Deadly Disasters: Volcanoes | World's Most Dangerous Natural Disasters | Free Documentary

Volcanoes occupy a special place in our Consciousness. Stories about the destruction of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii continue to fascinate, while terrifying visions of explosive fire and molten rock play a key role in our nightmares, but less known are the horrors of pyroclastic flows. Avalanches of hot volcanic gases Bombs of ash and lava that can descend from steep

volcanoes

at dizzying speeds of up to 700 kmph vaporizing everything in its path a volcanic eruption is one of the

most

dangerous

or inspiring

natural

disasters

when a volcano erupts It spews clouds of ash, lava, and even volcanic bombs.

They are made up of molten rock that has been thrown into the air before hardening into solid pieces more than 64 mm in diameter and falling back to Earth. The molten rock that emerges from a volcano is called Lava liquid rock found beneath the Earth's surface is called magma. When lava flows, it generally moves quite slowly, but still poses a serious danger to property and human life. There are four different types of volcano. The simplest type of volcano is called a cinder cone, also known as a cinder volcano. They can appear very suddenly when gases propel lava high into the air, where it breaks into small fragments or ash as they drop particles, cool, and fall around the single vent to form conical hills.

Over time, the slopes of a volcanic cone can become very steep but rarely grow more than about 300 M in height. Many ash

volcanoes

are monogenetic, meaning they will only erupt once before becoming dormant. Famous examples of the sinic cone volcano are Sunset Crater in Arizona, a 305 M high volcano that first erupted around 1065, and Paricutin, one of the youngest volcanoes on Earth, which suddenly appeared in a field of corn in west central Mexico in 1943. The second type of volcano is called the Strat volcano, also known as a composite volcano, so there are volcanoes with very different shapes, uh, and that's because of the different ways they come in They erupt and accumulate material differently, so a stratified volcano is the one we associate with the

most

explosive types of eruptions and they are capable of a very wide range of behavior, but they build those classic cone shapes. which we might associate with something like Mount Fuji or Ment Hal these are the most violent and

dangerous

types of volcanoes they can be massive and sometimes reach heights of up to 3 kilometers the slopes of the composite volcano tend to rise slowly at first and then become very steep with a narrow vent at the top they have a system of conduits that channel molten magma from the depths of the Earth to the surface because they can bring so much magma to the surface that they can grow thousands of meters high the Strat volcano can explode extreme violence and then lie dormant for dozens or even hundreds of years before coming back to life.

A famous example is Mount St. Helens in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This Strat volcano last erupted in 1980, killing 57 people in what was the deadliest. eruption in American history before Mountain Helens it was a reasonable assumption to make large volcano eruptions come out of the top, but Mount St Helens taught us that sometimes that's not the case, it blew a giant hole in the side , we are still analyzing data. of the mountains and Helens because it is still valuable to science and there is much more to learn. What is special about the Mounts and Helens is that we have seen the beginning during and after the effects of the eruption, which means we can reconstruct the warning signs and effects.

From the eruption itself, because it is quite well studied, we have a lot of data, understanding and knowledge to then ask advanced questions and it is these advanced questions with the context of what we know about the mounts and the Helens that tell us. They allow further progress in other places. The third type of volcano is the shield volcano. These are broad dome-like structures and when viewed from the air they look like shields, hence the name monoa and kilaa in Hawaii are examples of shield volcanoes. The largest volcano known to humanity is a shield volcano estimated to be the size of the entire Hawaiian island chain, fortunately for us, it is not on this planet, it is a dormant shield volcano found on Mars called Olympus Mons.

