Blaze of Steel: Explosive Chemistry - with Andrew Szydlo

very good evening, very, very good evening, ladies and gentlemen, very good evening to my dear children, in my hands here I have an object, an object made of something that is very, very common on our planet, but that does not belong to this planet. You see, what I'm holding is a piece of an iron meteorite. This iron meteorite fell in Mexico ten thousand years ago and weighs three tons and a part was donated. This part was donated to the Royal Institution in 1794 and i. I am very pleased to be able to show you that meteorites are now made of iron and we are aware of the fact that people have been using iron Meetcha Witek for at least ten thousand years, that is as far as our records go, however, people have been using iron that they have been making themselves for about five thousand years, if you don't mind, I have to give away my meteorite because it is very, very valuable and I will come back to that later, which I wanted.

What I'm telling you is that iron is something that we associate with permanence, it is something that is durable, that meteorite is millions and millions of years old, the meat is right there, that is in Mexico, well, there are thousands of meteorites, the Mesopotamians. we knew about the meteorites they use and we know that people used meteoritic iron long before they started using iron, which they made themselves. Iron is associated with permanence. You go outside. You see. You see streetlights. You see bridges. You see Hammersmith Bridge, beautifully made of iron and

steel

. you see the Eiffel Tower made of

steel

you see railings you see traffic signs everywhere is associated with permanence and maybe I want to tell you that the largest than the most famous or monument that exists today in the world of ancient iron crafts made by the humans is the iron pillar in Delhi there is the iron pillar in Delhi which is in the north of India it has been made by people two thousand three hundred years ago it is a very, very pure sample of iron and it is a mystery it is a mystery that I will talk about this has survived for so long in view of what I am going to tell you, then your issue is associated with permanence with a long, long jetty with a long duration, however, I am there to prove it to you.

In the next hour or so, nothing could be further from the truth than the permanence of iron if subjected to the right kind of conditions. You see, I have two sheets of steel here. I bought them as scraps from a metal supply. a few weeks ago and this sheet of steel, as you see, is nice and shiny as you would expect, but this sheet of steel here has something that you are very familiar with, they say yes, it has rusted, it has rusted. It is starting to corrode and not only does this not look very good but it is actually going to fall apart over time.

The reason this one has rusted and this one hasn't is because I actually left it outside. that the rain falls on it, I left it in uncomfortable conditions and that is why it has remained like this now what I wanted to tell you today is a little more about what oxidation is and with that objective in mind I am going to prepare an experiment for you that takes quite some time. I'm going to take a piece of iron that comes in all kinds of shapes and sizes and I would also like to tell you that there is a very important distinction.

Between iron and steel, the distinction is actually very small. I have here. I have a piece of iron, you see, which is very, very pure iron. He has nine 9.95 percent cures. This is absolutely pure ID and I just wanted to show. you know how their supply gets to the labs and it comes on a very special piece of paper like this and then on special waxed paper like this and you're not supposed to touch it with your fingers, you see there it is now that Pisa finds his children cost 25 pounds , that's what very, very pure iron costs.

Now the reason it costs £25 is not because iron is rare, it is because it is very, very difficult and expensive to purify iron and when we use it daily. it's actually part of an alloy that we call steel and steel is really what we've always used in our construction in all kinds of things that we do on a daily basis, so from there when I use the word I and technically I'm talking about steel, this here is very, very pure iron, it is enormously expensive and is really only used for special experiments related to

chemistry

. However, what I wanted to do is show you an experiment and demonstrate what really happens when iron rusts. by the way it comes in many shapes and sizes and shapes and I have it here it's commercially available it's called steel wool and it's used for cleaning if you have a dirty surface and you want to clean it it's exceptionally good it's the same kind of thing which the pads and shine pads are made of, so to clean the dishes what to do I'm going to cut a piece of this.

It's interesting that I'm using scissors made of steel to cut the same things, but I'll tell you more. More on that later, what I plan to do now is put some iron and my steel wool inside my flask here and I'm going to push it in. By the way, it requires a little effort to get it to fit and then I'm going to rust it. I'm going to oxidize it there it is and the way I'm going to oxidize it is obviously by adding a little bit of water to it, so I have a little bit of water here, which By the way, I have to admit in all fairness that the water has had a little bit added of salt, technically it's sea water and what I'm going to do now is shake it very very thoroughly on my floor, so if you don't mind, this is just to make sure that the piece of steel wool gets completely soaked.

Now the only other ingredient in this class is air, of course, because the flask is full of air, air is everything. Around this, now I've shaken my flask here, maybe I'll add a little bit more. Excuse me, I have a supply of water here, this is just to make sure we soak it well so we're. I'm just going to tell myself to soak it like this and now we're going to turn it upside down to let all the water drain out, so if it's just here for a few minutes like this, you'll see that it takes a little while for the water to dry. drain and then very shortly after, it will return what I and what when iron oxidizes it actually combines with oxygen, that's what chemists have discovered and when it combines with oxygen it changes its color to that orange shape and actually I've got some rust powder here it's a light brown color there this is now draining I said I'll come back to that in about five minutes or so that's what I wanted to tell you is that when iron combines with oxygen that can also be interpreted as a burning process because when things burn they combine with oxygen.

Now you see, if I took a nail, I have to drive it here. Oh, can we set the nail on fire? I can put it in the cabin, so it's a stupid thing. do it because obviously a nail and an iron nail can't catch fire, so I'm putting it in, of course, and it's burning a little at the end, but that's it, there's no chance of it catching fire, however, let me show you something of that. I've got a little bit of iron here in a pearl shape and then I just sprinkle it on, it's not a huge amount, there's nothing spectacular, but look at those little sparkles, it's a look copy now you see those little sparks there.

Actually, the iron is catching surprisingly five seats, it made some little sparks there and we can see that it's there, so it's very interesting when you say okay, a lot of things can ignite, but let me show you another experiment with a piece of steel wool here. and if you don't mind, I'm going to put on a pair of gloves and I'm also going to remove my tongue, so excuse me and I'll see what happens when we put a piece of steel wool on our sail. call so I need to take some precautions here you have to excuse me and then I'll come to the front so you can see it better now since you know we have a lot of stuff here and I'll just kick this off.

I got the balloon out of the way and I just wanted to show the amazing effect you see when you put this is a door line, the same material that the nail was made of, where we just put it over a candle flame and they said, okay, that's nothing special. It's glowing, but actually, if we start shaking it, you'll see that it starts to work even better, and then, this is really nice, and you look at it and you're like, Wow, that's not that surprising! Now what's really happening there, kids, the iron, because it's in the Because it's shaped like steel wool, it has a very large surface area and therefore it reacts with oxygen.

