Finden wir die Weltformel? | 42 - Die Antwort auf fast alles | ARTE

It's not that we don't have an explanation of how our world works, we know the forces of physics that shape it and we can also use these forces to our advantage, but I think our current knowledge of nature is very limited. Theories about how our universe came to be. Theories that we would like to believe are true, but for which we lack proof of the original force from which everything could have arisen. There are physicists who are obsessed with finding the final theory. the theory of everything Is there this single world formula with which all forces can be explained and if it existed, what could we do with it, could we govern space and time or is this an unattainable dream of humanity in the 19th century?

The world had changed, one technical development followed the next. As physics became better understood and its laws discovered, it was the formulas of brilliant physicists like Isaac Newton who made this era possible with all his inventions and made deciphering the formula of the world a matter of course. of time We were able to understand the laws of nature with mathematical language, we knew what our solar system is like, why an apple always falls and never rises, what energy is not lost, how magnetism works and why electricity flows Salafisi Classic. Classical physics offered the opportunity to understand the laws of all things that exist in it.

Newton's physical world is presented on YouTube until the 20th century. The world is divided into its individual parts, for example, the sun, the moon, a mountain. , I and each individual part can be described with all their properties and please, the good ones have taught us something important. The laws of classical physics apply always and everywhere. They explain how a ball rolls or flies through the air and how a goal is scored. The trajectory of the ball is determined precisely by the soccer player's kick, gravity and air resistance, but what is hidden behind these laws is part of a much broader truth that can be described with the single formula of the ball theory.

All the first to believe this was Pierre Simon Laplace for the French physicist the world worked like a mechanical clock in 1814 he invented Laplace's demon a fictional one Calculating machine that was supposed to be able to calculate each future state because it knew all the natural states Behind it there was a hope that, however, faded a century later, so predictably that we can foresee everything that will happen. This hope was extinguished at the latest with quantum mechanics, because in the future. In the 20th century, a completely new world was discovered that could no longer be explained by classical physics.

A single global formula that could explain everything seems unthinkable. Suddenly an energy like X-rays appears that is not transmitted uniformly but in small packets in microcosms. Atoms and particles, the sm

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t building block of nature, different laws seem to apply, the laws of the quantum world, the quantum world is strange in any case, so if you imagine that I have my cup of coffee, that is the concept, Its an object. that comes to mind Particles are in a certain place at any time and now nature allows these states where this cup of coffee is in such a relationship whether it is in two places at the same time and what does that mean in the experiment says that you can perform an experiment with that.

As a result we see something in which the cup behaves almost like a wave. Imagine that the ball was a particle in the quantum world. There is only a chance that it will enter the goal or not. This is where the problem begins. In the quantum world, the ball would be in superposition in two places at the same time and, although this is difficult for a normal thinking person to understand, the fact that the particles are in two places at the same time is no exception. and yes, quantum properties and if you could look very closely then you could see that too, but it's just that for the objects that we deal with in everyday life, these quantum effects are so small that I don't see them, but they are there. there Erwin Schrödinger, one of the fathers of quantum physics, explained it in 1935 with a thought experiment in Schrödinger's story, there is a box and in it there is radioactive material, which is a quantum object that can emit radiation or not, it is a measuring device that it registers the radiation or not when it touches the radiation a chemical substance is emitted a sleeping pill and the cat falls asleep what happens now the theory tells us that the radioactivity either comes out or not when I close the box or nothing happens or both happen at the same time time the radioactivity comes out or not the measuring device works or not and the cat is sleeping or not but be careful if I think one or the other is happening I may be making an incorrect prediction because the cat is sleeping and awake at the same time, that It's superposition, quantum superposition, only when I open the box do I see if the cat is sleeping and I have made the cat choose one of the two states.

The simultaneity of something that actually. It can't be at the same time it's kind of like the cow of quantum physics We still can't really understand the quantum world, but we can use it without it. If it were not for our modern world, without computers, microchips, LEDs, lasers, without digital cameras, the discovery of the quantum world has changed the search for the world's formula, not to say that it has made it much more difficult, because now there are to unite two worlds that don't fit at all. There is the standard model. Particle physics from the quantum world with the particles that make up our matter and three forces: the electromagnetic force that drives dynamos and power plants, the strong nuclear force that holds atomic nuclei together, and the weak nuclear force that causes atomic nuclei to become radioactive. decays and then there is the fourth force, gravity.

Described with the formula of the general theory of relativity and it works in our tangible world, gravity is powerful that is why there are galaxies and keeps planets in their orbit, although it may sound strange, these four forces are the key to finding what can explain the four forces the world formula is supposed to describe the original force from which everything arises the big question is how the general theory of relativity that describes gravity fits with the standard model of particle physics what is a quantum theory just based on everything we know the three forces of the quantum world just don't fit with the gravity of the mako world if you take standard model particles something with mass for example electrons then you can say yes Okay now I'll see if this particle is in a superposition of two places, so where is the particle's gravitational field?