Its peak is more than twice the height of Mount Everest, making it the tallest mountain in the entire solar system. system, the last type of volcano is called Lava Dome. A Lava Dome is when you have a type of magma that comes out as lava that is very, very slow and rigid, so instead of flowing away from the top of the volcano, it builds up at the top. the volcano and it creates these big features that are as tall as they are wide, so a sort of untrained observer approaching a washing machine may be a little disappointing because it may look a little bit like a giant gray mass of debris, uh, but when you fly over you can see cracks inside so just a few tens of centimeters deep it glows red and you can see steam coming out of it and when they collapse they generate these things called pyroclastic flows so they feel powerful, lava , so it's a pretty intense experience. get so close to one and the thing about lavame rashes is that they can suddenly change their behavior, so if you are very close to them there is always the feeling of getting close to Menace and we have to be very careful with how we approach them and make sure. that people who are further away and monitor the volcano are in contact with us a good example of lavame volcano is Mount Pelle an active volcano on the Caribbean island of Martinique its last major eruption was in 1902 when it destroyed the port of s Pierre and killed 30,000 people approximately 15% of the island's population there are more than 500 volcanoes in the

world

that have erupted at least once 50 of them are in North America in 1982 an index was devised to measure the strength of an eruption so that different events could be compared called volcanic explosiveness index or VII, it is determined using a variety of factors including the amount of material ejected from the volcano, the height of the eruption cloud and how long the eruption lasts, this is expressed on a scale of 0 to 8 with each number representing a 10-fold increase in the explosive power of the eruption one of the most frightening and

deadly

phases of an eruption is undoubtedly the pyroclastic flow sometimes called a glow avalanche the pyroclastic flow is formed For many different components there are rock Fragments resulting from the volcanic explosion Particles of lavva and magma that mix with the air, water and gas from the eruption, as well as with water vapor from melted snow and ice.

This extremely hot fluidized mixture can reach temperatures of 1,000 °C and travel down the slopes of the volcano. volcano at astonishing speeds of up to 200 m/s, a pyroclastic flow will instantly incinerate anything in its path and when you consider the heat of the flow, its speed and its reach, it is one of the most terrifying and

deadly

forces of Mother Nature, Another deadly event resulting from volcanic eruptions is ash. Landslides called Lahar Lahar are a hot or cold combination of volcanic debris and water moving down the slopes of a volcano, often down a river valley, tend to occur on or near Stratov volcanoes, while their Initial flow can be quite small, a Lahar can quickly grow in volume as it sweeps over ground, trees and rocks, even bridges and buildings.

The Lahar can easily grow to more than 10 times its initial size as they roar downhill in steep areas. The Lahar can travel faster than 200 kmph pyroclastic flows. It triggers a laar when super-hot rock debris melts snow and ice as it travels down the volcano's flanks. Torrential rain during or after an eruption can mix with fine particles of ash and other debris on the volcano's slopes and quickly become a dangerous, fast-moving laar. Lahar rain can cause a long time after an eruption especially if the vegetation has failed to consolidate the deposits on the slopes of the volcano.

There are many volcanoes in the

world

that have not erupted in years. While others are in a very active phase perhaps without erupting. violently but with smoke, steam, ash and lava constantly coming out. It is the simplicity of the characterization of inactive and active extincts that has value because they have different problems with each state. If you have an active volcano in your backyard, you need to pay attention to everything. When you have a dormant volcano in your backyard, maybe you should keep that in mind, but it might not change the daily activities you have if you have an extinct volcano in your backyard, so I'm pretty happy it's not going. to erupt and if an eruption occurs it will not be from that point, but as we learn more about volcanoes, particularly as we apply new technology, more sensitive technology, more sophisticated technology, the line between inactive and active becomes it's getting a little blurry and that's because new technology can hear things that we couldn't hear before, so if we implement this technology and we get signals from a dormant volcano, is it waking up or was it never really asleep by the definition of Extinct?

It means there is no activity. in the last 10,000 years now 10,000 years is a long time even for a volcano, they normally erupt more frequently so if you go to the volcano and measure the age of the youngest rock and that is more than 10,000 years then it is declared Extinct When experts evaluate which volcanoes are the most dangerous in the world, they take into consideration several things how many people live nearby the types of magma that emerged during the eruptions and the eruption history of each volcano a volcano that remains dormant for a long time can represent a higher risk because Taking all this into account, the increasing pressure inside means that Mount Fuus, a stratus volcano located just 14 km from Naples, is also one of the most dangerous, although experts disagree on the number exact incidents, it is clear that Vesuvius has erupted at least 30 times since its iconic eruption in 79 AD.

