Die Kelten: Europas vergessene Macht | Ganze Folge Terra X

In the first millennium BC, a unique culture can be found throughout Europe: we call it Celtic. The term Celtic refers to a variety of phenomena that extend over a huge area. The Celtic settlement area extends from Ireland, through Spain, to Türkiye. Tribes are often enemies of each other threat danger fight they unite more and more finds come to light testify to great personalities and innovative craftsmen the number of new clients is spectacular, so our knowledge has not only continually grown a little over the years in recent decades but in reality it has multiplied from the darkness.

In history there are peoples who are on the threshold of an advanced culture, the warriors who learned to fear dogs were anything but barbarians. Their legacies tell the true story of the search for Celtic traces. On one of the borders between northern and southern Europe, unique documents are preserved that also bear witness to the migrations of the Celts, long before they encountered other peoples in the military conflicts of southern Europe, the 70 kilometer long war cannon. It extends northeast of Lombardy, at the end of an ancient trade route through the Alps. Archaeologist Alberto Marietta has been investigating the area for more than ten years.

This place, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979, houses a unique treasure in the rocks at Walka Monika, we have an incredible variety of drawings, we find people, especially warriors, a wide variety of animals, artifacts, constructions, devices, weapons, symbols and much more. It is the world of Imagination of the people who live here. They have lived in this valley for thousands of years. So far more than 200,000 rock carvings have been discovered in the valley. They tell the lives of the residents. Since people crossed the Alps, the road through this valley was used. Thus the inhabitants came into contact with foreign peoples.

Scientists assume that the Celts also left their mark here, harmony arose, which gave its name to the valley. The encounter with them may also have been immortalized in the rock. For a long time, the Alps formed a natural barrier between the peoples of northern Europe and the Italian peninsula. Contact only occurred through trade. This is changing. In the 5th century BC, the Celts crossed the Alps in large groups. I don't know in detail why the Celts began to migrate, simply because there are no written sources. You can probably imagine that repeated famines and crop failures caused people to do this to look for new residences.

A Roman historian reports that the good life in the south attracted the Celts, it is almost impossible to say whether this was true, but what is certain is that around 390 BC. A great Celtic Amena marched south, whose leader was a man called Trainers, or at least that is how the Roman historian describes him. Titus Livy, more than 300 years later; Apart from the fact that, of course, one must be very careful with the life data about the early Roman period, the truth is that Livy is for us the central source of this period in the year 387 BC.

These Celts besieged The Etruscans bathe you in today's Kyu you in Tuscany, it cannot be said that a conflict that would influence world history began here. Fearing the strange warriors, residents turn to the emerging power in the region of Rome for help. The title does not at all represent the world empire that Rome should become 1 and is not a cosmopolitan city as it is today. early 4th century BC Rome is just a small but very ambitious city-state. The Senate is not taking the unrest in the north very seriously, as you can see. The barbarians pose no serious danger, but a delegation is sent north.

Titus Livy speaks of three brothers on a diplomatic mission. They must contact the barbarians. and evaluate the situation. After the merger, one of the first known encounters between Celts and Romans occurs. Rennes receives the entire group. The atmosphere is tense, what should be a peaceful diplomatic mission turns into a catastrophe, the conversations Things go differently than expected, the Celts do not think about retreating and then the incredible happens: now the Romans are making the mistake of murdering a Celt on a delicate diplomatic mission, which is, of course, even by Roman understanding, a serious Offense Brennan skillfully restrained his warriors.

Livy reported that the Celtic barbarians behaved more like statesmen than the supposedly civilized Romans. People in Rome at that time felt safe. They still had no idea what a disservice they were doing. The city has proven its worth. Because the Celts seek revenge, their new objective is the eternal city, alarmed by reports of the Celts' approach, the senators send an army to where fertile fields now stretch. On July 18, 387 BC, the first major military conflict between the Celts took place and the Romans hurriedly gathered the Romans have to face the enemy much faster than expected as soon as we know this place here on the road to About 18 kilometers north of Rome is the site of the Battle of the Alliance this is where the newly arrived Rome encountered its greatest opponents the Chains a people they would never completely defeat even in times of their greatest power Roman historians do not They record the number of Celtic warriors because much more than simple numbers, the Romans were amazed by martial arts.

