#HistoriADebate "La decena trágica"

and I give the floor to paco ignacio taibo 2 to start this table debate the tragic ten well again with you to talk about the tragic scene jesús ramírez faithful friend and companion of all life and friendships as the revolutionary leader of '34 in Spain said friends and ideas are never abandoned, this one and the friend we have signed stickers, this one who will join when he stops signing this conversation, more than a debate on the tragic decade, we are in a privileged territorial situation, one of the axes of The tragic ten would be this building, the citadel that became by chance of fate, the redoubt of the rebels, the military rebels, the other axes would be the prisons where the escapees took place, Tlalpan, the first rebels revolted, the base where the first coup was stopped and stopped and where the leader of the insurrection Bernardo Reyes dies and the palace where the closure is consummated, this country preserves certain things and fixes them by dint of repetition and then it speaks of the tragic ten and this is the name with which it would go down in history no It was a dozen, it was more days and it was tragic, tragic because in these 10 days a series of tragic events occurred, first a military coup maintained and subsidized by the Porfirian economic oligarchy that had not been defeated in the first phase of the revolution by the military.

Coup plotters, all of them sons of the most rancid and horrible Porfirian army. If one goes through the history of the six generals who at certain moments star in the scene, they are stories of scoundrels, all of them stained with blood, all of them involved in dirty businesses, all of them with double standards, liars. You will really, really see the panorama of the six leaders of the coup. It is pathetic and tragic because well, in the tragic ten, the murders of Pino Suarez Wood occur, the treacherous and gangster murder of Gustavo Madero here, a few meters from here from the tragic entrance. because the rebels this once they take control of the citadel that has no military meaning is the center of the city but has one of the most important weapons depots in the city in Mexico in such a way that the rebels who are never a large number because in the end they are reduced after the failed assault on the zócalo they have projectiles until they get bored artillery ammunition ammunition until they get bored and abundant machine guns apart from that the artillery of the rebels operates from here and the artillery of the rebels is what gives it the condition tragic to these ten days that are not ten days not because they begin to bomb with very subversive fascism criteria that theoretically bombard they point towards the palace that they lost in the first moment of the tragic ten and one of the projectors even hits one of the doors of the palace but all the other cannon shots are over there and what they do is destroy houses the habitation and murder citizens who owe it do not fear it in terms of the surroundings the siege of the loyalists to wood is never complete it was a gap but the murder of residents due to the cannonade is so terrible that it was never possible to know the number of deaths caused by the tragic scene because, in addition, when the work of the green cross and the red cross was suspended due to the indiscriminate cannonade, the corpses are left in the air and cemeteries are made outside. outdoors at a time when who knows why it was hot, yes, and the piles were flying happily in the human carnage over Mexico City, this image of the slaughter of civilians linked to the massacre of Gustavo Suárez pine wood linked to the beginning of the coup It gives a tragic character to these ten days of a counterrevolution but the greatest tragedy is that the scoundrels triumph and the murderers triumph and force the Mexican revolution to enter a third stage and the first was the overthrow of Díaz, the second is the presidency Brief de Madero The third is the revolution against Victoriano Huerta the bloodiest of the revolutions of the Mexican revolution when the citadel is carefully rebuilt the cannonade how the alliances of the coup plotters are processed the sinister role of the North American ambassador of all the ambassadors not also the ugly ones that we have had in the history of Mexico and several this is the most scoundrel of all 6 first he hates madero because madero does not allow him to do business when he presents himself as representative of the usa the first conversation with the president is hey sir president I am interested in doing a business and mother stopped it in its tracks.

I told you that I receive you as a representative and told you that here you are not going to see if well but in addition to this you represent the interests of the most militant and most reactionary sector of the North American oil industry. and the logging industry, but in addition to that, from the beginning it has cultivated love and alliance with the military of the coup. The golito begins with an articulator, General Mondragón, who has a story worthy of a Venezuelan soap opera. He is Nahui Ollin's father. Carmen Mondragón and he raped her as a teenager are involved in whatever dirty business Artigiano El Ulúa could have made with fake cannons he made is famous because he made a rifle, the famous Mondragón rifle.