The last eruption occurred in 1944 when 26 people were killed by the Romans, there really wouldn't have been a living memory of it as an erupting volcano, but in Italy there are other volcanoes that erupt quite frequently. So they probably knew that it wasn't entirely benign and in the lead up to the eruption we know that there were known signs that things were not quite right down below and there was a big earthquake and then we think there were sequences of these little earthquakes like the magma that was trying to force its way to the surface in the run up to the eruption and the Romans would have felt them and they would have been quite intense, I imagine that in the few days leading up to the eruption itself there will be plans in place to evacuate 600,000 people in case that the vvus show signs of erupting again.

Active volcanoes in densely populated areas obviously pose the greatest threat to life. In other places in the world there are volcanoes that erupt very frequently, so the great contrast with Vesuvius is the storms that the Romans called it the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean and it is a small island that had a small eruption that occurs every 10 or 15 minutes and erupts very regularly, so the populations that live with that type of volcano tend to live with it, in a different way. def fuo a Stratov volcano located less than 44 km from Guatemala City, the capital of Guatemala in Central America, has erupted 600 times since 1542, including the last explosive eruption in 2012 that forced 11,000 people to flee the area The lives of many people living in the shadow of the volcano were an uncomfortable reminder of the awesome power of the Fire Vulcan that was just around the corner, but when the volcano suddenly exploded just before at noon on June 3, 2018, many of them had no time to evacuate, threw a cloud of ash and lava 10 km into the air.

The explosion caused the rocky surface of the volcano to break into dust, mixed with ash and superheated gas. In a pyroplastic cloud of death that engulfed the towns of San Miguel Llotes and El Rodeo, more than 100 people were instantly killed. The 3,700-meter-high volcano continued to erupt for more than 16 hours after the initial explosion, a stream of lava spewed out. down the mountainside The coast of Guatemala was also hit by an earthquake, although there were no reports of damage. Hundreds of military and emergency personnel faced dire conditions to recover bodies from the lava. The ash and lava were still so hot that the SES of theSome firefighters' boots melted Firefighters were unable to reach people they knew were trapped in villages on the slopes of the volcano because the roads leading to the area were cut off by pyroclastic flows, they suddenly realized that the Volcano activity had begun to increase again after the initial explosion of mud and ash flowing down the slopes of the volcano as stones fell. above them Darkness fell as the sun was obscured by more ash clouds spewing into the air Emergency Staff were forced to withdraw from The Villages until early the next morning Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales declared a state of emergency and ordered the population to be cured needed emergency warnings Officials also declared 3 days of National Mourning.

Rescuers who arrived at the town of El Rodeo reported that he had been buried in thick ash that could have reached temperatures of up to 700°C. They stuck metal rods into the ground, releasing clouds of smoke into the air. The air showed that temperatures below the surface were still extremely high two days after the initial explosion, volcanologists reported that the eruption appeared to be over for the moment, soldiers and firefighters continued searching for the missing, but the number of Deaths had already risen to 69. The ash from the eruption covered a 19 km radius around the volcano. Fuo satellite images revealed that the huge dark gray cloud from the eruption was visible from space on Wednesday, the death toll had risen to 75 people and another 200 were still missing.

Officials were worried. that a downpour of additional rocks and debris could destabilize the slopes, sending deadly flows of water mixed with volcanic ash and debris hurtling down the volcano. They called everyone off the mountain, halting the recovery effort for an entire day. Some relatives of the missing defied the police and headed to their families' homes and tried to dig through the rapidly hardening ash that they feared had buried their relatives using any tools they could get their hands on. There was concern that the government's focus seemed to be on clearing the road and not recovering the bodies of the dead.

When authorities were able to bring heavy excavation machinery to the buried cities, it became clear how little chance of survival there was for anyone trapped in the path of pyroplastic flows amid scenes of apocalyptic devastation, the death toll reached 112 with 197 still missing many people did not accept the government's official death toll. They were convinced that the magnitude of the deaths had not been reported. It was learned that scientists from the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology had warned officials early in the morning on the day of the eruption but despite these warnings the national coordinator for disaster reduction did not issue a red alert. and evacuated the communities even though almost 200 people died there the area around the volcano will remain inhabited the deaths in the Fuego eruption were mainly attributed to lightning rapid pyroclastic flows typical of the Strat volcano and, although it brought death and destruction to a area wide, Fuego's reach was not as far as an event that occurred in April 2010 when a volcano in Iceland suddenly erupted, spewing a large column of ash that spread across much of Europe, the eruption of a fatal yogat became an international event when around 20 countries closed their airspace and forced flight cancellations that affected 10 million travelers, as well as thousands of companies that depended on air transportation.