This generates a large amount of heat. By the way, it's actually very hot, so what we did was we combined the iron with the oxygen in the air and it actually burns visibly now, this is a very different type of flame than the flame you get when you burn a candle. or you burn a piece of wood and the reason is that the product of this combustion process here is not actually a gas, since most of the fuels that are produced are gases, it is actually a solid, we are actually converting the iron here in iron oxide which is a solid and is a characteristic of all metals when they burn if that's an appropriate term to use they actually produce a solid oxide if you don't mind I'm just squeezing out the oxygen to make sure Make sure it doesn't continue to burn and pretty soon we'll have a bit of a tidying up session, if you don't mind I'm going to throw this in the trash now for my next demonstration.

I'm going to set fire to a much more robust piece of iron and that is a piece of steel pipe let me show you what the steel pipe actually looks like. This is a piece of mild steel pipe, you see, which I also bought and you know that if I put it in the flame, it will not catch fire under any circumstances because this has a very large volume and I will allow myself to explain to you the reason why the wool caught fire and why the power of the fire caught fire, the reason has to do with the surface area, you see where things are in powder, they have a very, very large surface area, therefore the flame can easily access it and make the combination with oxygen happen, but if you have a big piece of iron or a nail, then the surface area is very slow, very, very small and therefore the same process with The candle will not give you the desired effect, however, what I am going to do now is set this on fire.

I'm going to make it burn using a very different type of technique. IM not going to do it. to apply a flame to it, I'm actually going to apply friction to it now you see friction if some, if you rub your hands together, you can feel them getting hot, my hands are definitely getting hot and if you can rub them hard enough, then I'll feel them getting hot now. What I wanted to tell you is that I have a special machine here, this is a tool that is used in industry, etc., and it is called an angle grinder and what it consists of is a motor that is connected to a disc, see, be careful It's made of an abrasive material and spins incredibly fast, let me turn it on.

I have to warn you that this makes a noise that we call an angle grinder and when that wheel spins, it spins like this. so fast that the friction it generates is enough to melt the steel and also set it on fire, which is what I'm going to do now for this purpose. I will present the cost of Demong. Can they introduce themselves and demonicus? and modulate our two students from Highgate School in north London and they actually helped me prepare today's talk and they will be taking part in many of the experiments, so the Hmong cause is if you could.

Please put on now, you need to adjust, we will always put on various safety equipment because some of these experiments are quite dangerous, so I'm just going to put on my glasses here, normally, I put on yours and we do whatever we do. What I'm going to do is sit in the fire, I'm going to polish that piece of mild steel and he's going to catch the pieces that come off. You see the dust coming off and we will examine it in no time. First of all, I'm going to do a test. I will warn you that this creates a lot of sparks and is incredibly loud, but I think we need to see these things in action, so I filed a lawsuit because I think I will go to the test first to see.

If it's faster, okay, diatoms zon today, she picks up a spark, hold it in such a way that people can't see, that's very cool, are you ready?, okay, thank you very much, so now we have to show you, look, we've done it. something that no builder or engineer would bother to do, we have actually collected the sparks, the goal was not to cut the iron but to see what it produces, where it burns, you see and there it is, there is a little bit of dust there. Now you see, the interesting thing is that the power that I have produced there has a black color, it clearly combines with oxygen and yet it has a black hell, it is not brown like rust and I will explain it very soon in the meantime.

We have drained, we have drained our water from there. I hope we have drained it and what not I'm going to connect this to a tube here and I'm going to invert it in a glass full of colored water and I really hope that we can observe the oxidation process, now that children rust it takes a long time. time, it doesn't happen instantly, etc., so I'm trying to show you a reaction that normally takes several weeks outdoors. but I'm trying to show you just one clue, maybe it will take half an hour. What will happen is this, since the oxygen was reacting with our steel wool in there, which has water in it, gradually the oxygen will be depleted and it will create a partial vacuum in there, so hopefully theThe air pressure will push down the colored water I have there hour after hour and hopefully you will see it go up the tube, but this will take up to half. an hour, so we'll leave it there and I think we're out of line on that, let me now Dom, could we just take this down and take all that out?

Thank you very much indeed and I will continue. to the next demonstration which consists of showing you one more burning of iron obviously since we are on this topic and I just want to show you first of all that some iron can be used in pyrotechnics that I created this idea of ​​sparking for those sparks. They were quite fun and of course were used in commercial sparklers. Now I have two no sparks here and I'm going to ask DOM and Marjolaine to burn one each. This is just to show them that you know they are funny. do that, could you both light a sparkler each in the candle flame and hold it?

You've all seen this before and the interesting thing about sparklers is that they actually do, you don't need to wear safety glasses if you don't play with these at parties, you see, so there's just two sparklers burning like this now while those sparklers are burning. . I wanted to show you another application for a pirate, so you see a sparkler that has iron filings in it and it's burning and it's very pretty and it's safe and everything else and actually, what's also interesting you'll notice that the sparks actually don't. They burn your fingers, but they hold them and the reason is that all the thermal energy is consumed during the actual process.

The combustion process is very, very small, in fact the amount of thermal energy is so small that it doesn't really affect you. I just wanted to show you now a couple more interesting demonstrations and usually this is purely a pyrotechnic effect and I want to show first of all a very small sample of gunpowder burning. You see, I have some gunpowder here, this is black powder and I wanted to show you how black powder burns on its own, without any additives. You see, there is quite a bit. a decent charge, there's about 5 grams in there and then you'll see that this is young powder that burns itself.

By the way, I have to double check that I have my yes, that we have the other one. one actually my glasses are fogging up. I'm very nervous. I think I'll continue. I'm sure they'll be fine. By the way, I have about 15 pairs of glasses, one for each experiment, so there we are. Let's put this one in now, please watch carefully, watch carefully as we demonstrate that the burning black powder is normal gunpowder and that they were a nice little puff of smoke rising into the atmosphere, etc., but let me see to the chemicals. and pyrotechnicians are always interested in making things better, you see, so, what they said, what some people somewhere noticed, these irons, burning sparks, etc.

They noticed that the water is starting to rise by the way they noticed the sparks burning and they thought, let's try adding some iron filings. to gunpowder and see what effect it has, so that's what I'm going to show you next. By the way, I have to be very careful because these things break down, they spread everywhere, sometimes in the place where it is located. now gunpowder but mixed with iron filings once again it's a pretty small charge but it has a surprisingly nice effect and I'm going to set this on fire and look at the keV so be careful what you get is a beautiful orange shower.