Do you know how many Mondragón rifles there were in Mexico, one that Porfirio Díaz gave him and it is also a cheap modification of a french rifle despot marries his daughter to a homosexual to give legality to his situation is authoritarian repressive along with him characters who have been involved in the most terrible tragedies in the history of mexico victorian huerta makes the war of extermination in Morelos against Zapatismo was present in the war against the Yaquis he was present in the dirty business of kings in Monterrey that is where his small fortune comes from terminal alcoholic this famous because one day when you are going to visit him four industrialists receive him with the door closed and speak with them through the closed door and someone says look at the height of the president after the president's coup victoriano huerta no he can't open the door he falls because after 4 in the afternoon he is drunk one of his secretaries says that they took the afternoons three bottles of Hennessy in addition to genes and if not even mezcalero the killers or not king is full of himself this one who ends up directing the first part of the plot and getting himself murdered in the zócalo when charging against the palace where fortunately they received him with blanket machine guns His only glory is that he said that he had been in the platoon that shot Maximiliano because it was not very clear, there is one with a bullish face among the two who were shot, it is not very clear that he was the one who had been participating in Yucatán in the repression in The Mayos, that is, a group of conspiratorial characters linked to three or four intermediaries, the king's son is one or with the Sinaloan owner of furniture stores who were moving the conspiracy there.

The conspiracy had a very simple origin. The treaties of Ciudad Juárez do not dissolve the army by subsidiary. and above all, the Juárez trades do not replace the army because no longer because of the northern militias that had been created second, the Porfirian oligarchy is touched by the political innocence of Madero, who does not know whether to call it innocence Madero, an extraordinarily brave man, the anecdotes that he has given us. came from him this shows you but without a social program he could never understand what the problem is with the Zapatistas and why the Zapatistas angrily claimed the land for which he works did not rely on the new emerging force Gustavo did and that is why Gustavo is torn to pieces in a bloody manner with 37 stab wounds and thrown a few meters from here by the coup generals and the misunderstanding of only with democratic freedoms freedom of the press freedom of choice not manipulation Madero thinks he can introduce Mexican social into the 20th century leaving behind the business and the Porfirista dictatorship then the history of the conflict is truly rich in anecdotes wherever you go through it there is material for a great movie surprising stories how the rebels take the palace if you take the palace with great ease coming from the San Fernando school of aspirants and Suddenly a loyal general with a squad of soldiers through the back door of the kits in such a way that the coup fails, the rebels launch to dominate the prisons to remove Félix Díaz, the brother of Porfirio Díaz known as el chato because he had no a hair of chato but not a fool nor one of the most stupid officers of the Porfirian army this one and they take the prisons and advance towards the shock in the zócalo they find that the resistance of a part of the applicants the loyal soldiers who entered jumping the fence at the back and a naval officer who arrives and volunteers and handles a machine gun, they don't make any ointment being 3 minutes and perhaps instead of taking the palace and carrying out the coup, he retreats and hides in the citadel. a comfortable of absurdities meanwhile in wood leaves the palace and is supported by none other than the cadets of the military school whose officers were in favor of the coup but the students did not let them advance the famous march of dignity that descends from Chapultepec to Arriving in San Juan de Letrán, the Andes shot of a building, there is a Victorian orchard who was temporarily retired from the army due to vision problems.

He had lost his sight. He had undergone surgery and when they see the panorama, he gives command to the door of the counter insurgency. against Gustavo's warning, his brother who tells him he is not trustworthy as he has no generals because they switched sides, he sends to bring Ángeles from Morelos, in fact, Ángeles is going to look for him, he is the only trustworthy general at the end of the tragic scene. All the Mexican generals agree with Victoriano Huerta except one who is Felipe Ángeles. Yes, this accumulation of contradictions, madness, blunders, mistakes of innocence is going to produce a tragedy with immediate consequences immediately after the great rupture that is the North against Contra Huerta, the Zapatista South. against the door and the second phase of the Mexican revolution where you want us to go.

The anecdote is a remarkable wealth before Madero died and before Gustavo died the gringo embassy are toasting, summoned by the North American ambassador, the coup generals on one side and huerta who I know that they have to be fighting us in theory and with boxes of champagne taken from the basements of the gringo embassy they toast the death of Maderismo, not even the gringos can stand them. The ambassador will be defenestrated in the coming months after the coup, it is a surprising story that continue in the detail and in the anecdote and tremendously Mexican and full of elections of elections elections in the simplest sense of the word not of identical parallelisms that occur but of elections in the sense of learning the movements of the forces of history the behaviors of the classes the concept of relative defeat of the network absolute defeat and well I think that the great lesson I have breakfast where motherfuckers in this country with care eye eye with them I know that it is the great lesson of the scene after the terrible choice of decision back step good start with the last sentence what to say what paco says today like yesterday there are more of us who want in our country in the rights in a government of the people and for the people than the scoundrels like those who murder a mother Nothing more than that then they did not act in time and allowed the barracks and the assassination of the president of the vice president.