The volcano had been dormant for nearly 200 years when it came to life in March, although relatively small with a rating of one on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, it was a mere suggestion of the violent activity to come on April 14, 2010. Tremors were reported land under the summit of AF Fatla Yogat glacier in southern Iceland in the run-up to the eruption, one of the things you will be most aware of is the spatial problem that the magma is creating, so it will generate many earthquakes and tremors, maybe there is bulging. but that kind of slow race, the slow time scale of erupting volcanoes becomes very fast once the volcano starts erupting, so if it's an explosion there will be a sudden change and you will start to see a huge pulse of gas, ash and pieces of solid. magma is flying out of that volcano and slow motion footage has been taken that shows that there is even a sound wave coming out in front of this because this is happening so fast that the force of the volcanic eruption under the fatle yogurt gla IA sent out a plume of ash.

At an altitude of 8.5 km, dense ash fell over southern areas and police reported that visibility had been severely reduced in some places to zero. Icelandic Air Traffic Control received two reports from commercial aircraft of plumes of steam rising from the glacier, but because the glacier remained covered in clouds, it was impossible to see the extent of the volcanic activity taking place on the glacier. ground, but there were alarming clues about the severity of the eruption: the water level in two nearby rivers had suddenly risen by more than half a meter, showing that substantial melting of the volcano's glaciers had occurred.

Concern grew over the plume of ash that now engulfed much of northern Europe. It contained large amounts of microscopic abrasive particles of silicate or glass fibers capable of clogging the jet engine. Once ingested, the particles can melt causing the engine to be shut down and stopped due to the danger of catastrophic failure of any aircraft flying to Ash and to ensure the safety of passengers, planes were idled on the runway of some of the busiest airports in Europe, virtually all flights over central Northern and Eastern Europe were canceled until Also, it's really a bit strange to think that a volcano would affect the flight, but yeah, it's not something I expect to happen.

Other flights were diverted north over Greenland or south over Spain to avoid the cloud that now stretched 1,930 km from Iceland to northern Spain, the ash plume was blown further by Atlantic winds and subsequently forced the shutdown. of 15 airports in northern Spain and was expected to expand to parts of France. More than 100 flights were canceled at Portugal's three international airports. It was the most serious disturbance. of European air traffic since World War II as the eruption continued meltwater from the summit of Vatn Yogat, one of the largest glaciers in Europe, increased dramatically. It was estimated that the volcano expelled around 750 tons of magma every second through a reservoir that was already 2 km long on Tuesday, April 20.

Most of the ice in the crater appeared to have melted, but it took another month for the eruption to subside to the point that no more lava or ash was being produced. Finally, in October 2010, scientists monitored the crater. The volcano declared the eruption officially over, although the area was still geothermally active and could erupt again, the explosive activity could subside for a period of time, but then we will have perhaps an extended period of time, months or even years, intermittent explosive eruptions. Taking stock of the devastation caused by the eruption, experts estimated that at least 55 million cubic meters of ice melted during the eruption, the job of a scientist is to report the facts and explain what would happen if there was an eruption and then recommend a course of action. action that will provide more information to decision makers now governments will invest more in monitoring and volcanology in general because the risk society is growing our world is more interconnected now look what happened in a yok if that had happened 200 100 years ago, so it would have had almost the same impact as it had on the world economy through Airlines Etc, so now the indirect disruption of volcanoes has a huge impact and that just underlines that we urgently need to understand what happens before a volcano enters erupt so we can put There are plans to mitigate those dangers.

