of the Bible and as I read it I try to guess who these animals are, so the lord of the sheep sent the lamb to another lamb and he raised it. being a ram and leader of the sheep instead of that ram who had abandoned his glory and went and went to him and spoke to him alone and raised him up, raised that earth to be a ram and made the lamb a prince and leader of the sheep , but during all these things those dogs oppressed the sheep and the first ram chased that second ram and the second ram got up and fled before it and I saw until those dogs knocked down that first ram, what is all that does? from that sound, something familiar I actually picked at random and when I read it I was able to piece together what was happening, so if we decode this, um, the sheep in the animal apocalypse are the Israelites and the individual Israelites.

They are lambs and then when they have a king leader who is a ram and then we also have dogs, the dogs are the Philistines and what we have here is that the lord of the Israelites sent a lamb, the prophet Samuel, to another lamb, David, and raised David from the dead. to be a ram a king made him king of the sheep in place of that Ram who had abandoned his Glory so instead of King Saul the other Ram and then, when we have that first Ram, king Saul chased the second ram and the second ram, in other words, Saul pursued David.

David fled from Saul and I saw those dogs the Philistines finally took down Saul, so this is a retelling and That's what all this is like, so you have all these Bible stories that you have to know and then it's just lambs and sheep and all that kind of stuff. of things, and we have like, for example, uh. just the type of animals that you're bringing out of there, so the sheep are the Israelites, the rams are the different leaders like David and Saul, talk about flocks of sheep that will be the individual Israelite tribes. You will hear about wild asses and then those are the Ishmaelites, the BNS, including the Midianites, the boring savages are the and the Amalekites.

The bears are the Egyptians, the dogs are the Philistines, the hyenas are the Assyrians, then when we get to the Hellenistic period, the ravens represent the Cusd who live in Syria, the king of Syria, the kites represent. the Toicos Egyptians eagles the Macedonians and finally the foxes the little foxes are Ammonites and Moabites and so we retell all that until the contemporary history of the Maban period And after that, the apocalypse continues, you know, until the Lord of the Sheep , you know, conquer the world for them and build a you know after the apocalypse, you know, finally, the last section is an additional composite text, so it's called the Epistle of Enoch, but there's actually a bunch of sections different.

So, one part is Enoch giving exhortations or admonitions to Methuselah and his other sons. There is another apocalypse, where an apocalypse of weeks where all history is divided into different periods that again you predict an apocalypse, a very common theme that repeats and repeats itself. and is repeated throughout this book. In the middle of this there is an epistle proper where Enoch is writing a letter to his sons with more advice. We have a fragment from an unrelated book of Noah and finally, at the end, the editor who put this book together. together and all the other components together write a kind of final conclusion to the whole great book of the first Enoch and that's what we have for a summary of Enoch and that slide was out of order so I'm going to go back and find this one to finish , so I'm going to have a drink of water and while Leandro is collecting his questions, we can answer them.

I want to start by acknowledging and thanking everyone for their support. donations then Mark long sky blue 777 uh philipo denoto JM us Peg uh P Sorry paig shanesy Daryl Scott Michael Rogers and unsung talent who also says this is the best bible study channel on YouTube in my opinion so thank you very much for your support and also for your words your delight in the channel we hope I'm glad you're enjoying it um let's go here so we can read the next questions so Julie uh bazooki says what others before the flood . Patriarch who doesn't have a book of his own, do you think he would be a great hero of an apocalyptic story?