I think that this is important because the ingenious policy or the idea of ​​not understanding the historical moments and what the strategies should be to respond to them can cost dear to a country, that is important for the times we live in since we take into account that the moment of the tragic scene is a moment that reflects that the Porfirist elites, the oligarchy, both the landowners in the countryside and the industrial ones in the city, were associated with to transnational interests and was subordinated to an exclusive model that had benefited from 30 years of the Porfiriato and that the revolution was threatening their interests.

That is the first objective element. The elites were against change. They were against the revolution and democracy. something also that we cannot forget, the second element that must be considered is that the army, the army of that time, was an elitist army, in the army that came from the oligarchy and that was also the same army of the Porfiriato, he spoke of blanket, he spoke of Victorian Huerta himself. who were Blanco and Victoriano Huerta, because they were the murderers of the town, those who had gone to massacre the Yaquis, those who had come to fight the Mayans, those who had murdered the strikers from Cananea and Ríoblanco, they were the same military groups that had trained At the time of Porfirio Díaz's repression against the demands of the people, those were the ones who revolted in the cuartelazo, which is the name given then to this military uprising against the army against the legal government that was democratically constituted, a cuartelazo, a coup. of state that actually has a very great anecdotal richness and many lessons that it has yielded and that sometimes have not been sufficiently taken and reflected on, another element that, by the way, the book by Rafael Balance that he just presented has done, let's say, explains, informs, documents in an exhaustive manner.

It is the role of the press of the strongest press that at that time was against the Madero government since before many of those who wrote that newspaper especially in the impartial which was the most important newspaper of the time because they were intellectual pens writers and journalists because supported by the old Porfirista regime and who always ridiculed the wood and intellectuals well and the other part the other element is that the intellectuality the majority of the intellectuals ofAt the time, they were not with wood so as not to say that he was in the counterrevolution, they were not with wood, although some were openly in favor of the Porfiriato in Porfiriato and then some were openly in favor of Victoriano Huerta and an element that it seems to me is never talked about but What seems essential to me is the society of Mexico City, the organized contingents, the social movements, where they were at that time, what happened to the students, where the students study, when Ricardo Flores Magón was first arrested at the time at the end of the 19th century.

Well, right at the beginning, very useful movements against the league are not against the dictatorship but they denounced the repression of the dictatorship in the lack of freedom of expression and the re open person to the opposition and that led him to jail the first time Being very young, in the end the students supported and according to some testimonies of the time, some openly supported the coup then and I think there is a part that, well, there are two elements that I like to highlight: 1. the oligarchy, the economic elites, the rich merchants, the industrialists, the classes. well-to-do, they celebrated, they managed the overthrow openly, they celebrated, they opened the champagne and they said it, they had a party, an open party and a party that became known to everyone, they celebrated the assassination of the legally constituted president, who had also signed his resignation, that is, so that this expression is cruel, not only allocating the triumph of interests but the way in which this city was destroyed, how society was murdered, the people, the population, the dozens or hundreds of horses, that this is plenty of bread, could be found in all the streets and that is why Taibo's book magnesium time those piles because the majority are here populated by masters or pilots who populated the sky and not the stars because it was full of corpses and many were animals also abandoned in the streets so these elements that lead us to think that the ten tragic because it continues to provide lessons for the country and that the element and to talk about wood in the central event in relation to the government was its confrontation with the interests and pressures, put aside popular demands, separate itself, distance itself from the population that was a key element when Madero distances himself from the Zapatista cause when he distances himself from the cause of the incipient labor movement that began what had been part of the resistance against the Porfiriato the Porfirista dictatorship because that is where it weakens its bases it no longer has a base.