In addition, it produces sparks and also slows down the combustion process, so now it turns into powder with added iron filings or should Sian pal der to do it, it was a pyrotechnic effect and they saw that there was a small orange rain. Sparks came out and you see that they have burned little holes in the thing, but that doesn't matter, it's part of the demonstration, we expect to go through quite a few pieces of paper and all sorts of other things, so that demonstrated. Now you see, I've shown you a variety of applications where an iron is converted to iron oxide and I want you to just show that I actually have three different samples here of iron oxide.

This is powdered rust. rust I have a rusty sheet and I scrape off the rust and I pat that sound, it's a light brown color this here this rust this rust here it's actually called pharaoh so ferric oxide is iron tritetroxide the chemical formula is fe3o4 three atoms of oxygen combined from three iron atoms combined with four oxygen atoms, the formula, by the way, for the oxide is fe 2 or 3 point h2o, it is a little bit of iron oxide fe2o3 combined with about one molecule of water, in fact , if you heat it very strongly you will end up with this, this is iron oxide with the sign Cal, iron oxide from which the rust and water have been removed and the formula is fe2o3.

I wanted to tell you that they are relatively stable and we can examine them, but there is another type of iron oxide that no one ever sees, but we will see it today for a very short space, a short period of time, now let me tell you that what I have here is the chemical formula of iron carbonate Fe co 3, now when heated. This is very strong, as Dom is going to do, maybe a season that burns strong enough, Don, we have practiced it several times, a pretty strong spin, it breaks down into FeO and co2, plus they are unusual in this, a carbonate of iron in which it comes.

I think it is mixed with small pieces of sugar, which is why it produces a sugary smell. I'm not really sure why that is, but can I let you do it because I know you've done this before and in the meantime I'll do it? Explain some other little bits, don't do it while you're doing that and turn it into what I'm going to tell you to tell you what you're going to do and then we'll tie it into a little theory. when iron carbonate is heated, it decomposes to convert iron into oxide Fe o let me remind you 4 minutes, this was epic 2 O 3 Fe 3 o 4 Fe 2 O 3 dot h2o, but when it is done, its chemical formulas f e o is a very unusual and unstable type of iron oxide, we call it pyrophoric iron oxide and what that means is that if you pour it into the air, it spontaneously catches fire and glows to make a pyrophoric fe2o3 iron oxide, which means which catches fire and continues to heat up. until you no longer dope in emergencies, but could we have the next slide because I wanted to explain a little bit about this curious characteristic of iron and its

chemistry

, the reason why iron demonstrates this curious ability to bond with different atoms in different different elements in different ways now before us is the greatest achievement of the human race in terms of our understanding of the nature of matter.

This is a periodic table of the chemical elements that I'm sure you all recognize and what it means. contains all the building bricks of every substance, this is a remarkable achievement of us humans, that we have been able to organize all this in nice rows and columns now yes, by the way, Ferrum is Latin for iron before chemistry, Alchemy and alchemists used the Latin language and many of its words still appear in today's language, so there is iron in the middle and you notice that it is in the middle of a large group of elements and they are all colored yellow.

Now those elements are Children are called transitional elements, they are called transitional elements because, generally speaking, elements fall into two categories: metals and nonmetals, all greens, yellows, greens, yellows, purples and blues, are the metals and the whites at the bottom, but only the top right corner with the whites in the right column, those are the non-metals, which is a very rough division. Now I'm a member of the transition metals, what they specialize in is doing all kinds of chemical tasks, chemical representatives. They are all engineering metals, but they perform a wide variety of chemical reactions. I'll summarize them quickly, so he's a guy with theater, but they have variable valence;

In other words, they can be combined in various ways with an element with a variable oxidation state where they form colored compounds, form complex ions and act as very good catalysts. In the meantime, I'm going to show a few of each of them, so can we remove that slide now? Please, in the meantime, I'm going to DOM. be prepared to do that. I'm going to start an experiment. Carry on, dear Darwin, are you ready? By the way, if possible, if possible, turn off the lights while Dom does this and have a small clock crystal on the bottom.

You'll notice that if he dims the lights, I think he'll find this much more instructive and fun to watch, so Dom, continue at your leisure, sir, and there you'll see that it's iron oxide FeO spontaneously oxidizing. in fe2o3 thank you very much indeed your work now we could we could we could kindly now I am organizing another experiment here which involves the use of iron nails and what I wanted to tell you because this is the next topic iMovie will do it so I will take a look at the remains in that glass in a second.

I'll take a look at the remains in the glass in a second. But I just wanted to tell you that I'm about to do an experiment. He had a piece of cotton. here that seems to have mysteriously disappeared it's not the end of the world if I can't see it but yes but if I find it I'll find it there somewhere oh there it is thank you very much ah thank you very much dear this is Matt, here we have now what I did here, I have here some nails, this is harmful to iron nails and what I did, I extracted about 250 mils of dilute sulfuric acid, but I'm going to generate hydrogen gas from this, which will fill this balloon in due time.

It takes about half an hour. I may have put too much acid in the thing. We have to move forward. What I'm going to do now. I am going to show some reactions that involve iron and among them is one in which hydrogen is produced. Now this has a very important history: hydrogen gas was officially discovered in 1770 by Henry Cavendish. 1777 and Henry Cavendish recognized it and identified it as an element, but the truth is that people have been preparing hydrogen gas since medieval times and they reacted it by mixing this substance here, which was then called oil of vitriol, it was made by burning sulfur and the sulfur tombs were produced from various minerals and dissolving the vapors in water and they reacted it with iron and they discovered that if you react oil of vitriol with iron, then the iron starts to bubble there and the wig I'll save you to let it cook let the first bubbles escape and we are going to allow this to continue bubbling now very soon hydrogen gas will be produced.

It had iron dust there and iron nails here. They are both reacting with the same substance, sulfuric acid. Now this particular reaction had great meaning. in the year 1783, as everyone knows, 1783 was a great date in the history of flight because it was the first time that man successfully launched balloons with humans inside and flew into the sky and there were two types of balloons. -air balloons that were made by them and used by the Montgolfier brothers in Paris but times were very competitive and another Frenchman Jacques Charles made a balloon filled with hydrogen now these balloons were huge they were almost the size of this auditorium here they required tons of iron nails and sulfuric acid was made on a large industrial scale and when these balloons were released they caused a huge sensation among the public, so what I'm going to do is use their technology using iron nails and sulfuric acid to fill this. balloon with hydrogen now takes approximately half an hour to fill so it grows very slowly.