Well, I guess I'd say that since we don't really have any names. You know, who doesn't? He doesn't have a book of his own, so Seth definitely has a book of his own, um, and there's a whole tradition of Seth being the next son of Adam and Eve later as a replacement for Abel, um, I think, um, I would be. I'm interested in following the um, Cain family lineage because I feel like those guys are busy inventing a civilization that has cities and, uh, there was the guy who invented musical instruments and that sounded pretty interesting, so those are the ones. the only ones we have details of our Cain family Arc, all the rest, all we have is more or less a name in terms of the pre-flood Patriarchs um in the second um in the second list the list that goes from Noah to Abraham we have a second type who is something like Enoch PG and we have the additional detail of him, he is called PG because in his time the world was divided and that probably means that the story of the Tower of Babel is taking place when he was alive, but he's also like that because God I took him, it's just this little sentence that's, you know, full of possibilities, so, so, that's interesting, uh, PG would be an interesting hero, you know, after the flood, but anyway, in the same kind of early period, um, I also like, uh, you. you know in the times after the flood by the same type of contemporary of the times of Abraham, you know Nimrod, the mighty hunter before the Lord, there he is in some of these books, but you know you can have a complete Apocalypse of nin Rod which could be interesting. so there are a lot of different ones that could inspire uh still writing uh Winston Barz asks uh would you agree that intertestamental writings like Enoch are sources of the New Testament beliefs in angels and demons, the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul?

Yes Yes. I would definitely agree, so these are, um, just showing the context of all of this, so, this is where U is. These are ideas that are developing and one of the ways they are transmitted and remembered is through of the writing of these texts. and this is certainly one of the most influential and yes, this is where these are the direct influences on early Christian ideas. Winston also asks: Was the first Enoch derived from the apocryphal document of Genesis in the Dead Sea Scrolls? I'm not aware of that so I don't know and that would also be the question he would have.

If so, I would have to look at what part of this and then we saw that it was first derived from at least at least five discrete sources and actually more than that and I'm not aware of the Genesis Apocrypha being any of those so I think The answer is probably no, but I would have to look it up. The Antioch Elk asks where the Earth is. Nod is believed to be Isfahan or Asia or the Ganges, so it is east of Eden, so Eden is generally thought to be in the east, at the edge of the world, and somewhere east of there, I guess I don't know.

So, I think it's a you know again, this is a um, an anti mythical land from the anti-an time period, so it's one that anyone could decide, uh, where they thought Nod would be, um, you know , somewhere east of where it is. Why do early texts seem obsessed with listing every name? Is it just a writing style of the time? Because? the reader needs to know all these lists of dozens of names, I think so. I don't think you're probably referring to Genesis and maybe you are, but Genesis and the bat list, so the idea of ​​that is to show that it's like a king list is to show a continuity with the beginning of time um and to try to give you an idea that as these cycles are happening there is a continuity and where the errors are this original person, so that would be a genealogical list in terms of the um, the Book of Enoch, where they list all of these , uh, the leaders of all the demons, um, you know, at a certain point, you know there was a talk about how the demons taught people how to do incantations and how, uh, the Fallen Angels, the Watchers taught everyone to do charms and countercharms and things like that, um, at a certain point, you're using these names when you're doing Magic, you're even not supposed to do magic, you know, and so, these names become important, um, so that you can , uh, knowing in terms of, uh, in terms of that kind of belief system, a magical, enchanted worldview.

He reopens where to call Shaaz and she asks when in ancient times the ideas of the end of the world began. What religion or ancient people were the first to imagine this. So this is happening very early in Zoroastrianism and. So Zorestrianism is one of the first in what we consider a world religion, a religion that is different from, you know, the previous view of this kind of chaotic world that has multiple gods in a Pantheon, you know, where are we? ? we are just doing maintenance by doing all the rituals necessary to maintain life and appease the gods and offer sacrifices and all that kind of thing paganism, we call that paganism now, but that is something consistent, after animism, a stage of de religion, so the next kind of evolution when you start to have World Empires and large States, and the Persian Empire is one of the first really large multi-ethnic empires, you also see the development of a Persian world. religion that is the dualistic religion and then there is a great God and then there is who is good and there is a rival a cosmic evil God the devil and they are in combat and this explains the problem of evil why there is suffering why there is all this torment In the world, the good God is trying to prevent that from happening, but he's being thwarted by the evil God and all the evil gods' little demons running around doing horrible things, but you know we can.