The skills and weapons of their opponents, as was the case with Celtic weapons, the finds a few hundred kilometers away show how heavy this field in the Champagne region should have long been an industrial area, but when archaeologists examined the Earth, they realized. through a large number of human remains, tombs with ancient artifacts of notable quality, the burials of rich Celtic warriors and their women These Celts belonged to the elite of their time They lived around 300 BC The brooches are decorated with coral These people They could buy products Archaeologists were especially impressed by two swords found in the tombs of warriors, which were probably used in battle because they are technically very sophisticated.

It is quite unlikely that these objects were intended solely for burial. The swords are relatively short, pointed and sharp with two edges, probably weapons of a foot soldier, a deadly weapon, a tool in the hands of a trained warrior and an eloquent testimony to Celtic blacksmithing. The production shows the experimental production of a sword from a mineral obtained with the help of a so-called racing furnace, like the Celts. In the next step, we will fold the ingots into columns and weld them again. Auschwitz beams Fold them and weld them again until we have a good, strong material that is completely suitable for melting in the racing furnace.

Carbon and slag remain in the iron through repeated forging. With each folding and burning, the iron becomes stronger and wetter. The blade can be hard and flexible at the same time because if the material is too hard it is still heavy, although it remains sharp for a long time and does not bend, but it can also break easily. If it is too soft, the blade bends and quickly becomes dull. Iron production in northern Europe is closely related to the Celts. It was their iron swords that gave them a reputation as feared warriors and ensured the Celts their supremacy in Europe for centuries in the alliance;

Their weapons are very useful. The Roman army is sure that we are not yet facing a professional army or a standing army, but that we have to start from an army made up mainly of small farmers who had just returned to their fields once the war was over in order to prevent them from The numerically superior Celts surrounded them, the Romans formed a long front line, one of many strategic errors. On this hill, the robbers posted their cavalry to counterattack, but the prince did not let his men fly blindly towards the phalanx. , what could have been done an organized and undisciplined pack leads his men in the attack on the hill and destroys the enemy troops and yes, now they take revenge for the fact that the Romans have placed all the inexperienced soldiers on the right wing .

It is easy for the Celts to invade them due to the strength with which the so-called barbarians are in. Overthrowing the fighting sent the Romans into panic. Titus Livy writes that fear and flight dominated the thoughts of the Romans and many preferred to flee rather than face the fight. The coach wins an unexpectedly quick victory. Ramos had led a network of tribes in northern Italy. It's already difficult nowadays. Maintaining sufficient alliances requires good communication. At that time there were certainly linguistic difficulties among the many tribes and areas of the cold and to remain united very good organizational skills were needed.

Skills that the Celts used not only in times of war. The best proof of this can be found in the Austrian Alps. The center of Europe, in the Salzkammergut region, is the small town of Hall. Instead, its origins date back thousands of years. Hans Resch is further along the way to his workplace, at more than 800 meters above sea level. The archaeologist follows in the footsteps of those who extracted salt here more than 7,000 years ago for kilometers. The first miners excavated traces of salt in Tandberg. Well-supported and generously sized supply shafts connect the different mining chambers and horizons.

In the ancient Iron Age we have gigantic dimensions, we have mining halls up to 200 meters long, 20 meters high, sometimes 15-20 meters wide, so the royal halls of the eight cities looked like houses, there were space for each meter of tunnels. It took the men about a month. His work tools were simple but effective. Technology in the Iron Age was quite simple. Sometimes you work with two devices: one person holds the pick, and the second hits. With the wing on the back and with this technology these heart-shaped slots are produced and then the whole Salzburg shoots out.