By the way, notice how the violet liquid rises up the tube and what that shows is that the iron wool is oxidizing in there, it is absorbing a vital part of the atmosphere that we know is oxygen, but you see, this is very easy to prove today it took thousands of years was Lavoisier was the first child was a French chemist again at the same time as the Montgolfier brothers there was an enormous amount of exciting chemistry that was happening there and he was the person who recognized that metal oxides were solid and was able to prove this now.

Can I ask you and Dom and maybe modulate to burn some of those hydrogen flasks for a few days? of and the object by the way this experiment dear children, this is the point I am trying to convey. The object is not to produce hydrogen, it is to make what will be in that flask. The object is to see what the iron turns into. but if hydrogen is produced we should not waste it and therefore we will burn it and that will be the place that will be this. Feel free to burn as many hydrogen flasks as you want if we provide it. and in the meantime I will concentrate on our next experiment so that you feel that we probably will not have hydrogen.

By the way, they haven't practiced this at all, so this is just doing things from first principles, but I think so. I have full confidence that the first one will be full, yes, it was quite pure hydrogen. By the way, while I'm doing the demo, I'm just going to show you a few tricks and then you can end up with more happening. Can I show you some? tricks, please master and modulate correctly, but first thing is a good idea would be where to store it. burn that is very useful if you actually mix it with air, okay, then it will make a slight pop, you see, you are a lotelectricity is because there is a transfer of electrons and that is the most sophisticated and difficult part to understand and the person who first performed these experiments was a great Italian scientist Alessandro Volta around 1800 and he was the first person who made electric cells.

Thank you, we finished this. We can remove all these things and now we can start preparing the termite cage, thank you very much, in fact, we already are, so I have shown you some examples of redox reactions that don't rush, don't take it easy, I'm sure, I'm sure, I will continue even if everyone else leaves, if you guys have a wonderful program, I'm very interested in surpassing you, I just love doing these experiments. I must excuse the occasional errors, it's a big fuss setting up all this stuff now. What I want them to do. What I wanted to show you next is an experiment that once again demonstrates this difference in reactivity.

By the way, can I have the next slide? please, next slide, please, which is thank you very much, if we put it there in the middle of the next slide, oh yeah, that's why you don't see just a close-up photograph, but just a close-up photograph plane of iron that has reacted with sulfuric acid and been left to sit for a few days and that is a close up showing that the iron oxidizes when exposed to air and small crystals of green crystals of iron sulfate and then it starts to show those little white spots, now they are the alchemists.

I would have thought it was a fungal growth or some type of growth. In fact, it is the phenomenon of efflorescence. If we can see the next slide please, this shows you the electrochemical. These are just some of the items you've seen lined up. The order of reactivity with the top of the bottom potassium calcium sodium agrees aluminum zinc iron hydron copper silver now this series was first devised by an Italian scientist Volta and he did not attach specific volts but the effects of different metals on your body which used to connect silver and zinc plates and then connect the wires through his forehead, through his eyes and things, I just get horrendous shots and depending on how big the impact was, then I knew how far away the metals were. , but from a current point of view. so what I've done is a series of electrical reactivity, the volts are given on the right just to show the volts that they generate and you see that the iron is - point four four and the copper is point three four, in theory we should have the point seven over volt, but I got point three, which is fine, but what I wanted to show you next is the idea of ​​aluminum reacting with iron oxide, since many of you notice two points about art and in this very, very simplified table, what that means is that any metal will displace and a metal that is further down its compound, so what we have in this beaker here is a mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide and I am going to show that this is a tremendously exothermic reaction that releases an enormous amount of thermal energy and For that special purpose I have built a cage here, this is a thermite cage, here the iron melts at approximately 1500 degrees Celsius and what does and what it does will be that that temperature is reached here, in fact, this reaches approximately 2,500 degrees Celsius, it is an amazing temperature. high temperature, so we have to have this prepared enough especially in a container that you know, which will now release some smoke, by the way, almost all of the smoke will be contained there, but I have to say that Don and Marjolaine will carry it out . later you will see because they will remove the cage, they will put it there and then they will move the cart away and I will show you what is left behind, but this you will see, this glass is made of heat resistant glass and it can easily withstand 900 degrees Celsius.

Now I'm going to pour it. I am going to prepare a small amount of fuse powder for this purpose. I need a small piece of paper. It's okay. I'll just take a piece of paper. Here, a small piece of paper. here a small amount of wick powder made of potassium permanganate there and a little bit of magnesium shavings sorry, I have the wrong material here I've had some magnesium shavings I don't have, I have some strange mark where I don't have? It's not that bad. I'll use magnesium powder instead. It's a lot more violent, but it's hard cheddar.

I just have to get on with things. I'm sorry. This is just setting this up to be at its max. Incredible. As you can imagine, it was one thing, but we have to move on now, we're still here, we're still here and as soon as this is over we can leave, by the way, we have some beautiful minerals to show because this is this can of ants. We bring all those beautiful minerals, please excuse me, I wanted to show you that we have three wonderful minerals that are due to the fact that this type of reaction is used for the extraction of iron in furnaces and they are made of minerals from which the other element is extracted in two of its minerals some are what you will be able to do, these have been linked to us especially for tonight by the Natural History Museum in South Kensington and there they are and let me briefly show you what they are, this here is popularly. known as fool's gold, you are welcome to come and touch it.

This is iron sulfide and is one of the oars from which iron is extracted, releasing enormously furious vapors and for which we can make sulfuric acid. This here is hematite, which is red iron. oxide, which is the same material that you advised me as fe2o3, this characteristically formed from the molten state at some point and this here is magnetite fe3o4, the magnetic iron oxide that got these beautiful crystals, each of these three are minerals from which iron is extracted. It is mined commercially on a large scale the annual production of iron in 2012 was 1.1 billion tons it is the most used the most universal thank you very much just take them back in the meantime in the meantime let's move on now I mixed this with some potassium, a little bit of potassium permanganate with a little pinch of magnesium powder that will make one a very, very bright flash, but it should activate our mixture, which one, which one, which one is a thermite mixture, etc.

Now, like I said, I'm really disappointed I didn't do it. I've got my magnesium twists right, so here we go. Now I'm going to activate this, although with another fuse this may not work. I have to say because I'm not sure if I have the right fuse, but it's one that I just have. To continue, I've done what I think is a reasonable amount of each of what I'm going to do due to the extreme violence of this. By the way, this reaction takes about 30 seconds. Once I start, you will see a bright flower. If you see a flash, you'll see a lot of smoke being produced and then we can inspect, hopefully, the product, let me have this and this year I'll have all my relevant songs, so I'm just going to keep pouring. a small amount of glycerin that will light up and it has a delayed action response of 30 seconds so it's not immediate there we are please take your time don't rush it's a third about 30 seconds now if both stand back a little if both of you stand back a little what we're going to see hopefully is something like a bright flash followed by and there goes our steady eye that's hot at 2500 degrees Celsius it's steel this is iron it's being made now what What What we're going to do is examine the products in a second with Marjolaine and Adam will lift it up very carefully, thank you very much, and take it out carefully.