Which place does that one or both of them go now at the same time? It can't go because the general theory of relativity can't do that and we just don't have an answer to the question that it has to work somehow, nature can't ask that, okay? Let's imagine again that our soccer ball is a particle and enters the goal and next to it at the same time. What does the gravity of the particle do? Is it also at the goal and next to it at the same time or only in one place when we know that this is the clear path for the world?

That there is a series, everything is closely related to this in the sense that if gravity did not behave according to the rules of quantum physics then there would not be a unified theory, but there would have to be one if everything has a common origin and if then also must be found, that is, the modern history of the search for the world formula, which begins with Einstein in the 1920s, after having finished the theory of relativity in 1915 and having become an international celebrity and having dedicated himself to The search for the image formula since then In the 1970s, it was really one of the central themes of basic physics: to complete physics in this way, to create a world formula that really represented the end of physics, just as it already was.

Einstein had done. expected in the 1920s. Many great researchers were looking for it. Physicist Werner Heisenberg even briefly thought he had discovered it, popularizing the term black hole, and Stephen Hawking was also convinced for a long time. Above all, physics has also done remarkable things in the past by bringing together different knowledge through unified theories. Unification is an interesting path and it is clear that. Some physicists say that this is how we can reach the end of physics, we can do it and that is why we have this dream of the equation that describes everything Isaac Newton was the first to manage to find a force that acts everywhere, gravity through which apples fall downward and planets around their solar circles James MXwell and Michael Farrell showed that magnetism and electricity are two sides of the same coin and can be unified into electromagnetism.

Why do scientists pursue these dreams? Because we are curious and we want to understand Maxwell and Faraday wanted to understand the electric force and the magnetic force, that was absolutely useless because the only thing you have about the magnetic force is a compass that follows North, it does not show more with the electric force, it simply you can take a pencil, rub it and then use. It was pure curiosity that led to the standardization of the equations of electromagnetism, it not only made our cities shine. It was once possible to send spoken texts thousands of miles in radio transmissions and later with television even images and when Steven Winework and his colleagues managed to unify two forces of the quantum world with electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force in 1967, that was another great strength.

The only thing missing is the third force of the quantum world, the strong one. nuclear force, and the path to the world formula should be opened. After all, these are two different stages, so first of all, these three interactions in the Standard Model would like to be combined into one grand theory and that is the grand Unification. and then you would also like to include gravity and that is one theory of everything, but we cannot test this theory because it only applies to extreme temperatures. It would have to create a state like the one that existed at the time of the origin of our Earth.

There would have to be billions of degrees of heat and not like today in the universe: 270 degrees of cold. We assume that in the early universe the theory of everything was valid and at that moment all the forces were unified and then the universe exploded and began to expand. After all, this explosion is the Big Bang. This is also just a theory that has not yet been proven, but seems plausible based on current measurements. According to this theory, it took 6 trillionths of a second until the universe began to cool and. the one basic force became the four basic forces and only then was our world born.

In order to prove it, an experiment is needed, an experiment that also demonstrates the theory of everything. The largest particle accelerator in the world to date was built. In Geneva, protons collide with each other at almost the speed of light and create a kind of mini-sized Big Bang. However, with this experiment the world formula could be demonstrated. In a detour, string theory must also be demonstrated first. If this is successful, we would also know the fourth basic force, gravity, that exists in the quantum world. In string theory, the sm

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t components of matter are strings, which means that the strings vibrate as we go deeper. deeper For example, when approaching water at some point we end up with molecules, then atoms and electrons, elementary particles and at the end with strings, the vibrations of some strings create gravity, others, the particles that make up matter .

In string theory you can make not just one, but 10 to the power of 500 possible world predictions. I would say that the real problem with string theory is not even the almost infinite number of universes that can be found there, but that the universe we live in with the particles we had in the standard model has not yet been found. But if this theory does not confirm our basic physical assumptions, how can it pave the way to world formula levels? I think I can say with a clear conscience that a? There has been a certain stagnation in the search for the global formula in recent decades and I think even more so in recent years.

It is increasingly clear that there will be no clear clues to the next step in the places where we have been. Looking back so far, so I don't know when to say sobriety, but frustration has definitely taken over. There is only one way left. To find the world formula, it must be possible to find the quantum property of gravity. Proving this is a beautiful problem to which I have dedicated my life. Gravity is also the structure of space and time and for the theory of everything it is an important ingredient. If you forget the world's dream formula, gravity is still mine. fundamental problem because we do not understand the quantum properties of space and time, we cannot describe many things in the universe, the origin of the universe, what happens in the Big Bang or in black holes, many things that we do notWe would understand if we knew if gravity, that is, space and time, has quantum properties.