These heart-shaped salt plates are probably a kind of red mark for Hallstatt. We assume that this heart-shaped salt is actually found in the markets around the post office. You could find old specimens and everyone knew at first glance, OK, heart-shaped salt, that must be the city. Mine not only allows us to draw conclusions about the way of working at the time, but also about people's diet because salt preserves organic matter by eliminating water, the only thing we see here is Perfectly preserved by consuming salt, for example, its human. experiment that was left here more than 2500 years ago.

We see shells of millet grains living here and the first tips of the experiments are so well preserved that they still start to smell when they get wet, their heyday The mine lived between 800 and 400 BC. under the Celts. The people who worked here were not at all poor, as evidenced by their graves, which are located halfway between them and the mine and were partly excavated in the 19th century. The remains tell their own story. From the work in the salt mine we can see that men have been seduced into different activities just like women. The skeletons evaluated so far clearly show that women have carried a great weight on one shoulder throughout the entire life. his life while men tend to work with the shoulder girdle and this one performs a striking activity and something else.

It is noted that while the first tombs are richly decorated with bronze objects, in the later ones there are objects made of a new material: iron, the ancient city marks the beginning of the Iron Age. At first, iron is simply modern. At the beginning of the Iron Age, iron had no technological advantage: its uninterrupted use in the cemetery allows researchers to understand the historical evolution from jewelry metal to iron as the material that defines everything. The dead are so characteristic and significant that it was decided to name an entire era of European development here. The Hallstatt period not only marks the transition of industry to the Iron Age in Europe, but also a turning point in the history of trade: Rivers were the ancient highway over water and along their hulls goods arrived. to distant places and the material could travel to completely new areas.

The long-distance Celtic road network on our roads is still often followed today. An intense exchange of goods across the English Channel is well documented. At Celtic trading posts along the Atlantic coast, copper from the British Isles was exchanged for goods from all corners of the continent in Central Europe. A new upper class emerges, the so-called princely. Seats arise under whose protection craftsmen and merchants settle, for example at Ipf Bopfingen in the Swabian Alb, easy to defend and located in strategically important places, princely seats dominate and control trade in the long run.distance show how important these early Celtic centers were.

Located on the Danube, 150 kilometers further southwest of Heuneburg, although researchers found traces of earlier settlements here, the princely see experienced its heyday during the Hallstatt period, from its decline to the 5th century BC C., when someone came from another region of the Celtic world where such facilities were located. It didn't exist. I would surely have been very impressed, perhaps in the same way as someone who sees the skyscrapers of a bank in Frankfurt for the first time or even comes to Manhattan in the United States and then sees the skyscrapers there. It was a powerful architecture that the inhabitants of their villages here lived in a very simple way and that they also aimed to impress here.

The wall of the prince's seat is unique north of the Alps and is built according to the Medi

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nean model. This demonstrates the good contacts of the Celts with the Medi

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nean region. In peacetime, Heuneburg also offered protection as a shopping center for more than 5,000 potential attackers. We must not imagine the Celtic world as a great people or a unit, but here there were different tribes, there were different territorial units, Heuneburg was the center of one of these associations and the relationship between these associations does not have to have been warlike, it has always been critical, but war, conflict, competition were part of it. of daily life in the Celtic world at that time.

Part of the wealth of the people of Heuneburg can now be found in the magazine of the Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart about the advisors. These riches were probably also the desires of outsiders in the time of the Celtic tribes. Amber brought from the Baltic Sea, corals from the Mediterranean and ceramics from Greece show Heuneburg as an international commercial center. Other finds attest to supraregional sourcing and adoption of foreign ideas. The first ceramics in Central Europe were produced on its creator disc a new technique in Heuneburg at a then very personal critical moment two objects from Heuneburg a fragment of a mirror a small hand mirror for and therefore a personal hygiene object here the roosters and it looked like before and these are animal bones found in the Heuneburg pigs and recent analyzes have been done on these pigs, which means that it can be determined where these animals were not raised in the US and what Exciting is that these pigs are not talking about today's pigs. but they come from the south of the Black Forest, which means that it is quite a path in which the pigs obviously want to be led to the unit, but rather to be slaughtered there.