That's very, very good, thank you very much. very jet black and I'll inspect what's here, you'll see, and if you look here carefully, you'll be able to see molten iron coming out the bottom, you'll see, and our glass has a hole through it. What I am going to do? The next thing I'm going to do is examine. It should have a fire mat. It doesn't matter, I'll get one from here. I'll borrow this brick for a second and we'll put it here. We'll put this in there and take a quick look at our iron sampler that we made there.

It was melted. We will simply put it in the cold water and let it boil. It's boiling there. and bubbling and very soon I hope to be able to take out a piece of solid iron what is the other product of course it is aluminum oxide the chemical reaction is aluminum plus iron oxide produces iron plus aluminum oxide which should have already cooled to a satisfactory temperature we will be able to take it out and there we should have a piece of iron at the bottom that will use a magnet to pick it up. We think there's a little bar magnet somewhere in Taccone?

Now please turn on the steam engine, thank you. To a large extent, it is something that patches the fire, something there we are, there is our eye and you see, there we are, there is our piece of iron that we have made and then, although this is from Joseph, it is a successful reaction that you see when demonstrating the enormous power. of chemistry now, Marjolaine, we're going to move on to the mentality and the technology of iron and we, what we can do in the meantime, dear dom, we'll let this cool down a little bit, okay, and in the meantime, modulae es.

Start the steam engine and the sunrise will start the train and then we also have the Meccano model to show you just some small parts. Yes, please, everyone knows that the Industrial Revolution was a period in the 1970s. Every seventeen hundred or eight hundred and fifty something like that was a time when an enormous amount of progress was made in our understanding of science and technology and masses and masses of power were converted in useful ways and all of that was largely thanks to the strength of iron and I told you that, but his enormous understanding of the principles of reactions and how steam is produced and how it is expands It brought together a lot of chemistry, physics, metallurgy, all at once, which gave rise to the Industrial Revolution. load I have four, only four books here, anyone who wants to see very interesting beautiful pictures, illustrations, etc., the train, this is a train, just a model railway, he said, these are models that were very fashionable in the decade from 1950. locomotive there, by the way, you are more than welcome to come up and take a look later here.

We have many models of a steam engine in operation that will be set by modulation. It takes a few minutes, so don't wait. results, but more today, could we show ourselves the Meccano while we wait? Could you show us this one? This is a Meccano model of the type that was very fashionable. Meccano sets were in fashion in the 19th century, from the 1920s to today, but their heyday was between the 1930s and 1950s and the module started the engine and this is a working model, it took us several hours do it. By the way, it's not easy to make these models and another run there just to show them to you. it's like they were working on the model and it would be the Meccano sets they could make.

They were all made of steel and represented elements of technology that people use every day. The people who are responsible for steam engines, by the way, there are one. Great story. I recommend you visit the Science Museum if you haven't already. Fantastic exhibition on the steam ground floor. The history of steam power dates back to about 1700, about 1700, with Thomas Newcomen and the condensing steam pump. By the way, the reason pumps were made in the first place and why steam power was developed in the first place was to extract water from mines. We have always depended enormously on mines to obtain minerals, minerals with which we can make metals and also cement stones and other similar substances, also jewelry, etc., so mining has always been part of the great human tradition and how much The deeper you go, the more likely the mines are to flood, so pumping water was always necessary and that was the main reason we are almost ready to leave, no, no, there is no rush.

I have to maintain them, they should be ready in a couple of minutes and marginally their entities well tested, so the steam engines initially worked if they were reciprocating, the piston used to go up from one side to the top, on the other, there was no pressure involved, they were called atmospheric condensing engines after about 1800, James Watt, the brilliant Scottish engineer came and developed a more efficient technology to condense the steam or for a certain to increase the pressure and he invented that he was the first person which she began to do, instead of just going up and down to pump, he had known that you made steam engines where a wheel turned, with an example of which we have here. they were static steam engines now these steam engines covered all of Europe there were thousands of them everywhere and you can see if, as I said, several of them are on display, even in full size, in the Science Museum, but this is a model demonstrating the principle the principle is as follows water is boiled in a boiler and this is where iron comes in steel iron has always been the strongest and most readily available metal and boilers were made of steel and all the components, the engineering components, the crankshaft, the connecting rods, everything was made of steel and that is why its use is so ubiquitous and mine oflargest iron today, I believe, is located in a huge area of ​​Brazil and there are several, it is an Edison open pit mine of several hundred square miles and the iron continues Now note that our experiment is 100% successful , the water has risen directly into the flask and will fill up, as you probably know, about a fifth of the air is oxygen, so this is a one liter flask, we will eventually have about 200 cc of a colored liquid by the time that particular portion of air has been exhausted now, are we slowly getting there?

No problem, in that case, go on, dear, we'll move on to the next topic, which is magnetism, and I just wanted to. tell you that towards the end of the 18th century, towards the end of the 18th century, there were two great advances in science, one in chemistry and the other in physics, related to invisible things, invisible phenomena in chemistry, it was the chemistry of gases, they were invisible and the people. for the first time we were able to identify gases, recognize them and test them, one was invisible and the other invisible phenomenon, so we have the balloon experiment just to show, please do you have that there are other bad balloons down there, the other invisible?The phenomenon that has been known for thousands of years was this and that is what everyone knows and now we will show you what happens. invisible forces.

The balloon is now taped to the children's door. This is what we call static electricity. So static electricity was a phenomenon and the other notable phenomenon was the one we have here and it is a magnetic and magnetic phenomenon and it was known, so please demonstrate without going on further, demonstrate that, my dear Tom, the effect of the La electric current is once you have it, I will tell everyone what is going on, but the fact is that magnetism was something that was of great interest. People knew that they knew in nature that a lodestone, which is actually the black iron oxide that I showed.

You, those fe3o4 crystals are magnetic and people have collected these stones and it wasn't like that. They were used by Chinese explorers thousands of years ago. They were used all over the world. We know we have evidence because they always pointed in the same direction. Now we know. That's called magnetic north and that lodestone, but that was a mystery, people didn't understand it. William Gilbert published a book in 1600 about his theory of magnets and let's try to see where we are, the steam engine is really going to work. so I'll interrupt and the modulator will now turn on the steam engine.

