5 Unsolved Space Mysteries | Answers With Joe

for those of you who live in the blessed state of never watching the news uh, Texas was recently hit by a cold snap the likes of which we rarely see, in fact, one of the nights in that cold snap recorded the second coldest temperature ever Recorded In Texas history, the previous coldest storm was in 1889 and then the power went out, so we got to experience it exactly like they did. A couple of things struck me during the storm, one was how quickly you get used to the storm. At one point I was shoveling the driveway and I realized that it was quite comfortable even though it was only 25 degrees outside and the second thing that caught my attention is that that level of cold and much colder is the state reality of the universe in the How warm and humid we can live in this biosphere that we live in, that's the aberration, you know, if it weren't for the greenhouse gases that are in our atmosphere and that trap that heat, actually we would be colder than we normally are. colder, in fact this happened once before they called it snowball land.

Now we have the opposite problem now with the buildup of carbon dioxide leading to excessive warming and all that, but carbon dioxide has become a pariah for that reason and it's understandable. but I don't know, maybe we should give more credit to carbon dioxide. God bless carbon dioxide up to 300 parts per million. You know, this just goes to show that there are some very specific conditions here on Earth that make it kind of enjoyable. sanctuary for us to live in because the rest of the universe is pretty strange, you know, the sun, that big fireball in the sky that we normally expected to appear once a day, but what if it didn't?

What if you woke up one morning? and the sun was simply gone if you live on a planet orbiting the star I'm about to talk about that's exactly what you would have experienced the star doesn't appear to have a name it was a luminous blue variable star or lbv located in a dwarf galaxy about 75 million light years away. Note I said because yes, it's not there anymore and this was not a small star, it was 2.5 million times brighter than our sun and appeared in telescope data from 2001 to 2011 and then. In 2019, scientists went looking for it and it had just disappeared.

It just wasn't there. Looking back at the archives of the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, they looked at data from 2002, 2009 and 2011 and the data suggested it was spewing out radiation which is the sign of a dying star and then in 2016 the data just stopped. . Stars don't usually do it. Stars that size usually explode at the end of their lives. Stars exist in a balance between the gravity that attracts them and the radiation that comes out when they radiate. plummets, gravity wins and the star collapses and this triggers nuclear fusion, the boom I mentioned, the outer layers of the star are flying outwards in the supernova, which is one of the most spectacular sights in astronomy, of In fact, that's why astronomers were watching.

If they expected it to put on a show, that show turned out to be simply a disappearing act somewhere between 2011 and 2016, against all the laws of nature, this star simply raised a man by Andy Dufresne and disappeared like a fart in the wind so this star just escaped to a cosmic say Watanejo or what happened to this thing so one theory is that it dumped just the right amount of radiation to dim it but it didn't explode and then a kind of cloud of dust covered it afterwards. "Now, this scenario is unusual, but it's not as unusual as the idea of ​​a star that size simply collapsing into a black hole without going supernova.

No star has ever been observed to make such a gentle collapse, and that's not true." means I can." It's not just that we've never seen that happen, which brings us to a third theory, which is that maybe it went supernova and we just didn't see it now, that might be the case if it were a supernova that occurred last century. , there is a possibility that it actually went supernova a long time ago, what we have been observing from 2001 to 2011 was actually a dying corpse, so according to this reasoning the star went supernova sometime in the years 90 when we weren't looking and then what we saw and thought was an lbv was actually a supernova reborn which was some kind of imitation of lbv or, to quote the research paper by andrew p allen of trinity college, the broad component seen on the bomber lines between 2001 and 2011 would have come from the interaction between the sn ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium now, these three theories are actually quite unlikely, but something happened to that star, so we hope that when the telescope extremely big comes online and it's cold in 2025, maybe we'll shed some light on it because that the star no longer sheds light am I right from a star that should be where it isn't to a particle that shouldn't be where it is in 2006, NASA scientists in Antarctica found what may be a clue to a parallel universe or dark matter?