The culture and influence of this self-confident Celtic elite spread. Beginning in 800 BC, the trade routes of Central Europe advanced further and further, but what began peacefully ended in 387 BC. with the Celtic confrontation and the Roman army in Alh. A year after the victory over the Romans, Brenner leads his army further south without encountering any obstacles. Great resistance. The Celtic warriors arrive in Rome, almost 10 miles away, and there immediately demonstrate their reputation as barbarians, at least according to Livy, who reports the howls and discordant sounds outside the city walls that shook the Romans until the marrow. "The Celts used absolutely nothing.

On the one hand, of course, for signal transmission, as you can imagine in combat, but also for psychological warfare. The Celts are warlords, just like their other weapons , a completely preserved royal weapon has not yet been found, but thanks to some clients and representations in Celtic and Roman monuments it has been possible to reconstruct the war trumpet. In 1993, the British trombonist John Kenny was the first to have a trumpet of war after thousands of years. of years The sound is made to appear, like a modern trumpet, trombone, French horn or tuba, produced by the vibration of the lips.

In this instrument, the sound is trapped in the head of bronze like in our skull. Our sounds are amplified by the nasal passage and the shape of our skull that is why we can produce sounds with our mouth closed This also happens in this instrument The sound is not thrown forward It spreads in a circle This is very unusual for a musical instrument These sounds must have sounded otherworldly to the Romans The world was much quieter the louder noises Thunder could also have been waves hitting rocks or human screams. This instrument can drown out any scream and can be loud like thunder or the sound of the sea.

They are also about three meters high and have a head, when you can see twelve of them emerging from the morning fog at full volume. It's easy to imagine being attacked by giants. Overnight, all the able-bodied men of Rome retreated to the capitol fortress. The next morning, Brenos took a city that seemed deserted, he did not trust peace and feared an ambush by the Romans and indeed the Celts made a surprising discovery. The houses of the nobles are open but by no means empty. Livy tells a story that probably has much more meaning for his Roman self-image than for what really happened then: The elderly members of the aristocracy entered their homes.

There, in their old official chair, they dressed in their official suits and waited for him with almost stoic calm and majesty. The arrival of the Celtic barbarians would be a situation that the Celts did not expect. Another source reports that the Celts initially thought the Senators were superior beings, but the mood quickly changes after there is no way to stop the Celts from killing all the Romans. take over their houses. Their houses are looted and burned. Roman commanders have to watch helplessly from the capital as the barbarians devastate their hometown. These are actually tribes with a highly developed culture who show their legacies throughout Europe, a field near Heuneburg, this place had long been known as a Celtic cemetery, but a few years ago archaeologists made a sensational discovery here: In 2005, a gold fibula was removed that was caught in the air and by chance students from the University of Tübingen were there. "The students and one of these students picked up this gold brooch at the nuclear power plant and then the whole project started because the tomb was robbed and they needed a quick solution.

Then I have to stay by the tomb doing guard at night and On the weekends everything has to be done. The archaeologists decided on the most difficult solutions in the true sense of the word, the so-called recovery of the blog with the help of numerous tubes that they placed under the tomb to boost the operation was a success. A block The 80-ton Celtic tomb was taken to Ludwigsburg, 120 kilometers away, and since then researchers have been uncovering its secrets layer by layer: it turned out that the tomb was too close to a stream and was repeatedly flooded, damaging the objects. bronze and iron but ideal for the funerary chamber in which a woman was buried the chamber was completely lined with wooden beams they were exceptionally well preserved due to the humidity there are oak and fir boards and fortunately even the bark on some of this world can be conserved Through the dendrochronological method, since we date the years, we have to imagine how a scan has patterns like a barcode, so we can then hang it very precisely and say when this tree grew and when it was cut down.