Hopefully, it will light up. We may take a little time. Now there is a dead notice. Could we dim the lights so everyone can see what our steam engine is accomplishing? a little light there this shows the inter convertibility of energy this was one of the greatest triumphs of the human race was taking advantage of the energy of burning to produce mechanical energy that is what happened with steam engines thank you very much actually modulate that It's absolutely wonderful look at the splendid steam that comes out, etc., so this is a model of a steam engine, real.

Needless to say, the cauldron is made of iron and steel due to its sharpness. Thank you very much Marjorie. Now Tom will quickly demonstrate. I have a beautiful compass here that has a magnetic needle that has a magnetic needle and is very, very sensitive to the magnets around it and Don will try to demonstrate for now one of the most important advances in the link between electricity and magnetism. It's an Express, you can see it turning. You can see that the needle is spinning, this is an experiment that we did there in 1819 and it linked the idea of ​​an electric current with magnetism.

This was the greatest triumph of the great supreme experiment of Michael Faraday and Michael Faraday, who are parallel to your The next experiment, while I'm just saying a few things, a demonstration of a simple electromagnet because Michael Faraday, who was not in this precise building, is Thanks to him we have generations, an event in which electricity is generated, the alternator, the electric motor, which was all from Michael Faraday. It works and there what Don is demonstrating is a simple electromagnet, just a coil of wire around it that if you disconnect it they will fall out, that's the point to show if you disconnect the magnet and then they fall out, so it's a simple electromagnet made with a one and a half volt battery now, dear children, just to show how modern technology, which is a simple elementary electromagnet, modern technology has advanced, we have here a magnet, we have here another electromagnetic in a slightly straighter position here and This here what I wanted to say is an electromagnet that uses modern technology that uses a battery.

It is exactly the same battery, but it is capable of lifting 50 kilograms. Now we have it. Please, he will prove it now. just a 20 kilogram piece of rail and if anyone wants to come and try it afterwards they are more than welcome, but believe me, this is very, very heavy, in fact the point of the demonstration is to show you how very, very efficient current electromagnets are From the beginning. The day when Michael Faraday was doing those experiments there also today where we can reach and they have a great application in the electromagnet industry. This is why they are so efficient because of the quantity, the design of the magnet and the number of coils to give them. maximum magnetic flux are now on the topic we are now it is at the halfway point we are almost done we are getting close are we getting ready for our welding?

If you could quickly bring the welding equipment in a very short time. welding experiment I hope you don't mind because this is very interesting. I just wanted to tell you a little bit about steels that are still the science. Can I just give you this book here published in 1888 called Electricity in the Service of Man, it says written by a German author, a lot of fantastic images, just look at the images, it's amazing how much was already happening, so this book, great engineers, I will quote him later and here metallurgy of Sir Robert Hadfield, one of the greatest metallurgists. a deep and extremely interesting personal book about India, as I said the pictures in all of these books are quite fantastic.

Now what I'm going to do is demonstrate to you very, very briefly a little bit about soldering and then we'll have a little bit. in the mentality a little in the blood and then we will finish. I hope you don't mind if we are getting ahead of ourselves by a very, very considerable margin. Unfortunately, I have not done this. I haven't done this demo before like this with all of these. things I think coming to the Royal Institution one should show the best that humanity can do in terms of giving them an experience to remember something positive now so here we are now I'm going to need a brick where's my bricks ah so be careful hot no not hot okay thank you very much in fact yes it is hot but now it doesn't matter what we have here now I will show you very quickly because you will see all these things I will show you all these machines, steam engines, bridges from all over the world of the engineering of iron, steel and technology, you have to join the iron with something, so you have to join it, so the oldest technology was using rivets, which consists of making a hole and then breaking the end of the hole into pieces. a steel rod that is passed through and held together and rivets are still widely used, they are used in airplanes, they are used in naval engineering and they are used all over the world, nuts and bolts are used. but when using rivets, nuts and bolts, both are labor intensive, so it takes a long time to screw the nut into the ball or hit the rivet, so a technology was developed at the end of the beginning. of the 20th century, which is by the way, who can sprinkle a little iron magnetic power?

The cable I put together, you see, just to show that they were experienced once when the invisible forces, but we can do a demonstration for you, Marge, I'll just show you the beautiful one. pattern some of you are familiar with, but I find it so beautiful. Sprinkle some iron filings on a magnet. You see, and it shows that you feel the magnetic flux. Now, what I'm going to do, I'm just going to show you the The power of welding technology, you see, welding became possible for two reasons: first, the chemistry had been understood, so people could produce gases and collect them, which had a fantastic need, so look at a beautiful plan, those are the invisible force fields. fields that we normally can't see but the iron filings show them there, but what I'm going to show you now is that I'm going to show you very briefly the technology for joining metals that is used today, there are several types of welding. an oxyacetylene was possible because, to begin with, as I said, it was possible to produce the gases oxygen and acetylene and store them in large industrial courses, but the most important thing was that they were able to make cylinders that were strong enough that these cylinders are made of.

The steel has been split in such a way that they then looked for gases that would have a high enough temperature when mixed to be able to melt the iron. Now just for your information, your home kitchens, the flame there burns. at about six or seven hundred degrees Celsius, you see, by metallurgical standards, it really is a very low temperature. Oh, I won't bother with a match, I'll just use my candle that's lit, sorry, so please think, this is good. be pure acetylene In flames it became oops-a-daisy it's possible that I should have there we are so there is pure aesthetics now this is acetylene which is a gas that burns with a walk around there are some things that are not quite right they shouldn't be going down let's turn it off okay I think let's just check the cylinders yeah that should be fine so now we have this is pure acetone ec2 h2 the chemical formula burns with a very bright flame that emits quite a lot of Salt, as you can see, is going up now if we add oxygen to it, since I'm very short.

Excuse me, so the flame will gradually increase in luminosity, but then it will turn into a very beautiful deep blue color and this temperature is the tip of this flame. is about 2,500 centigrade, so at the moment it is bright, but it should gradually turn blue as we increase the oxygen ratio, so now we are getting a typical flame that all gas stoves have, a Bunsen burner with the open flame holes and there it is. there now this flame this flame has can reach a temperature like I said 2500 let's say oh there dear, you see because I'm trying a lot of things let me put on the gloves first, we'll put on the gloves first, okay?

I accidentally turned everything off, that wasn't very bright, never mind, we're back in business again. Let's put our essentially, just make sure they're okay, that would help if it was screwed right and done. that on the right, as you can see, everything was prepared quickly, but try again, now we are right, so there we are, we are burning, we are back in action again, lower the flame to a reasonable height, here we go. our oxygen and now I'm just going to show you how very, very hot it can get. In fact, it is best that they first heat a test that is made of heat-resistant glass that melts at nine hundred percent.