Every volcanic eruption is different. A Fiat Yogat caused chaos due to its ash cloud and Fuego with its terrifying pyroclastic closure, but when Kilaw, a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii, erupted in May 2018, it proved a very different type. Kilaa is the youngest volcano on the island of Hawaii and appears to be a bulge on the side of Monoa, a much larger volcano, rising 1,227 m above sea level and making up approximately 14% of the land area of ​​the legend. of the Big Island assumes that The lava lake at its summit is the home of Pelle, the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes, indicating the meaning of kilaa to the people of Hawaii and giving us a window to a deeper level than we thought. usual because it has not been modified on its way to the surface.

That it is emerging so quickly means that it is preserving the information it carries from Death. Although it had been erupting continuously since 1983, the people of the Big Island had learned to live with the volcano; in fact, it was viewed very positively and attracted eager tourists. Seeing such a dangerous force of nature up close, obviously, geothermal energy around volcanoes is a wonderful benefit that brings with them an infinite supply of energy and hot water, but also, for many populations, these geothermal areas are fantastic tourist attractions in places where people could get so close to the lava that it became a tradition to take postcards and burn a corner in the flow before sending them, but that all changed when a magnitude 5 earthquake shook the Big Island and triggered a violent and dramatic eruption that turned the volcano into a tourist attraction.

In a dangerous threat to life and property the day before, on Wednesday, May 2, seismologists had noted significant volcanic activity coming from Kilaw as the volcano spewed fragments of solid and molten rock and gases into the air; The authorities immediately told the surrounding residents that I made preparations to leave, so at 1:30 after we all got up and said, well, I opened the door to see if I could see anything and of course I was able to I saw an orange glow coming through the forest and I said wow and I crackled and we were all like screaming.

I said well we're not leaving until we hear the siren and the moment I finished the sentence the siren went off we all looked at each other and said yes we all got in the car and headed out as the volcanoes started spewing lava into residential subdivisions in the Puna district of the Big Island. Mandatory evacuation orders were issued. The volcano became increasingly active. There were hundreds of earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 or higher, but a magnitude 2.5 earthquake occurred shortly after noon. 6.9 left thousands of islanders without power, causing fluctuations in sea level that terrified residents fearing it would generate a tsunami.

Fortunately the sea remained relatively calm but lava flowed down the sides of the volcano and gases spewed into the air. Houses were destroyed as eruptions increased during the 2018 eruption, the magma moved and created pressure which then resulted in opening new vents for that magma to come out during the course of its eruption, sometimes right in the middle of a road on a volcano like that one on the Big Island in In Hawaii there is an almost continuous supply of magma entering the base, but it is one of the best monitored volcanoes in the world, if not the best monitored volcano in the world, and what they detected were signs that new magma was entering the system, causing pressurization. and causing the ground to move as news of the eruption and dramatic images showing houses engulfed by flows of red-hot molten lava were broadcast around the world, people began to wonder why anyone would choose to live near a volcano. active, volcanoes and their immediate surroundings.

They offer many benefits to the people living around them, thus creating soil that can be more fertile in the surrounding area. There are many volcanoes in the tropics and they are slightly higher lands that are a little more pleasant to live in. They provide geothermal energy and soil and rock resources as well and when you think about how often volcanoes are active, in the grand scheme of things it's not very frequent, so I think people often live around volcanoes because It is worth enjoying all those benefits. uh because of the small but finite risk of it erupting during your lifetime, one of the things that's very challenging about volcanic eruptions is that they're not just instantaneous. uh, a volcano can be an eruption for many days, weeks and months, and sometimes what we are doing is askingpeople to stay away permanently or for very long periods of time and that is a difficult thing to do.

People are attached to where they live, but also in many volcanoes around the world people depend on that area. for their livelihood, once the volcano erupts, it obviously creates a lot of damage and people may want to build quite close to where that damage was created, and I think one of the things we're doing now as volcanologists is recognizing that we have to work in partnership with the communities that impact Ed to try to find the best way to choose the place that will be safest to rebuild and try to ensure that they are as prepared as possible for future eruptions.