Everyone can feel excited about it or be happy about it in Zor Asianism because at the end of time there will be a messiah, there will be a savior who will come, he will defeat the forces of evil, God will finally triumph. about the devil, the old world will be destroyed in a new world that is a paradise, you will be born in its place and then I would say that as long as this is in the year one thousand BC. or 900 BC, 800 BC, this type of time period is when Zoroastrianism is developing. I don't have the dates in front of me um and it's probably the first and then um um I think anyway that that religion influences the development of the second temple religion, especially when the exiles are in captivity in in Babylon and they are ionizing Babylon, they're starting to speak, they're losing their Hebrew, they're going to start speaking Aramaic and there are all these influences that happen in that Persian period when the first temple period began, uh, Jerusalem.

This is simply a provincial capital of a Persian of a province of the Persian Empire uh Jason kukulu asks um if Anunaki actually means um men of renown, not uh people of Heaven, could the children um then the angel children of Al and the Giants Nephilim were originally reported by high-ranking ancient kings who were mythologized, so we don't have any, so we wouldn't, so Genesis only has that brief correct explanation, so we don't have any, uh, we don't. I don't have any of the lists of those names, so if we had a bunch of different names from uh in Genesis of who are these men of renown or who are the names of thenephilim, then we could have said well that maybe those are ancient kings. that are being mythologized, um, so yeah, maybe as a general concept that's where those ideas of Giants and heroes and kings come from, but we just don't have that, we just have a brief summary of that in Genesis and then when they're um when they are created and elaborated centuries later In a book like The Book of the Watchers The Book of Enoch these are um we are taking that source text and expanding it so that it is not an ancient king that is being mythologized. the source text, um, which is already authoritative, is the Torah the source, as opposed to um, a king, so that's what I would say, um, Alas, Cav asks, what do they mean when they talk about a big house made of The glass didn't have they didn't have blown glass or hardware lead wear but no so they're not um I don't think they're talking about um so I mean there's glass manufacturing but No.

I don't know what's going on so much in the Levant there, it's definitely something that I and definitely the Romans are known for later, but maybe not in this period, they have a lot of that, what I'm imagining here is that I'm thinking about things that are beautiful, gems so precious, crystals and rocks, you know, they're all uh, and fire and things you know, and so they're just trying to imagine this, so I think it's kind of like U for um. the Superman movie from the 1970s, you know where you're going, the Fortress of Solitude and it's got all these crystals and ice and glitter and everything, I mean, it was very otherworldly, they're trying to make a house that's The house of God and so it has to be, you know, otherworldly and they don't have words to describe it, even at this point.

Philippo Denoto asks how far we can trace the current 7-day cycle simultaneously back in time. Are we sure it really is? Tuesday today, so, I know, I know, I tried to look this up to try to figure out how early we know it's going to happen. um and I and I feel like um I feel like we don't know much beyond um I don't know. 25 or 2600 years, you know, so I think it could last much longer, but I don't know if we have, I don't know, we have the list of the exact days and maybe one day we don't. jump in there somewhere or another, but I think it could be much older than that, but it's been going on for a long time and it's been called, for example, the Human Institution that operates continuously longer during the week because we've been following the 7 day cycle and it's been the same seven days for at least over 2000 years, while most other things there's no continuity like that, you know, the rest of the calendar, the Gregorian calendar had a big reboot in North America here.

It happened in the 18th century, so a large number of days were lost in one of the years, in order to align the calendar as it was supposed to be when the change was made from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, so it has nothing like that to that kind of continuity, while the days of the week we have been in that same cycle for at least 2000 years. is more likely, so it may well be the longest ongoing Human Institution, um, that's artificial, um, Michael Rogers says, um, would you consider books like Enoch and the expansion of children's gospel fanfiction into popular stories, then , there's this idea, um, uh, in the Hebrew writing of Mid Rush, which means it could mean like fanfiction, but it's the idea of ​​how can we do it, um, how can we do it when we don't have the details of something, we have these questions, how can we do it, thoughtful, positive, do you like, write, uh. where we expand and give answers where the answers don't exist but don't contradict the original text and so, a lot of these are that kind of expansion and, you know, that could be a kind of fanfiction, but it's a fanfiction that is done very deliberately where you try not to contradict anything and also where you do it with generally godly intent, so I would think of it that way, yeah, and, and that continues to this day.