OK. I just tried it. Demonstrate for you the phenomenon of plastic flow, so there is our flame, there is our flame and if we light that flame in the test, you will notice a beautiful orange color. That orange color is due to the sodium content of the test tube the test tube is basically made of a glass that contains silica sand and silicon dioxide and I'm just going to see that there will be no flow of plastic where it will actually fall but it won't reach the soil, it is very complicated to do. we'll see, we can do it, we're melting it, but should you look, please, there we are, we're almost there, is that we see a piece of, you see this here, what I've shown is good, a drastic flow in the glass.

You see, so this is glass that we almost managed to catch. Now, what I'm going to do. Actually, now I'm going to try to do a soldering experiment or we can remove it, please Dom, please excuse me. I'm going to do it. To try, instead of doing something boring, I'm going to do something a little more interesting that you might not know about. It's an opportunity. Start by sprinkling some twopence coins which are of course made of copper. However, if we take a magnet. Do we have the permanent magnet here, dear, and marginally down there, dear?

Could you please get me the magnet so that your children's twopence coins are made of copper? You see, any of these were of yes, thank you very much now if you see So, copper is not magnetic. Copper is not attracted to a magnet. You see, that's not attracted. What is the point of proving this? But wait, that one is magnetic, so I'm not really sure if I'm demonstrating this correctly. so that is a copper coin but in reality it is not copper this is that is that that is the police that is magnetic that is the one that copper is not magnetic that is the one that walks around this is very strange that one is magnetic and that one is magnetic that one is not "That is not so.

What I am demonstrating, dear children, is that the most interesting thing is that, in reality, twopence coins can be made with mineraliron or copper, and this is a trick. You see, they're not actually made of copper." They're made of iron but coated with a very, very thin layer of copper, you see this because they're made of iron and the reason this happened was because in 1989 it became more expensive. the amount of copper used in making 2pence was worth more than the 2pence was worth, so people melted down twopence coins and got rich that way, not a very economical way, but we could never there have the glass of water with sand, please, don't you remember? in which we will put a thermite mixture, thank you very much, in fact, what I am going to do now, I will do it, therefore, I will show you that they are made of steel creating a very very unusual coin, if there are any coin collectors out there look I'm going to make an 8 pence piece you see so I'm going to solder my 4 coins together Thank you very much Dom that was it yeah. okay, okay, not really, we're right on the table, on the table, Dom Dom, it's really extraordinary: they're both amazing.

Now, in order to solder them, I need a welding rod which I have here. You see, so, by the way, this is very, very difficult. welding under any conditions let alone in the Royal Institution, but I think that again, in the interests of education, we must show them what the possibilities are, we do not have my objectives here, yes, by the way, I have to say that the glasses are mainly for my. mainly so you can see better, this is not an inherently dangerous process like arc welding or MIG welding, where temperatures reach that would damage your eyes, this is simply so you can see better now.

I'll probably have to stop talking about what I'm doing, but I'll keep talking while I can't stop talking now about what I'm doing well. This is a very complicated operation. I'm heating up the 2p coin which is made of steel as I demonstrated and I have to get it hot enough so I can melt it a little. this this this rod that I'm holding on the right I've made a fourpence piece now we're on to the next one you have to heat you have to develop enough heat capacity to actually melt the steel it has to flow and The trick is if you melt it too much it all melts. it will catch fire and burn when you run out of anything, so there's a pretty fine margin, there's not much margin for error in this, but we have a 6p. coil right now, and the thing is, iron and steel are very, very, very strong, but then the joint is very, very firm and welding has huge applications in industry.

I think we are there. Actually, now I'm going to put this. down here turn them off quickly one two there now what we do is we take our 8p coin and we throw it in the cold water to cool it down and now we take a look to see our product, that's pretty hot, there we are. There we have lead and knights and an eightpence piece. This will be very useful for anyone. Can you imagine if you have seen this photo? If you've seen this shop, something you want to buy for eight pence instead of fumbling around, let's say a p2p. say eightpence now this is wonderful so you see we always always were able to say now thank you very much now we are ready thank you let's move on to if we could delete this in fact thank you very much in fact what was next on the list of we're almost there is it metallic oh I know metallurgy and then the last one, yes, I did it, it's true, it's true, it's metallic, dear children, I'm almost done just a few bits and pieces, you see, you see the different types of carbon different types of steel depend on two things, how they have been heat treated in the foundry and secondly how much carbon they have in a typical mild steel which contains about 0.1 percent carbon, not much at all, and I have the exact mild steel is this thing here , it's what most things here are made of.

I have a piece of cast iron. Cast iron is used a lot, it is strong but it is very brittle. Hit it with a hammer and it breaks. Here we have high. steel high carbon steel used for cutting tools, etc. and here we have spring steel spring steel used to store energy, you wind it up and I have my beautiful pocket watch here that tells me that we have surpassed little Michael in this almost well. from five to eight to adapt that is what ended with your previous and other application that you see, people have made use of, we are selling that we can use springs in musical instruments, the piano has steel cables that I break, but the harmonica has reach of steel, so I'm going to play with the Polish folk tune on this one, we're going to do it right, but thank you very much for that spring of steel in activity now that we have almost everything that I'm going to show. quickly another heavy this starter motor truth that starter motor quickly let's start the engine that the foam I thought well, do you still have power?

Maybe we have a lot of energy there. I'm so sorry, you have to go. early steel they do what Michael Faraday invented the electric motor these by the way they call we have breeze the pair of slides Michael Faraday's original electromagnet is here that's one of his original additional men it's on display at the Royal Institution here they have a fantastic display and I can't open it because you could do a whole talk about Michael Faraday, his life and his work, but it's what he invented. He was a deeply humble man, he didn't want glory, he just wanted to serve humanity, which he really was for and please humanity.

The next one, the first electric motor, it doesn't look like an electric motor, but that thing was spinning, there was mercury there and between, that little needle was spinning around the central, a central thing in the essential pool of mercury, when the current was when . the event has already happened, I don't know how it works, where, the fact, how it works now, I bought it here, the truth is that this is an electric motor that is used to start a car every time you turn the starter key, what happens? Well, this is what happens and that's a starter motor, you see, but when the starter motor turns over, then what does it thicken and what does it actually do?

Thank you so much. Now I will thank you very much, as brilliantly demonstrated. I'll just show it and now I would do it. connect the finial so that when you turn this you see, say, well, what happened, does that start a car? I'll show you that now we're going to quickly build parts of a car. I think it's very important, do we have something beautiful? They are parts of a car, this is part of a differential gearbox, take one tool from the other and I will take care of this. It's beautiful the way all the trucks have this, you know, and all this and the Triumph Herald cars, you saw some.