There is more social sector that supports him if the oligarchy is against him, the industrialists and large companies that see themselves benefiting from the Porfiriato of the standard oil company, the railroad and terrace industry, the Porfirio governor who represented the rightist interests in the north. He was associated with a character that we can later meet in other issues such as Citizen Kane William Randolph Hearst was his main partner in the destruction of wood, curiously, the one who created the red note, yellow journalism, I say that's why the queens that circulate in fashion today through social networks and that conventional media sometimes try to install them as truth, not just truth but true truth on their pages or on their airwaves or on their television screens.

It is interesting how cyclical history has reflections to reflect and I think that but the central element of this of this of this tragedy is the separation of a government that was born from a revolution, the first revolution for democracy in this country that also triumphs at the polls, that is, they triumph on the battlefield, defeating the oligarchy. triumphs at the polls, installs a government and that government does not understand the mandate of that triumph and by not understanding the mandate of that triumph, it is trapped by the interests of the oligarchy, which they claim with good manners to be conciliatory and attempt a a kind of Solomonic solution to seek to avoid affecting interests and at the same time to be able to survive but in the end these interests are imposed there is an element there that was not documented when it was done with sanction when the president today present before the manu lópez Obra I was writing the book on oil and there in that investigation that was done it was found that the way I was analyzing everything was studying creating a tax on foreign oil companies to finance the government that had not looted money but had left it without resources and had to obtain resources and then I was thinking of a very low tax but a tax at the end of the day, the oil exploitation in this country did not pay taxes just as the mining companies did not pay taxes either and so there is an element there because well in debate also in that meeting with henry lane wilson, apart from proposing to those private businesses and raising some issues on the US agenda, he indirectly demands that because everything was under study, he should not dare to charge the large companies that had developed this country that had modernized Mexico, we want to charge some type of quota taxes or whatever then this element is also important because the embassy pact learns Henry Lane Wilson in the coup d'état it is fundamental he was the one who encourages the coup plotters creates the international conditions by seeking to do these, let's say, by convincing the great powers of the benefits, let's say, of the lack of governance and governability of more wood and that the rebels were finally going to claim European interests as American ones and all the maneuvers that held the harassment meetings that were organized because in the end it served the coup plotters to legitimize their coup, this kind of tragic military pantomime because it caused many deaths because it was a military pantomime and that is described very well by General Felipe Ángeles as there was a military defense around this citadel building and like the attack because they had military elements they had artillery they had cavalry there was enough military force to defeat the rebels who did not have social support it must also be said Nobody took to the streets to support them but they left the defense of the democratic government to the enemies of democracy to Victoriano Huerta and Blanket and then the description that General Angeles makes is that he does not understand why the disposition of the forces is of a way that is not lo

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l for a soldier there is never an assault disposition the assault of this place was never organized they were always carried out on the periphery attacks bombings encounters skirmishes but it is human face and they had no military logic also the way in which Asia until these military rights to supposedly attack the Victorian Huerta uprisings were totally disastrous for the Maderista forces because they annihilated the defense of the government, destroyed and weakened the military force that was available at that time because the front was to hand them over to the open field or Even protected then there the document in that way as from that moment if someone had explained to the president that what his defender was doing was handing it over because he was weakening by wearing down his forces and not truly attacking the military who have risen up Well, he would have understood that he was working against him even before this moment of the uprising to understand Madero in his political psychology, the Madridist renewal bloc of the congress sends him a letter and tells him, listen, something must be done because a military coup, that is, here things are moving and just when they are already up and they are in this process of military confrontation of absurd massacre of murder of people with cannons and with bullets and with this cavalry so of people who do not have to see because they do not even involve the military or political conflict, they were citizens, inhabitants of the city, this is something that is also interesting, the defense of the government, the government itself only left it in the hands of the army, it never called what the two Madero deputies like Gustavo Madero himself, his brother told him, call the revolution, let's go back to the revolution because if we don't do it, what comes is the response and we are going to end up in death.

They told him a month before and I am going to tell him in full in full military uprising if we do not call the revolution to defend the revolution the counterrevolutionary forces are going to crush us so that is what happened so it is an interesting moment not to talk about the tragic scene because it is about remembering that the first social revolution of the 20th century in the world it had very special characteristics, first of all, it was a revolution for democracy and for social rights, agrarian demands, workers' demands, but its main initial leader was a person who did not represent those popular classes and who did not represent tradition either. revolutionary of the revolutionary transition of all the revolutions of the 20th century were led by intellectuals, lips and heads, student leaders, social leaders who became radicalized or adopted radical and radical ideas are the processes and here was a landowner with very democratic ideas and with a lot of conviction democratic anti-dictatorial principles but that he did not understand the social causes that gave him strength and that in the end, Ricardo Flores Magón, Emiliano Zapata himself, that we had a relationship with Madero but not taking up his demands, breaks with the last attempt at rapprochement that there is when Luís Cabrera makes a proposal for a reform law to make it possible for the rights of agrarian and peasant communities to become a law.