Do you know that the Book of Daniel is an example of that, so it's the books that were included in the Canon too? Cav asks if there are any assumptions about what time period the Book of Watchers is supposed to have occurred. Are we talking about the pre-Bronze Age collapse? Yes, it's supposed to have taken place before the flood, so it's a mythical time period. It is the Lost Golden Age. It's a different era of the world. It is a mythical time. But if. before the collapse of the Bronze Age, so it's before real history, it's mythical time.

Once upon a time, we might say, the Elk of Antioch asks a silly question, how did Jesus end up speaking Aramaic instead of Hebrew in Israel? Yes, it's not stupid, it's like that. It was when the exiles returned, whether they started or not, when exactly it happened, Hebrew began to be displaced in the second temple period and became the common language of all their neighbors, so their neighbors, you know, they all began to speak Aramaic, which is a very related language, but everyone in the Levant, at some point, speaks Aramaic, which is one of the uh lingua franka of the Persian Empire, so the Persians use a couple of different languages ​​to govern, manage and trade, and you're just going. to get along much better and be able to, you know, go to court and pay your taxes and read the royal instructions and everything else, if you speak Aramaic and therefore Aramaic is also, at a certain point, it would have been. an elite language and it slowly filters down and replaces what the common people speak, the peasants, that's how Jesus ends up growing up speaking Aramaic at that time for centuries, there will also be a new elite language, Greek, uh. for centuries it will have conquered and will be the language of the ruling elite and then, more recently, in the time of Jesus, there is a new elite language, Latin, which is for the military, although the administration will still be done in Greek, for which a lot of times when that happens, um, when there's a new elite language, a lot of times that's what really kills the um, the previous early language, so it's like, for example, in the Roman Empire in Gaul, the people still maintained some of the Celtic languages. some of the Gulish languages, but when the Germans conquered Gaul, the local people simply couldn't have both, they just kept Latin and then Germanic was on top as a conqueror's language for a while until finally, until they Latinized the German conquerors in the case of France uh and it became French so um Allan young I'm in I'm distracted okay okay leandra is distracted because you guys keep asking questions which is good um so Alan Young asks if Elio Prophet Joseph Smith I have access to the Dead Sea Scrolls, no, um, this is not where he got any of this stuff from, so some of these, um, some of these ideas, continued, so, for example, although the Book of Enoch No. did not survive in the West, some of these same ideas made their way into Jewish midrash writing, which is why there is a medieval Jewish text called the book of jasher or the book of jashar that was translated into English and Joseph Smith got a I maintain that in the 1840s, that didn't necessarily inform his Enoch stories, but it did inform some of his ideas later, probably because he then had access to a book that had some of these same ideas written down in the Middle Ages, uh, for a Jewish scholar, so he had access to some of this stuff, and of course there were the Apocrypha and other things, but not the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Captain Hardlock said it's the story of David coded with hairy analogies in Enoch to perpetuate the story without some risk of persecution the coding seems superficial otherwise yeah um I guess I don't think that's happening for that reason maybe maybe there's a maybe maybe there's an anti-temple and maban Elite issue that's happening right when it gets to this day um, but the coding is so obvious that I don't think you'll know it once you know it, I think the priests from the temple in Jerusalem they could see that they were, you know, like a hyena. was in charge of God's holy place or whatever and something and then the and soon the righteous Ram will come and overthrow them and drive away all the hyenas or jackals or something, I think they would, I think they would get it. the meaning, so I don't know if he's actually doing that, I think it's just that someone had the idea to make a very symbolic story, you know, sometimes we talk about Jesus being the Lamb of God and we have a lot of things. of these um these kind of images and someone got that into their head and decided to make a whole book like that, a whole animal apocalypse where they retell the Bible that way so dear Scott ask if there's anything in the context of the Book of Enoch. which made it especially valued by the Ethiopian church and therefore preserved there.