It proves brilliant engineering and the reason is that it's easy to disassemble, it doesn't put any of the two technologies together and the point is that all of these things are beautifully made and mass produced, which is the hallmark of today's industrial revolution and What we're going to do is just show you how it connects. Now this ship is a flight wheel. When the starter motor turns and this little gear engages the steering wheel here, we'll quickly build part of a car to show you and there it is, I'll hold it up, I'll hold it up and then, by the way, this year everyone will recognize it, of course, It is a crankshaft, it is a section with a piston inside and why let's start. just locate it and I think it's very important in a conference on iron and steel to build part of the automobile after we all use cars, we all use cars on a daily basis, we take them for granted and marginally now very quickly we will insert five brothers. assigning there is a locating screw there we go, we are in modulation, we will quickly locate four fixing screws and then we will tighten them and we will be almost ready to go, but we will be ready to do almost the final experiments.

And I think that's right, the last ones to leave, thank God, we need them there now, we're almost there. Please excuse me, here we go, let's adjust this now, here we go, using a plug there. 5/8 inch socket with a T-bar and this is the kind of thing we do with the auto society with dismantling we build things and cars, you know, and I can't recommend enough the pleasure of fixing something yourself, you know , I think everyone gets great satisfaction from doing something yourself, you fixed it, you made it work and you feel like it's a great sense and there's a little bit of practice and anyone can do it and there we are.

Marg Lane just hooked up your PM, the steering wheel. There we are and all this is precisely designed FLE beauty than dinner. What's amazing is this little motor, this little motor has enough torque to turn everything and make the car go, so there's that one and now we're off and running. until the final, the final demonstration of everyone and that is and that is just one thing and this is not a demonstration, you don't have to worry, but it's just to let you know, of course, I'm in biology and of course, all of you. We know that we have about 6 grams of iron in our blood, we all do.

It doesn't flow in the form of iron filings, it flows in the form of hemoglobin, the coloring matter of bread in our blood cells, and that iron plays a fundamental role. important role in our physiology in the way we live and breathe now what we have here are two balloons of hydrogen and oxygen and this and the purpose of this that you see is to show the enormous heat resistance of steel. This is a steel rail. and in it we are going to put a flash powder that consists of magnesium and potassium chlorate, magnesium and potassium.

Now that flash powder generates a temperature of about 2500 degrees Celsius which, if there was enough of it, would definitely melt our steel rail, but now we could just quickly say we shouldn't waste now the balloon, you see that balloon is full of hydrogen and, If you don't mind, I can't stand the prospect of you having a balloon full of hydrogen going up now, I say it again. these balloons these balloons filled with hydrogen could you just hold it down there? Thank you very much, so, seriously, let's bet if I tell you that we could insure it, insure it with someone.

I'll quickly light it with a burn. splint just keep it there, it would just burn it, not very spectacular. I have to warn you, but it's still important that we don't waste good chemicals, so I'm just going to set it on fire. Oh, it shouldn't turn on. Fire these two, that would be a terrible disaster. By the way, they are filled with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, you see, and they will make a very, very loud bang if the experiment works, so this is just a balloon filled with pure hydrogen that previously made burns with an orange flame is not particularly loud but it's quite fun, so there it is, you see it was ours that came out now and now for our final experiment for our very good, no, no, please, final experiments now.

Can I please now? Can I please? I'm going to prepare a small amount of magnesium magnesium flash powder now and this. I have to warn you that we have an extremely bright flash burn, so sometimes sparks will fly. a couple of times, we can almost certainly be a little poor, get ready to spray water, okay, on anything, let's start a fire, Adama, did you read, do we have another squeeze bottle? It doesn't matter, just pour a glass of water over it, but it should be fine. Now I'm just sorry, what we do is we mix this magnesium powder together.

You know, I'm so nervous my eyes are freezing. I only have to take them off if they fog up. I had six pairs of safety glasses, but in total. Hurry up, I just don't know where I put them, right? I posted one that does it. Oh, there's one that doesn't vaporize. Thank you so much. These are very. You must understand that this is nothing. They have to be used if There are sparks that will probably go after these, they are not just good for making some kind of liquids that you already know and a standard laboratory where the others are heavy duty industrial safety devices, but now here is our pad of magnesium and I have to make sure it's smooth because if it's not pulverized smoothly, then it's going to be there.

Sparks may occur. They may be going somewhere south. Another sheet of paper, if you'll excuse me, thank you very much Tom, thank you very much, just a little bit. a little bit here and I have to be very careful with the quantities, it's all a little bit by rights, it's an art more than a science, what I'm doing now is just mixing them up in hopes and I'm just double checking, but now we have to mix them very, very carefully, in fact, very carefully, and in the end what I'm going to show you is that, although hopefully there will be two loud explosions and hopefully there will be a blinding flash, this will still be intact, which is the main thing . purpose of the experiment now, please excuse me, why now just to pass the time, I'm just going to pour them from one leaf to the other.

We have to make the fuse powder as homogeneous as possible, so now I'm going to do it very carefully. Now I repeat, if there is anyone who is afraid, I will definitely leave. This will make a very loud bang and there will also be a small cloud of smoke rising, but the organizers have assured me that the smoke alarms are installed and and that the air will be very fit to breathe in a short space of time in the offices, so now I need some potassium permanganate, we use a, like I said, thePotassium permanganate comes in here, yeah, well, ah, there, we're just a little bit there. and to that we're going to add a little bit of glycerin and then I'm going to show that it has actually survived, but maybe it's good to have this, this is a very, very bright flash, and if we dim the lights, I think it will be very satisfying, so Now I have one.

I repeat the warning, these make a very loud bang, this makes a big noise and there will be two loud bangs and a big cloud of smoke and this. It will definitely be the last experiment, so after that I will wait and wish everyone a very good night. I hope you enjoyed learning something. Here we go, there's our glycerin, like I said, it takes up to 30 seconds. before the mixture really takes off, so we'll stay back and watch, so my suggestion is that you don't look at it too directly, but rather look at it at a slight angle, etc., it goes so well there, let's be careful.

There it is, so keep the lights on please, thank you very much, in fact, so our thing has survived, thank you, thank you very much, in fact, amazed, thank you Tom, thank you very much, in fact, we will go out to the front to take the way. go ahead with me thank you very much Dom come here so there are my two assistants my two assistants thank you very much indeed our best wishes very very very - thank you very much indeed thank you very much