He tries to carry out an agrarian reform through congress, claiming the Zapatista flags, but the majority of congress denies him denies the vote and is the last the last possibility of reconciling the interests of the classes that took up arms, the most popular and the Madero government, and there I also know that his fate was handed over to an army that betrayed him and that was on his side. from the oligarchy to an oligarchy that was not thinking about democracy or the rights of the people. Let's remember that in Mexico with 15 or 16 million inhabitants, 13 million, remember, I ask you to make the effort to investigate it. 13,000,000 bibiana around the economy of the haciendas and the majority of them as slaves or semi-slaves, then it was a feudal regime.

What these gentlemen defended against that regime was that the revolution was made and against here and there and, let's say, a social and political imaginary was built that still resonates in our days that is why it is so important to remember today this this this tragic scene this barrage to remember that we must not stay with our arms crossed that when we have to defend the rights we have won, including democracy, a popular government must be defended together, we must Society has to defend its causes and they have to defend their government and their rights, sorry because my voice was lost because suddenly the image came to me of what John Kenneth Turner was saying about what happened in this here in this place that was the moment at which they bring the corpse of Gustavo Madero who was shot outside and they handed it over to the mob to the hired killers who were a bunch of lumpenes with knives and it complicates if everyone gave them the body and the body was defiled they took the eye that he had made of glass because that's why they said the stopped eye was one-eyed and it was a moment of that town or that fascist cruelty that we cannot forget and that is why it is so important that in the face of fascist demonstrations we are not tolerant we have to be very clear and precise because allowing sadism to openly allow cruelty is to legalize coups d'état is to legalize the destruction of the rights of others is to legalize what they fought against in 1910 but also against what has been raised against the social and democratic movements of this country that is why my voice broke but I believe that for the better to recover the will that we Mexicans have to achieve a profound transformation and that is why the echoes of history are important to remember where we come from and to know where we are going thank you very much well as you will see one of the fundamental issues of this process has to do among other things with the wood errors in this process I raise a lot of questions that are important and the truth is that one of the things that I don't know, it's just that they haven't been resolved yet that the stories don't agree on, it's about the multiple mistakes that Madero makes, for example, because Madero allowed himself to be dominated like that by the old regime, because he defended himself so poorly in front of the press, because He dispersed his loyal troops because disarming the Zapatistas because more information to his supporters because he preferred scientists over Vázquez Gómez suddenly in the cabinet are questions that are crucial to the truth is that we have to review all of this very carefully because there is nothing We have to review everyone's actions if we review the blockades at that time everyone behaves badly everyone makes incredible mistakes the anarchists themselves who promote the revolution commit a series of stupidities that you cannot believe the people who were close to Madero also make mistakes time and time again Once again, the most brilliant men of the moment and even on the right make mistakes.

The Porfiristas themselves make mistakes again and again and commit more incredible errors. In fact, even the gentlemen who understood the processes the most, the gentlemen of the old regime make mistakes, since one of them The politicians who most clearly lead the way in this entire process are lions.dela barra because he is also wrong because everyone is wrong and not for a very simple reason because that was a first revolution, that is to say, that was the first time that many things happened not only in Mexico but in the world, one must understand, among other things. that the Mexican revolution was the first great revolution of the great cycle of social revolutions that began in the middle of the 19th century, it was the first, as they wanted us not to make mistakes, of course we made mistakes, we made mistakes of all kinds and brutal mistakes, but also despite From this I believe that we do have to understand what mistakes Madero makes and where they come from and I believe that the mistakes of Madero Ansia have tried to be explained by a lot of historians and some provide some things, some data that is conclusive and others that are not.