Therefore, both the wood and the oaks date back exactly to 583 BC, so there is no doubt that the tomb was built in 583 BC, which, of course, is an absolute stroke of luck. In 2005, the burial of a girl between two and four years old was discovered. This led to the assumption that it could be a family tomb for mother and daughter, but the girl's skeleton was almost destroyed, so it was not possible to carry out DNA analysis, so the funerary trousseau, which is kept in the safe of the State Office for the Conservation of Monuments, which is even more important.

Now, to draw conclusions, you can also compare the brooches with the point and the line, which are also identical in both cases. For the girl, the brooches are a little smaller, stubby, made specifically for a girl, in the case of the princess, they are more elongated, so currently we are only talking about these gold findings. The relationships here are not very close, the jewelery can say It's a family story, but it also raises new questions because stylistically it does not clearly come from the Swabian Alb. This woman was truly up to date at the height of her time when it came to fashion.

She wears brooches like those worn in Italy at the time. At that time, it was completely unique here for our room, the gold jewelry is also top source and top quality, it was from a goldsmith who learned his trade in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, so it was very current and definitely at the level of distinguished women. At that time, for example in Etruria or the Greek colonies, the strange jewels could be an indication that the princess was a stranger, a woman from the south. Scientists hope to discover more about this in her physical remains, which were cast in plaster after being recovered due to their poor state of preservation.

People consume a wide variety of chemical elements through their diet, including strontium, which is deposited in the enamel of teeth. Depending on the geographical location, strontium has different isotopic compositions. By analyzing isotopes, conclusions can be drawn about where a person was born and where they lived. We are hoping to make further progress by analyzing tooth enamel on the question of whether it is native or not. where she was buried and where she was born and grew up or spent at least part of her life in another place on another surface the results of the examination clearly show that Fürsten was a real floating woman born in the surroundings of Heuneburg Perhaps she never left her homeland, but Thanks to the extensive commercial system of the Celts, they were in contact with the rest of the world and thanks to their wealth they were able to choose the best among the wide range of products that were on the market.

Offer To be taken to the grave to live in the afterlife, only a few burial mounds have survived millennia of intensive agriculture unscathed and it is still unclear why the Celts buried their rulers under mountains of earth and rock. reasons for such stone bundles They also deter grave robbers. On the other hand, you can also imagine, of course, that the dead were considered potentially dangerous, at least some dead and that is why the ideas we have later about the revenants may have played a role in In the case of the man whose bones are exhibited in the Celtic Museum in Hochdorf, it was probably more about protecting their wealth.

Here we have before us an exceptional person. The Prince of Hochdorf is certainly at the top of society. The top of society lived far from the rich and middle class sections of their society and of course that meant that he owned things that normal people could only dream of, including jewelry and everyday objects. objects, but also new drinking horns, the largest of which was five and a half years old. The prince's tomb bears witness to an elite that values ​​courtly life even in the afterlife, a courtly life that is paralyzed in the war between the Celts and the Celts.

Romans. The Celts under the command of Brennan besiege the city for seven months, as reported by ancient sources, because However, both sides begin to show signs of fatigue. The Romans in the capital are running out of food supplies. The Celts in the lower city suffer more and more. from illness and unbearable heat, as well as hunger and thirst. Finally, a contractual agreement is reached between the Celts and Romans in exchange for payment. With 1000 pounds of gold, the Celts agree to abandon the city because the Romans were able to save their gold before the Celts entered the capitol.

In fact, they manage to obtain the desired amount, but when the gold is weighed, further humiliation occurs because the Celts take advantage of their own weights, which are heavier than those of the Romans, when the Romans complain. In this regard, the Celtic leader also throws his sword into the scales while uttering the late and much-quoted words, poignantly: Woe to the defeated!: Firstly, the capture of Holmes meant a certain setback for his ambitions in the center of Italy. It is surprising to see how quickly the Romans returned to the path of success. The Gaia idea, which will later be called, is not the end of Rome but the beginning of its rise to become a world power.

The Romans will perfect their military technology to the point that they themselves The fearsome Celts are monopolizing the most famous field. Gaius Julius Caesar will invade Gaul