They were using a telescope called anita, which stands for Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, which is an interesting little telescope because it's actually suspended from a balloon and was designed to detect high-energy neutrinos from outer

space

. Neutrinos are a fundamental particle in the Standard Model. which are very small and electrically neutral, are also some of the shyest particles because they barely interact with matter. It takes a very high energy particle to be detectable by even the most sensitive equipment and that's why they are there in Antarctica. This is because it has very clear skies and it is much easier for a neutrino to pass by and not hit something, but what made the neutrino that was detected in 2006 so unusual was not that it had so much energy, but that it came from below. actually, just to make this more complicated, anita doesn't actually detect neutrinos directly, it actually detects a type of radio signal that is emitted and activated when neutrinos interact with particles and this actually travels up and not down.

Below, this is known as iscarian radiation and is basically the optical equivalent of a sonic boom. Sonic booms, of course, occur when a jet or rocket travels faster than the speed of sound, the sound waves build up behind the rocket and then explode back in a cone shape. Well, this is the same idea. When a neutrino goes faster than the speed of light, those light waves accumulate behind it and then project back in a cone shape. You really want to comment right now, don't you? Yes, I know that nothing travels faster than light. Yes, we all know this.

In a vacuum, but in ice, neutrinos interact so little with matter that they can outcompete photons, so they go to Antarctica to study this because they have some ice cubes there for light and radiation to rain down on. ice and snow. from antarctica, the neutrinos flying along with it hit the ice and then send cones of iscarion radiation into the air where anita is hanging from a balloon ready to spot them, okay, you're following, you feel a little in the weeds, so wait. We are all about to become little Sebastian lost in a corn maze. Okay, so the radiation that Anita picks up and that comes out of the ground has an electromagnetic charge and that charge is a mirror image of the electromagnetic field in that local area, so what they caught in 2006 was a hit of radiation that coincided with the electromagnetic field local.

It had not reversed as they expected, but it was the signature of an iscarian radiation from a neutrino impact, meaning that the radiation not traveling from the ground actually came from above anita, that is, the neutrino came from the ground. That's all a complicated way of saying that Anita detected a high-energy neutrino coming from the ground. The problem with this is that it should be impossible according to all known physics, low energy neutrinos now pass through matter all the time, there are like a trillion of them passing by your thumbnail as we speak, so they could travel to through the Earth, but low energy neutrinos would not generate light cones because they do not interact with the ice and no high energy neutrinos would pass through the entire planet and then suddenly interact with the ice on the surface in case you were wondering, Yes, there are processes that take place below the earth's surface such as radioactive ones. decay that produces neutrinos, but again they are low energy neutrinos, as far as we know higher energy neutrinos only come from

space

.

This, of course, led to tons of speculation about what exactly happened here. More than 40 different articles were published about this neutrino discovery. but there was one, of course, that received much more attention than the others: he interpreted the anita anomalies as evidence of the cpt symmetric universe, which is the idea that when the big bang occurred it actually created two universes, one made of matter that We are The time that lives and is made of antimatter in the antimatter universe flows backwards from what we perceive anyway and there is a theorized type of neutrino and the antimatter universe that would look like what they collected from anita; in other words a neutrino snuck into our universe from a parallel universe and what we picked up was a neutrino from a parallel universe that hit the earth but traveled back in time, look at the beginning if you're confused which will only confuse you But now, this is mostly wild speculation, there's not much more to it.

There's evidence behind it to back all of this up, but it's something that gets a lot of clicks, so that's what you've probably heard the most about. I mean, another team of astrophysicists and glaciologists suggested that maybe Anita just got fooled by the reflections coming off of some weird snow and like I said, there are 40 other articles with

answers

that are as boring as that, so one of They are probably right because usually the most boring answer is the correct one. Everyone loves to talk about amumua. There are over a million asteroids orbiting our sun with over 6,000 comets doing the same, it is estimated that there could be over a trillion undiscovered comets on the fringes of the solar system, as I covered in my Oort Cloud video. , because?

Did a cigar-shaped object that appeared in telescopes in 2017 draw so much attention? It's because it wasn't one of those billions of objects. This particular object was traveling too fast and in the wrong direction to have come from anywhere nearby. From somewhere else they called it omuamua and it became the first visitor from outside our solar system to be detected, but that was just the beginning of its strangeness. Umuah moved like a comet but it didn't look like one, the obvious difference was that it didn't. It has a tail or coma around it that is created from outgassing, which is also the explanation why comets move that way because they are made primarily of dust and frozen gas as the comet approaches. to the sun and these materials heat up and expand the gas can escape through holes in the comet's nucleus.