But all hypotheses have their joke, many say they explain the erratic nature of Wood's performance based on his naivety, his irrepressible optimism, his exacerbated idealism. There are even those who say that the one from Coahuila was rather a deluded person and there are those who say that he was a A fool, however, a Madero was not a point. Madero was a brilliant man, an intelligent man. Proof of them are his writings, his speeches, and his ability to organize a rebel movement from nothing. However, I believe that Madero did have defects, among other things. The defect shared by good men who always speak the truth is that they are gullible and that takes me back to the tree of lies and truth that Count Lucanor spoke of, the one who narrates that the truth, the lie, comes with the truth and deceives it and What the canon says is fantastic, he says when he hears the truth, all these reasons, as he is quite gullible, very trusting and has no malice whatsoever, he allowed himself to be convinced by his companion of the lie, believing what Madero told him to be true, just as the truth about Count Lucanor was Confident gullible man had no malice and allowed himself to be convinced by a series of lies told to him by his adversaries and his supporters and about all the supporters of the old regime.

This, of course, turned him into a very ineffective and very insolvent politician, yes, but I am convinced. that the bulk of Wood's errors are explained by the fact that he was a man who was marked by very deep contradictions, he was both an aristocrat and a revolutionary. It is clear that there are those who manage to resolve this contradiction, for example, Fidel Castro is a man who came to the upper classes and was a good knew how to be a revolutionary did not win the aristocratic part for Madero Madero did not resolve all these contradictions and this contradiction is pointed out by many of the revolutionaries of the time by the Vásquez Gómez.

Flores Magón points them out, however, I believe that what needs to be said is that Madero has a program full of contradictions because on the one hand, if his work program was very much dictated by the interests of the family, he had a lot to do. do with the logic of the old Porfirian tax aristocracy and yet Madero had a very important vein of social justice a little while ago we were talking about Madero as a spiritualist looking and this has to do with the very character of the Mexican revolution, there are those who say that the revolution Mexican was a bourgeois-democratic revolution that was an agrarian Ugly revolt that later became something else etc.

But no, I do believe that if we review the Mexican revolution well we will see that the Mexican revolution had a very important socialist beta in all its actors. It was not, we must remember, among other things, that at the beginning of the 20th century the left was not mostly Marxist, the left had many streaks here in Mexico, the communist party had almost no marchers, they were either anarchists or utopian socialists, above all, they were futurists and those are the ones who they made the revolution of course this is the wooden performance contrasts seriously when you review what Lenin does a few years later in the Soviet Union who perfectly understands a thing and takes all actions to be able to resolve the conflicts in which he to be able to resolve the civil war, well, the Mexican socialists were above all idealists, they were people who sought, no, they were not linked to historical materialism, they were people who sought a better society and sought it in different ways, for example, where does Zapatismo come from, what was it, what is the most advance of Mexican socialism will be the Flores Magón, they were the anarchists and they had a project and they had a whole series of ideas and when the project fails here Flores Magón goes to the United States to make the revolution there and he is an advanced man and he has modern ideas and you You review his writings and you realize that a very intelligent man who was zapata zapata, at the end of the day, the disciple as if from the third generation of futurism, if you review where the figure of the chosen one comes from, he has a project that was once proposed by the school of the light the lightning school there in chalco that inaugurates the platinum roda cana to you and that arrives that an idealist agrarian project was proposed where the peasants live in community with the land in an ideal world well that is what gives rise to the figure of chosen for example without place those of this town and this is documented very well by Felipe Ávila and Pedro Salmerón who are putting together a project there is payment also very well in the book he had to put together a fantastic revolutionary project a social project with a very rich social content and It is said that Madero did not have any of that because it is not true if he did.

Madero was a follower of Alan Kardec and Alan Kardec was a follower of Furia. Madero was a nest, he was a futurist, he is totally utopian in name and at the end of the day, a man who He had an egalitarian vocation and he actually wrote a spiritist manual that is hilarious, he signed it with a pseudonym with the pseudonym of bimá, where he talks about the proletariat and the advent of a better world, but he doesn't even talk to you about routes. strategy does not tell you about it is a totally voluntaristic thing, what it proposes is that if we compare the theorists who made the Mexican revolution with the theorists who made the Russian revolution we will see that the difference is enormous in Mexico we did not have a place and we did not have a rosa luxembourg we did not have a trotsky we did not have a lenin there was an enormous backwardness from the theoretical point of view in our country and also faced with the fact that it was really the first social revolution of the 20th century this of course poses serious problems and largely explains measure the errors of francisco and madero there is finally there is one thing that must be pointed out that is fundamental to madero and I want to raise this because simply to say that the theory is important when madero signs the Ciudad Juárez deals porfirio Díaz what he does is Porfirio Díaz has the total, he understands very well what he is doing in the treaties, Juárez said, what they establish is that there will be a dual government, there will be a government that is both made up of members of the old regime and of revolutionaries.