Could there possibly be an explanation for the origin of the universe? Since Albert Einstein we know that gravity is nothing other than the curvature of space-time. caused by mass, which is why objects in space appear to magically move towards each other and the speed of time changes. Newton has gravitation. Viewed simply as a force between two objects, space is flat and we have two masses here and they wouldn't. move towards each other if there was no force between these two masses, that is, we need a gravitational force between the two for them to move towards each other Einstein changed what Einstein sees, the mass curves space and when the second comes mass now automatically moves in this curved space towards the mass.

It seems to us as if a force is acting between the two, but what really happens is that the second mass is moving in a straight line in curved spacetime and that is why it appears there. It is a force between both. We can imagine the space we live in as a jellyfish that contracts and expands, so space is not a rigid container but something dynamic. This describes the general theory of relativity. It is based on a new theory. It is supposed to resolve the contradictions between the quantum world and the world we can experience. Quantum loop theory and time have disease properties.

This means that the space itself is granular. You shouldn't imagine it with xyz coordinates like we learned in school. according to Euclid's geometry that is wrong that is completely wrong correct if we go from the small to the very small space is like a box full of sand full of grains of sand and the loops Quantum gravity is the mathematics that describes this grain of space These spatial quantum grains of the basis in this quantum loop theory, the grains are billionths of a time smaller than an atom, but they are not in space, they are the space through which photons, the quanta of light, travel. and there should also be the gravitational quanta, if this theory is correct, then gravity would have quantum properties and that would clear the way to the world formula, but there is a problem.

Currently there is nothing at all, that is, nothing, no experiment that gives us an answer in any way. So we all believe, including me, that the quantum physical description does too. But this applies to generation, but this has to be demonstrated experimentally and this is supposed to happen right here, in a test tunnel in the middle of the mountains. Gravity here. The goal is to measure the gravity of a quantum object at some point. So will gravity continue to behave as we know it or will it suddenly show quantum properties? He achieved the sensation of measuring the gravity of a small golden ball.

It is too big like a sesame seed and as heavy as many grains of rice. Its gravity is 10 million times less than that of a falling snowflake. So, really, what you want is you. You have an object that is so heavy that it creates a measurable gravitational field and now you want to bring it to a state as if this subject is in two places at the same time when the object falls, so that we have a second at the same time. The question is time: does the gravitational field behave in the same way? Is gravity in two places at the same time?

That's a question and our worldview could be thrown off course if gravity behaves according to quantum rules. physics, then this also applies to space and time, just as the cat is awake and asleep at the same time, a clock can go slower and

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er at the same time, that is at least the case with quantum gravity, is that true? why because the cat is next? to the clock and has a mass, a mass changes gravity, which is dark in the quantum world, the gravity of the awake cat is different from the gravity of the sleeping cat, gravity is time, therefore it also changes the time at which the cat is awake has a gravity that makes time run

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er when the cat is sleeping it has a different gravity and time runs slower.

That is why time is like Schrödinger's cat in a superposition with two different speeds. That's the magic of quantum gravity. Whether something like this can ever be measured is an open question, but that would be the path to the global formula and if at some point gravity is shown to exist in the quantum world, that would mean one thing above all to researchers: peace, intellectual peace and when this intellectual peace comes, then what if it is there, the world formula? That is why I think that most physicists today assume that the practical application of such a theory of everything would be very low simply because this unification requires I myself contradict this a little because I believe that once we have developed such a theory of everything, we will learn a lot about quantum mechanics and quantum field theories, and these are the theories on which all modern electronics are based. are based, it could be, for example, that we are able to develop quantum computers better than today assumed, it is up in the air how the world formula would change our future, but what is clear is that the search for You are already changing a lot Today, what is changing, what we understand is not that our ideas are wrong, but that they are not good enough to think outside the box and the world of our experience is different from the world outside of our experience. , space and time are different from what we think but we have to look very far into the very small things your tripity that also changes our cultural worldview cultural knowledge changes us and if we find the formula of the world the understanding of what holds together to the world at its core will be different, so it was mentioned very often that the search for the world formula and the success of being very hungry is really a moment that unites humanity and then when we have achieved that, that is, the promising argument, then they really have, first of all, the intellectual basis and the intellectual freedom on the really important issues.

When thinking about the role of human beings in the world and the meaning of life, he once said very clearly that the world formula would actually herald the end of physics, it is unlikely that new phenomena will emerge that raise new questions. , but we would have a better idea of ​​our world and we would find the answer to quite a few questions.