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A palindrome is a word that is spelled the same way backwards and forwards as the word racing car. In front it is written R-A-C-E-C-A-R. Backwards it is written R-A-C-E-C-A-R. A palindrome. The word pulp is not a palindrome, is it? No. But more or less. The title of this video might give you a little clue as to where I'm going with this. Here's another one. When I saw Jake's new episode of CYSTM on vsauce3 I said *Morse Code* which means Wow in Morse Code. Morse code began in the 19th century when Samuel FB Morse, a painter, was commissioned to paint a portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette.

He started painting a study just to get some of the details right, but he never finished it because while he was working on it. In that study he received a letter from a horse messenger telling him that his wife was sick. He ran to his side. She was quite far away but when he got there she was not only dead but she had already been buried. Morse was so bothered by how slow a horse-borne message was that he worked on faster electronic communication. The Morse code he created transmits letters using patterns of two types of signals: short-duration signals and long-duration signals.

Here is Morse code in its modern form. Very cool. As you can see a letter like V, okay, the letter V is three short duration signals followed by one long duration signal. Learning Morse code can be a challenge because the connection between short and long signal patterns, dots and dashes or dashes and dashes, doesn't make much intuitive sense with the order of the letters. This is because Morse designed this system so that the frequency with which a letter appears in the English language is the inverse of the approximate time it takes to send that message using Morse code.

The best way to learn Morse code is, in fact, only done correctly by sending and receiving messages in Morse code. There are links in the description below where you can take lessons and learn how to get a real idea of ​​what each letter in Morse code looks or sounds like, but today I want to show you some mnemonics. Using them works very well. It won't make you faster at Morse code but it has helped me remember what each letter in Morse code is. Let's start with this fantastic flowchart. This is how the graph works. You start where it says to start.

A movement to the left represents a short-lived signal, a point. Any movement to the right represents a long-lasting signal, a dash. As you can see, we start with a short signal, a dot, we land on E, and in fact, that's exactly what E is in Morse code. One more point, which is one more movement to the left, takes us to I, so I is two points and indeed it is. Three dots are s, four dots are H and there you have it. If I go all the way out dot dot dot for an S and then put in a long sign, then I have to move from s to the right, which takes me to V and sure enough, V is dot dot dot - V dot dot dot - This way of organizing Morse code has a very attractive appearance, but I want to say that using this to learn Morse code simply means something visual that you have to remember.

Similar is a visual mnemonic created by Robert Baden-Powell published in the Guides manual in 1918. Here are all the letters of the English alphabet from A to Z with dots and dashes incorporated into the letter shapes. As you can see, E only has one small dot. I don't find this all that useful. I applaud the effort that was made. You have to read them like you would read a book from left to right and top to bottom, except not all of them. Is there anything better. Verbal mnemonics. This is what really helped me, so let's get right into it.

I have here on this pad the 26 letters of the English alphabet plus a period and a comma. The way this mnemonic works is that it associates with each letter a word or phrase that gives you a clue as to the pattern of dots and dashes that represent that letter. Each word or phrase contains stressed or stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. Stressed syllables are hyphens. Unstressed syllables are points. You may be able to find a system that works better for you, but this one has been very helpful to me. Let's start. The letter A. The letter A is a period followed by a dash: boop-boop.

Well, remember to think of a word that starts with A, specifically the word apart. Oh no, everything fell apart. Apart. Unstressed. Stressed. The opposite would be separate but we do not pronounce it separately. We pronounce it separately. Then, apart is A, which is a part: dot and dash. B is how I remember B: boot on the head. Boot to the head. C is coca-cola coca-cola. D is a dock worker. Dock worker. E is just huh! F is a little weird. This really works for me. I never seem to forget that F is associated with this phrase even though the letter F isn't even in it.

The phrase is this: cut your hair, cut your hair. G is a good sauce. H is hippity hop. I is I I. J is let's jump, jump, jump. K is kangaroo. L is to L with him. M is mm-hmm. N is navy blue. Or it's one of us. P is a smell of poop. Q is God save the Queen. R is rotation. S is yes yes yes. T is tall. U is underwear? The V looks like the Roman numeral five, so think of Beethoven's fifth: duh duh duh duhhh. W is a white whale. X is x marks the place.

And it's a yellow yo-yo. And Z is a zinc zookeeper. As for the period, semicolon and comma, a piece of cake. See this. For a period you just think stop, stop, stop and stop the comma, I love this: comma, it's a comma. Now, this may seem a little silly, strange, or possibly confusing to you. Alright. Create your own. All I'm saying is that this system has worked very well for me. I do not know why. Maybe because it's so strange, but I love knowing Morse code even at this very rudimentary level because Morse code is everywhere, like in Hollywood at the Capitol Records building.