That is what the treaty of Ciudad Juárez proposes and in fact the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez enters attention Juárez Porfirio Díaz says only leave me two positions but they are two crucial positions in the president and that of the chief of the army and let Madero negotiate with de la barra the rest of the cabinet, what happens at that moment is that Madero is that the country, sorry, enters a period of duality of powers. Porfirio Díaz understands me perfectly, León de la Barra understands it by heart and the one who does not understand it is Francisco and Madero, and finally, in addition With the deals like this, this establishes how the fight for that will take place in that period of validity of powers and establishes it as a war of positions and what the lion of the bar does from that moment on, the fight began for a position in the cabinet and they beat him for a piece of wood with incredible things, for example they put two of his relatives in the cabinet but they were not revolutionaries, they were Porfiristas Gustavo, they were the one from the treasury and the one from fifteen where they were from the old regime but they will be uncles of wood and wood he lets them pass and thus he gains all the strength of wood lies in the fact that he has an army that supports him and that he has enormous popularity and what these gentlemen begin to do is that they demand from him from The first day he disarms his army and he enters and they convince him and Madero immediately asks his army to disarm, leaving him completely helpless, so look, it's very funny because León de la Barra understands perfectly what he's doing and Madero He has no idea and they beat him every and every point and when he comes to take office and also be careful they put him in a presidential campaign period in which he is subjected to a brutal media bombardment and there he gets rid of his popularity. through the press what is the difference between Madero's actions and Lenin's a few years later Lenin immediately realizes that they put him in Lenin has read Marx he realizes that they put him in a logic of duality of powers and they take the famous April theses in which he realizes that we are in a period of reality of powers or we win or they are not eliminated or we eliminate them and they read and he dedicates himself to eliminating the old regime, this does not do it, Madero, Madero allows himself to be eliminated What is the lesson of all this?

Are the key lessons of all this? Good is that theory and debate are imported. Wood is allowed to portray the narrative. They read and grab it with their hands. They read it and do not usually let it go. It is The theoretical debate is important, the narrative is important, the discussion is important, it is important to make a good analysis of what is happening, for example, the Mexican anarchist left at that time, Madero made mistakes, the left committed more, the anarchists did some really stupid things, among others, you understand me. They are the ones that are more allies of Madero than of the old regime and you suddenly find an experienced journalist like Santiago RD La Vega who came from the anarchist groups who was not a really hard-working guy who was a tough guy who was a A proven revolutionary, it turns out that he ends up collaborating in the magazines of the old regime and ends up being the director of multicolor and he pays dearly for this for the rest of his life.

Well, if we all have to learn from this lesson, the government has to learn, the left has to learn. Radical groups also have to learn as well and I believe that this is a contribution from yesterday to today's debate and with this I agree thank you very much well we have a question and answer session we still have some time so if you want to participate you can ask and direct your questions to our panel please thank you and well two questions I am one of those who believes that in 1910 to 17 there was no revolution I believe that it was a social movement perhaps of progression towards social rights and it seems to me that Madero's mistake If they achieve it this way from the perspective of political science, what Madero intended was a circulation of elites within an oligarchy, the new elite, which was already the university students who had studied, who want what this was, we leave, the technocrats are the liberals who They have been crossing into public positions of power.

I think that was the mistake of a cop because when one reads the San Luis plan and contrasts it with the Ayala plan, then obviously one realizes that it is totally far from of what was a social struggle and effectively the liberal party of the Flores Magón is the one that dictates the agenda and when one reads the constitution of 17 and the debates of the constituent that I do not agree with either because there were many debates by intellectuals if there were serve as theorists then one realizes that all the demands of the liberal party of 1908 are what we now call individual guarantees or third generation rights and yet if you check what they are doing we do not see them on the left, for example, read the program of work when the Zapatistas governed Morelos to find that they had support for single mothers who had soup kitchens that had support for the elderly and then one is surprised that perhaps the current government could make that same mistake, they are embedding themselves in what was a social movement of morena in a partyocracy and be careful because the same thing that happened to Madero could happen to him because he is moving away from the bases then the moment that is closing his access to the society that supported him arrive I am seeing a civilian but what of an order to do because of the role that the media is playing at this moment, thank you for the fact that the entity protects you.