This works in more or less the same way as a cold gas booster in a rocket, which is why comets generally don't fly. In perfectly predictable straight lines, they tend to wobble in random directions due to outgassing. They can even speed up their orbits if outgassing occurs at the right angle, which is exactly what umua did as it sailed through our solar system. It accelerated like a comet, only it didn't seem to be outgassing anything, so what caused this acceleration? suggested that perhaps it was some type of invisible gas like perhaps hydrogen. In fact, the hydrogen theory works so well that many astronomers think it could have simply been a hydrogen iceberg floating in space.

We've never actually seen a hydrogen iceberg before, but it's theorized. that there could be many of them out there the question is whether they could really reach us Harvard astrophysicist Abby Loeb says no, according to a paper co-authored by Korean astrophysicist Theme Huang, even the closest possible origin of amumula is too far away so that a hydrogen iceberg can survive the journey. They make this claim in part because they believe that an iceberg like Umumua would have formed in a giant molecular cloud. These are star birth regions like the famous Eagle Nebula. The closest is the Taurus molecular cloud and is only 430 light years away. but even then the amulet mill would have taken hundreds of millions of years over that distance and the kind of outgassing we saw would have vaporized it completely after 40 million years, but a giant molecular cloud is not the only option for a place where something like this could have formed into a smaller, temporary cloud, you know, that cloud could have produced some icebergs and then disappeared and dumped a muammar on us in the sub-40 rangemillion years, but Lula also dismisses this idea by saying that the conditions necessary to make a hydrogen iceberg would have only existed billions of years ago, so it has still been too long for it to have existed, so now that we get to his thesis, I'm sure you all know where I'm going.

With this yes, in a statement that generated a million clickbait headlines, he said that they could be aliens, specifically a solar cell that could explain the acceleration due to sunlight. It's still controversial, but he makes the case for him in his book Extraterrestrial, The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth which just came out in January and look, it's a compelling argument for omua muah, but umuamua is an issue. convincing. Each of the theories about it had its own caveats and the fact is that we probably never will. We know what the truth is about it, it rushed through the solar system and took us by surprise and all we have is a small amount of data that we were able to collect before it left our reach, so the truth is out there, but it can be You'd never know it from the Somehow they've confirmed a second interstellar visitor since then, but it's definitely a comet, it's called Borisov, it had a tail 14 times the size of Earth, so yeah, it's hard to miss how young it is. a relative term when talking about the planetary sculpture of Venus.

For a long time it was considered Earth's twin We are about the same size We both have thick atmospheres Of course the more we learn about Venus the more we realize how different that atmosphere is But when NASA's Magellan spacecraft began to take measurements in the In the early 90s it became clear that we had something else in common: very few craters, the Earth, of course, has a water cycle and tectonic activity that has erased many of our craters, but Venus does not has that, what it does have is mantle convection, which is basically the stirring of molten rock beneath the surface now the earth has that too and that's what pushes our tectonic plates, but Venus doesn't have plates, so the mantle has nowhere to go, and with nowhere to go, the mantle is forced to compact. a hard roof and somehow it builds up and builds up and builds up and finally overflows and remakes the surface.

The question is how often this happens and there are two competing theories about how exactly Venus renews itself. One is the steady state theory. and one is the global catastrophe theory, if you wanted to make a movie, catastrophic repaving would be the obvious choice. global volcanic meltdown violent eruptions from pole to pole lava erupting from the desert to roam the earth the steady state model is less striking in this case it is just volcanic eruptions that occur from time to time and resurface the planet in various areas, there is no big catastrophic melt or anything, just a constant and easy flow of lava.