I know, so it's hard to say that would be the case. I know that because they had it it has affected the development of the Ethiopian church and So, it continues to have an influence on how Ethiopian Orthodoxy understands things and understands Christianity. I think what happened was that this was a book that the early Christians really liked and that a lot of the early Christians assumed was biblical, but it included some of the early Church fathers, but what ended up happening was in the end times, you know, when it became the Imperial Roman Church, the last of these types of thinkers, including Latin leaders like Augustine and Jerome, who were in charge of a kind of U deciding what the cannon will be for Christians in the Roman Empire, they put the kabash on it and so then it was lost in the Roman Empire and the Ethiopians who are already on their own things um don I did not receive the memo and I still have it and I think that is why it is preserved there, essentially because of the fact that the Ethiopian church is its own organization separate from the Roman state church that arises and then is um and then is completely cut off so and so has its own canonization process that the rest of the Greeks and the Latins had together lambra says Do you think the Fallen Sons built pyramid structures from Egypt to Mexico? and India no, no, it's an interesting question, but yes, but, so, these are legendary figures and I know that people love to look at the pyramids and see that they are such amazing things and wonder what ancient people were like.

I would have been able to build them um and uh and the fact that there is the same type of structure where you stack rocks on top of each other and make a big artistic artificial mountain is one of the easier structures to create in terms of engineering compared to the ones you already know. making a super tall and skinny obelisk or something is harder, so it's not a crazy coincidence that different ancient people came up with that same shape because of the way they did it. was very different, so the Egyptian use of that structure is very different, where you have a large ornamental mound that is built over a tomb where the tomb is enclosed within and beneath it, whereas in the Mexican pyramids, uh, uh , the pyramids of Central Mesoamerica.

You have a temple that is built on top of an artificial hill, so it has the same shape, but it has a totally different idea and use behind it, so you know that those shapes are the ones that naturally occur to you by chance and ancient people able to make them themselves without fallen angels helping Tony 777 question, a great mystic of our era said that Jesus was a Greek Israelite and comments on this, so there has been direct Greek influence in Gile, where it is Jesus. of because uh you know very directly in terms of government for over three centuries um and um and there were Greek cities um right down the street you know they were established and there were definitely Greek connections with the Israelites for centuries. before the Greek conquest of Judea, Samaria and Galilee, and such and such people have made the comment that yes, Jesus comes from a particularly diverse society, where he might have known a little Greek because because for business you might have had You have to know how to know some Greek words to be able to do carpentry in the next town which is where all the money was and so that could very well have been part of it, so there may have been a lot of Greek influences on Jesus, but what I try to do is stay very close to the sources and see where we find some of them and when we try to do that when we give our lectures on the historical Jesus um so hee uh says finally um I think someone expected me to do it.

John would show up. He would introduce me. It would be nice if our newcomers knew who I am. Then some ask me what my religion is. So yes. We don't normally do that, although I think that's something that happens. In the comments they say who this guy is. So my name is John HR. I serve as pastor of the Toronto Community of Christ congregation here downtown. Toronto Toronto Centre, so this congregation was first organized in 1836 a long time ago and I serve as the 40th pastor. If we can do one of those lines, the history and charts of all the predecessors, uh, for me, for me.

The Community of Christ is part of the restoration tradition and/or is related to the satis and theMormons of the last times and that is why we sometimes talk about Joseph Smith, we represent a very progressive branch of that movement, so we are, for example, a community that affirms lgbtqia. Um and we have women at all levels of leadership so at our Church headquarters half of our Council of 12 Apostles are women and in fact last week it was just announced that the new prophet U and president of our church for the first time. It will be a female president Stacy k um and that's the background of the denomination in terms of my background um my ancestors first joined this church, this movement seven generations ago, so my great-great-great-grandparents are like the same big four that separates Adam to Enoch um and uh let's see, I did most of my graduate work in medieval European history which I was working on to become a professor of medieval history, but then I got drawn into working for university presses like map maker as a book editor, so I took a different path which ended up leading me back to focusing on this now, as my calling later in life, and that's a little introduction, so you'll be able to ask any of those nice questions you want next week, where we will do questions and answers from the beginning.

There will be no formal conference, so please continue to submit your questions. We will take care of them. them next week, don't forget to like, share this video, subscribe to our channel and we always really appreciate it if you make a donation, so please consider doing so. It's Centerplace doca donate and next week we'll like, I say, do that, uh, Q&A.