Hello, good afternoon, my name is Ubaldo Saledo. I have been more than a question, it is a point of view, I thought what in this Madero, I remembered somewhere and I heard him say precisely that day, listen, sir, don't trust these perfumers, they are going to kill you, and the gentleman definitely trusted himself, but if we analyze ourselves a little more, it was a great acquaintance, as they say, to end with a such a powerful regime, a true colossus, but within its great strategy, it was very trusted, they warned it and they told it and yet, but why, because for me and I think we will all agree, it was ahead of its time, it was many years ahead of its time. time wanted to do in a barbaric Mexico of those times do something positive reach agreements agreements that are very clean without creating revolutions rather putting an end to them I think that that is the most important thing and on the other hand that leaves us in these times what if we see evil and we all remain silent because that goes on and on and on our dates we talk about how they destroy with comments in the mass media to end good purposes and it goes on and on and on it is important to always talk toThe truth is that I think that demanding it is a right and it is important, women, men and children, to always talk about what is happening because otherwise we will always be like this talking about history and history and history repeats itself and repeats itself, it comes back, it is also important We, as Mexicans, are no longer here for that.

We also know that there are damaged women, men, children, and to date, sometimes we end them, but other cases occur again, so I invite you and I thank you for the exponents of this historical analysis. and to invite us so that if we do not forget the events and the tragic dozens, let us not forget that every day we have to do something for our country, our environment, our family, femicides, murders, robberies, corruption, and enough of that we want us all to live a decent Mexico, let's talk about doing companies work not that our Mexicans go to the United States wanting to jump a giant fence that they no longer want us there let's understand that I invite you ladies gentlemen to the acquaintances and all those put an end to that thank you very much and sorry for therefore thank you very much good afternoon to the speakers, good afternoon to the audience, this good, first of all, before asking the question, my recognition to these two gentlemen of the culture of Mexico, they are for your Ignacio.

It turns out that it is said in my family that I am a relative of General Orejón, his book and the snoop, an excellent educator. Perhaps the heir, I am going to dare to say it about Master Rius, this is an honor, even if it is by this common method, and with you, I believe that you are the communication secretary of the presidency, a pleasure, Mr. Secretary, I get a little nervous, I am before two titans of The culture of Mexico, although it sounds like flattery, we are privileged because they are giving us this conference and very quickly, because the question, taking advantage of the broad culture of forgiveness, I remember more of his nickname, our treasury is not this and the book he took out of the bread is also worth it.

I also differ but that you are motivated by information and in a playful way I recognize it and I thank you. Could you expand a little more on this Führer-ism who was the Führer furor or however it is pronounced and what it is about please and thank you very much I no no well I'll tell you quickly Charles Fourier air if you review history if you review socialism ready you will see that socialism goes through several phases itself that is to say Engels Jan 30 a text that talks about the evolution of socialism and talks about how we go from utopian socialism to scientific socialism Charles Fourier was a Frenchman who was one of the pioneers of utopian socialism and he proposed a more just, egalitarian society where people could live in communes where even in France futuristic buildings were made and the whole thing and factories were organized in futurist logic etcetera etcetera etcetera so basically what I was proposing is that the benefits of communal life the return of a kind of primitive socialism between succession futurism and here in Mexico it hit a lot Marxism arrived very late to our country and it must be said that there are also many currents of thought that arrived late to our nation.

This is curious because I do believe that they would have enriched us. Ricky, it would have been a lot to have that debate today that we have the Internet, it is inconceivable to us that The ideas take years to arrive but sorry when I was at the university I had to say suddenly you knew that a book by Mandel had been published in France and you expected that in two years it would be published in Mexico not today everything runs very fast but at At the beginning of the 20th century, Lotina Tis was running even slower, the first to talk about Mars and the first to spread Max's texts, but Plotino Roda Kanat and in reality he was a jurist.

If he spreads Marx in a very collateral way, what he promotes are those ideas. so that's all, I think so, thank you very much to our panelists and thanks to you for having accompanied this conversation the tragic ten thanks to paco ignacio taibo 2 to rafael barajas el fisgón and to jesús ramírez Cuevas many thanks to you we invite you to tomorrow continue with these days of memory