Now both models work. One is much more dramatic than the other, but which one is right? The catastrophic repaving model claims that proof that their model is correct is the fact that, of the few craters that Venus has, they are very, very well preserved; In fact, 85 of the craters seem completely untouched by volcanic activity if what is sought is a global catastrophe. made Venus look so young, so evidently very few volcanoes arose after that, otherwise they simply took place where there was no crater, so the catastrophic model explains this by saying that once the pressure was released, they would need millions of people. millions probably hundreds of millions of years for that to happen again, so it would happen periodically, but it would take a long time between that with the steady state model, although pristine craters are a little harder to explain because there's no reason for them to happen again. the eruptions slow down. in a steady state model, so you would think that if there was a gradual state of constant rebuilding of the surface, then some of these craters would have been affected by volcanic activity, but that does not seem to be the case, so which is a crazy catastrophe. or a crazy steady state, both models have their passionate defenders, but at least the mystery adds more reasons to return and explore Venus.

Last but not least are cosmic rays. I talked before about high-energy neutrinos and how we found one that was doing something it's not supposed to do, but also opens up a broader question about high-energy cosmic rays in general. Before the 1930s it was thought that cosmic rays and gamma rays were the same. Gamma rays are radiation that arises from nuclear decay. and according to the comics of the time it gave you superpowers, of course not, unless you consider cancer or superpowers. Cosmic rays are different. Cosmic rays are particles, generally subatomic particles, but sometimes heavier elements are mixed in, as is the case with neutrinos.

Cosmic rays come in different. The energy levels are the most mysterious, since the sun emits rays of protons that can technically be considered cosmic rays, but generally when we talk about cosmic rays we are talking about cosmic distances like those of other galaxies. Supernovae are a source of cosmic energy. rays, which is no real surprise, an exploding star you would think would have a pretty bad launching arm, but the highest high energy cosmic rays are even out of that ballpark for comparison, the most proton-proton collisions powerful ones at the LHC measure around seven tera. electron volts cosmic rays can have energies of five times ten to seven teraelectron volts ten million times the best of the LHC.

I covered the OMG particle in a video a while ago and that was four times ten to the seventh teraelectronvolts now yes You're a normal person and numbers like that don't mean anything to you. Consider the fact that a single proton carried as much energy as a baseball thrown at 50 miles per hour and you thought the throwing analogy was going nowhere. It's that even supernova stars that are so bright that they outshine their entire galaxies are too insignificant for that to happen. I should point out that there are some astrophysicists who are much smarter than me who think that supernovae could be candidates for that, but that is not the case.

General consensus, one possibility is an active galactic nucleus that I have talked about before on this channel, when a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy launches a jet of electromagnetic radiation at a speed close to the speed of light, we call that quasar when The explosion points directly towards us and is particularly bright. We call it blazar. They are both types of active galactic nuclei and cosmic rays could come from all of the above, so there is a problem making it difficult for us to determine exactly where they are. The bottom line is that these cosmic rays are charged particles, which means they are affected by electromagnetic fields, so when they pass through space, passing galaxies and stars, they tend to bend and go in different directions.

Now neutrinos do not have this problem because they are not charged, so they can go through everything, they follow a much straighter line and, therefore, it is believed that neutrinos could be an easier way to detect the source of cosmic rays because They are not being thrown. So much so that in 2018, a neutrino detection from the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory, also located in Antarctica, pointed to a fire set 4 billion years from Earth and gamma ray measurements confirmed that The blazar was burning when the neutrino began its journey, so it is likely to be the culprit and there could be other sources, multiple sources of high-energy cosmic rays, including colliding neutron stars and collapsing black holes.

Of all the

mysteries

we talk about in this video, the cosmic ray source is probably the most likely to be solved in the future. In the near future, with new telescopes and detection equipment and all that, or as science tends to do, even more questions might arise and that's the thing about space, the deeper you go, the more questions arise I guess. If you have an infinitely huge universe, you'll come up with an infinite number of questions, which I think is a good thing because that means I'll never run out of things to talk about on this channel, so what's your best answer? ? to some of these

mysteries

or is there a space mystery that I didn't cover in this video talk about it in the comments now one thing that is not a mystery is who makes the most comfortable underwear in the world that's because the answer is today's sponsor mack weldon I've talked here about mac weld before mac weldon makes incredibly comfortable underwear and they make sure they're incredibly comfortable because they actually design their own fabric, they created a few different types of fabric, you actually have your air dry knit . warm fabric, they even have one called silver series that is actually treated with silver so it is antimicrobial which means they remain odor free.

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