The light at the top of the needle emits a message in Morse code every night. : Let's find out what it is. Hippie jump. One of us. To L with that. To L with that. Yellow me me. A white whale. One of us. One of us. Dock worker. Hollywood! Pretty, pretty good. Alright, now let's talk about pulp. Remember I said pulp was a palindrome. Well, obviously pulp is not a palindrome when you use the letters of the English alphabet. PULP. P-L-U-P? Pluup? I do not think. Alright, let's do Morse code. We know that P is dot, dash, dash, dot.

A smell of poop. Ok, a smell of poop. U is under where? Below where L are 2 L with it. 2 liters with it. And finally P is a smell of poop. A smell of poop. Watch this. Pulp may not look like a palindrome in English letters, but my goodness, look at it in Morse code. It's symmetrical down there through that center point. Morse code pulp is the same forward and backward. In 2010, Colonel Josépero hid a Morse code ransom message in a pop song that was made just for that purpose and then played it on radios because the hostages he was rescuing had radios and he was pretty sure they knew the code.

Morse, but people. keeping them captive did not. The message hidden within that song translated into English said this: 19 rescued. You are next. Do not lose hope. During World War II, Major Alexis Casdagli, a British prisoner of war, was held captive in a series of Nazi prison camps and during his time in those camps he learned to sew. In December 1941 he created this. Look at those dots and dashes. They are Morse code for two different messages. One is God Save the King and the other, well, it's something I can't actually say here on the DONG channel because I refuse to have a bad mouth, but there are links below in the description where you can learn more about that story.

The guards who held him captive were unaware of the message he hid in that canvas, so they allowed him to hang it in all the camps where he was held. During the Vietnam War, Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. He was a prisoner of war. He was forced to record a propaganda video, but he sent a secret message to those watching who might be able to help him. He let them know that all was not well. As he spoke he blinked in Morse code the word torture. One last thing about Morse code. Because it communicates using apparently two types of signals short duration and long duration, it sounds like it is a binary code.

In fact, Wikipedia includes it in a list of binary codes, but is it binary? This is a very good question and I can't do a full analysis in this episode, but there is something very interesting that I learned recently. Yes, Morse code uses two types of signals, but there are also spaces between those signals. In Morse code the standard unit is the length of a point. The amount of time a *dit* a bit or a point lasts. Let's say that on this sheet of paper each column has one of those lengths. The pieces of a letter are separated by the length of a *dit* one point to fit on the sheet of paper I am going to write "Hello U".

I'm going to use the letter U to make this message faster. This is how it would work. The dots and dashes of a letter that make up a letter are separated by a period of time equal to the duration of one dot. Letters are separated by a period of time equal to the duration of three points and words are separated by a period of time equal to seven points - this is what "hello" would look like. Note that each of these columns is the time it takes for a dot to appear, so we start with H, which means four hippity-hop dots, that's one H, so here's the first dot and then we wait for one unit of time equal to 1 point second point wait third point wait fourth point.

That's the letter H, then we wait a unit of time equal to three dots so everyone knows that a new letter has started and that letter is I, so after waiting three we do I, which is I, boop boop, so we make a period, we wait for a period and we're done or we move on to the next word, so now we wait one, two, three, four, five, six, seven spaces and we start with U, which is underwear. Underwear The where is a hyphen and occupies three units. A dash is three times as long as a period.

This is "Hello U" at the right time. Again, there are tools below that allow you to learn Morse code in a much more professional way, but looking at this now we can see that in a sense Morse code is actually a ternary system. You need three elements to convey everything you can and the third is silence. Curiously, these are the three elements you need. The only three you need. For a point, think of it like this, a 1 and then a 0. A 1 means the signal is on and it's only on for that little moment, but you follow it with a 0 and that represents the space between the next one. piece of letter A script that we can represent like this.

We can do it with three points, that is, three times as long as a point and then follow it with a zero. In this way, the space between dots and dashes within a letter is built into our symbols for those letters. Finally we have the character of separation. Now we actually only need it to be two zeros because if we are still working on the same letter we only use one dot and that already gives us space for the next letter, that is, another dot. In fact, I can write this like this: a period would be 1 0 and then 1 0 and then 1 0 and then 1 0.

Then we use the separator character which is just two. Add it to the 0 already at the end of that point, we get the 3 we need between letters. Go down, now we have another dot that is 1 0, another dot 1 0 and then we have 1 2 3 separator characters needed. There are 7 moments of silence between words, but since we already have 1 of the last character, be it a period or a dash, then we only need six zeros in total and the separator character has two, so there is one, there are two and here there is the third. a total of seven zeros between the words and finally we have a dot 10 a dot 10 and then we have the dash which is 1 1 1 and then a 0 which means we are done with that part of the letter U.

So there you have the Morse code ; a ternary system. What about that? Check out the links below to really learn Morse code if you want. I think it's worth. It's also worth heading over to Vsauce3 to check out Jake's system episode. It's just beautiful, the dangerous and charming science of Mad Max mm-hmm, okay, that's enough from me and, as always, thanks for watching.