A week after the first new eruption, 12 more Fishers opened at Leilani Estates on the Big Island of Hawaii. The new lava flow points showed that the kilaa eruption was ongoing, there were now major disruptions to life on the island and more evacuations were needed. It is not done yet It is still underway We do not know when it will be done They are talking about it having enough strength and energy to last weeks months On Wednesday May 9 the Kware volcano erupted again when two new vents released toxic gases into the atmosphere , the Civil Defense Agency ordered the immediate evacuation of residents of Lani Puna Gardens on the east side of the Big Island.

Scientists observed a fall into the lava lake at the top of the volcano and warned that this could create the conditions for an explosion that could send ash and rocks the size of a refrigerator shooting into the air the next day authorities warned that it could be necessary mass evacuations sulfur dioxide levels reached dangerous levels that could be fatal if inhaled and residents were at risk of magma erupting from the ground people who are afraid or have underlying COPD, which is a chronic lung disease, we worry a lot for them and it can get a lot worse with the spikes and the sulfur dioxide, so checking people's lungs, making sure they have their medications, making sure we evacuate them further away if they have Bad, the following weekend there were already 17 open fish since the lava flows began on May 3.

On Wednesday, May 16, following the rise of an ash column of several thousand MERS into the air, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory issued a code red warning to residents. that additional activity could be expected warned that at any time the activity could become more explosive producing ballistic projectiles near the vents the next day another 2,000 people were forced to leave their homes several schools closed due to the risk of high levels of sulfur dioxide I uh I already evacuated everything. I just came down to say goodbye to my neighborhood for the last time. There were also earthquakes around the volcano that damaged many roads, including Highway 11 near the entrance to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

The fast-moving lava spewed toward a southwestern region. deLilania states isolated about 40 homes in a remote region. Hawaii County Civil Defense warned that wildfires sparked by burning lava were threatening homes in the Malam Marquee Forest Reserve. Residents were immediately evacuated and scientists noticed something worrying: lava was splashing onto fish in Lowa. The Puna seemed to be different: it was erupting faster and more dramatically, which was in contrast to the first two weeks of the AR eruption, when the activity was largely a slow exudation of very thick pasty lava that did not move very far. The scientists explained that the lava in the first two weeks was probably due to magma stored underground that reached the surface as a result of fresh magma that pressed down from the Kara Summit.

The lava that now comes out of the last fish was different. Scientists braved noxious fumes and lava splashes to collect samples that would be crucial for research. One of the most important things for volcanologists in these types of situations is really teamwork, so you have to make sure that there are people who have their eyes on the instruments and that you are not doing anything that is too risky . think about it very carefully in advance and when something like this happens what you really think is this is pretty scary but you have to have a lot of trust in the team around you to be able to pull it off.

Over time, chemical analysis of the sample showed that fresh, more violent magma had descended from the summit of Puu Oo, a volcanic cone located in Kilaa's Eastern Rift zone. This was a cooler, hotter magma with the potential to produce lava flows that moved more easily and therefore covered a wider area. A wall of lava blocked part of a coastal highway, cutting off a key escape route for residents and hampering evacuations. The new lava flows leveled more homes as the plume of ash continued to prevent flights in the area. For Big Island residents was getting steadily worse, lava flows forced the shutdown of a geothermal power plant that normally provides about a quarter of the island's electricity.

By then, the lava had reached the south coast of the Big Island when the lava sank into the ocean and caused some of the molten rock at 1,000°C to explode into lava bombs that were shot hundreds of meters into the air. . The lava also reacted with the salt water to produce poisonous gases and prompted more safety warnings. When lava flows reached the Pacific, they created thick, dangerous clouds known as capes, which are a type of hot, corrosive gas mixture. The clouds contain hydrochloric acid and glass particles that can cause irritation and difficulty breathing even the faint edges of Clouds may be enough to cause irritation Residents were told to stay away from any columns of water since they traveled in the wind that was prone to changing direction without warning, but they really need to pay attention to what's happening because anything can happen, Mother Nature, ma'am, you know it's coming, it can come out at any moment, but we don't want to cause panic, we love you. just be well informed, then volcanology is a very exciting and dynamic science because volcanoes present us with all kinds of challenges, they are capable of erupting in many different ways and they can change the way they erupt over the course of even a rash and also what they do. what they can do is erupt for a long time and that's what we're trying to address is the challenge of figuring out how to forecast that and forecast those changes over the course of an eruption and all of this means there's all kinds of new knowledge and techniques . that improve the way we do it, that all the while the lava flow continued unabated, a huge river of molten rock slid several kilometers across the landscape towards the eastern end of the island, swallowing two entire housing estates of Seaside, it only took a matter of days for a relentless lava wave more than 4M high and 800M wide to bury hundreds of homes.

It even vaporized the largest freshwater lake on the island in 4 hours. The 400-year-old green lake, which was about 60m deep and had been a popular swimming spot, completely disappeared under a mass of molten rock in mid-July - a small island less than 10m wide suddenly appeared off the coast of the Big Island. It wasn't long before lava filled the space between the new island and the coast and became part of the changing coastline. caused by the Kila eruption was a reminder of how the Hawaiian island chain was first formed. The Big Island of Hawaii is about a million years old, but it is part of a chain of volcanoes and the oldest chain that stretches across the Pacific is about 80 million years old and that observation that the volcanoes look like aging as you move westward across the Pacific is part of the evidence to say that there is a hot spot in the mantle below that is more or less fixed, but as the tectonic plate moves like a conveyor belt the volcanoes that occur begin to travel westward The melting ice inside the Earth travels upward until the moment it hits the surface now that could be the surface of a continent or in the case of Hawaii it is the bottom of the sea Flower and begins a small volcano and over time it builds up and builds up and if it builds up fast enough it will reach the top of the sea during the entire eruption a notable transformation occurred in the lava lake crater at the top of Kilaa the Hal.

The Mau Mau crater at the summit had been rumbling non-stop since the eruption began in early May, then the lava lake suddenly began draining as the magma reservoir below began pouring its contents through fissures in the volcano's slopes. , according to the United States Geological Survey. sent a drone into the crater to see the dramatic changes. It showed that the steep walls of the crater were collapsing inwards with large chunks of the rim, including a parking lot that served Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, swallowed by the crater collapse and powerful activity was unleashed. By the flow of magma away from the summit crater to the east, towards the rift zone, as the crater became deeper, the walls began to collapse inward, causing further explosive releases of gas.

Ash and other volcanic debris. The lava lake in the Halai Malal crater of the volcano. of kilaa began to drain from the inside and as each phase of drainage occurred, the eruption site erupted and this is part of the evidence to link the two phenomena and suggest that it is a linked plumbing system in the lower zone of the Eastern Rift of Hawaii. The magma is interconnected and as each cycle of the Kilaa volcano occurs, it becomes increasingly evident that the behavior of the lava lake can be used to understand the location of the eruption. On August 9, the lava flow finally stopped expanding and with the activity continuing in kilow volcanologists say that the eruptive period that began in 1983 and continued until the recent and most violent cycle has ended, so one of the Surprising things about the eruption that occurred in 2018 is that it was exceptionally huge amounts of material, we opened new vents and that caused a change in the magma system, so before that it was continuously erupting for decades, it is very likely that now stay silent for a few years, that's what happened last time.

It had one of these really big eruptions, but what is certain is that there is still magma under the ground and the change will probably cause it to erupt again and probably within the lifetime of the people who live on the island, as long as the activity eruptive finally does it. return will be classified as a completely new eruption a period of constant kilaa eruption lasting more than 35 years will have come to an end the simple answer is that we don't know exactly what will happen to the lava lake, will it refill? a hole in the Earth for the future, but what we do know about kilaa is that it has gone through cycles of repeated formation and draining of the lake of love, so a reasonable idea about what could happen is that the lava lake It will refill and erupt as it goes. drains volcanology is a fairly new science in the sense that there are many different sciences that are trying to understand the same phenomenon.

You can approach it from a chemical point of view. You can approach it from an atmospheric point of view. You can approach it from a GE. From the physical point of view, these fields emerge and it is called volcanology. This has only happened in the last few decades as the modern science of volcanology. One thing we do know is that volcanoes will continue to cause death and destruction as long as there is life on Earth. and whether the horrors of pyrotechnic plastic flows, asphyxiating gas or molten lava volcanoes, they are truly one of Mother Nature's most combustible killers, yes.