NASA Space Probe Discovered Something Strange in the Solar System

The approximate radius of the

solar

system

is 30 billion kilometers during the entire time of exploration of this

space

humanity has found 316 minor and eight major planets that everyone knows but it is not too big a word in most cases only We know what these planets are. what they look like and how far they are from Earth, everything else is just our guesses to replace speculation with facts. Humanity regularly sends

space

research

probe

s to other planets. One of the most important and truly epic missions was Cassini Highgens, the purpose of which was to study. Saturn and its satellites, that is, the search for answers to the questions: what threat do Saturn's rings represent, what is the surface of the planet really like and, most interestingly, whether life is possible there on the outside.

On October 15, 1997, NASA launched Cassini into space at high altitude. -Technological object the size of a school bus and valued at 3 billion dollars. To accelerate this device it was necessary to use the gravitational field of three planets, which passed by Venus twice in 1998 and 1999. Then at a speed of 69,000 kilometers per hour it approached the Earth and only a year later, in 2000, it reached the speed required when passing Jupiter. It was not so easy to accelerate the device that weighs 5710 kilograms, but with each new month it became easier, since more than half of Cassini's weight was a fuel whose reserves decreased every day after having flown three and a half billion kilometres.

Cassini approached Saturn's rings - in photographs they look smooth and gaseous, but in reality they are billions of fragments of space debris ranging in size from a fingernail to It was a huge building and, given the speed at which As Cassini moved, a collision with even the smallest fragment was enough for the entire apparatus to be destroyed instantly, but fortunately Cassini managed to pass through the Rings safely and sent unique images back to Earth that helped take several photographs. Amazing discoveries, for example, scientists used to think that each of Saturn's rings is the same. Cassini images showed that all rings are different, even those that are close to each other.

In addition, scientists were able to discover that the thicker the rings are, the more older they are thanks to gravitational measurements during the maneuvers Cassini

discovered

that the approximate weight of Saturn's rings is 15 quadrillion 400 billion tons it is most likely that Saturn's gravity is tearing the icy moons and comets from their debris the rings form but in 2004 Cassini photographed

something

. What especially interested scientists the most was that the presence of small moons was documented in one of Saturn's outer rings. Scientists took photographs of the particles that compose them, collected and scattered small nearby satellites. In other words, Cassini managed to photograph the moment of its formation. of a smaller

system

within a system this is an absolutely great find according to scientists thanks to the observation of these processes it is possible to obtain information about the formation of our

solar

system in the end we will be able to discover how planets are formed in protoplanetary disks and other shocking discovery Saturn devours its own rings from the Rings to the surface of Saturn there is a real rain of water droplets and dust and the rain says very little this is a true cosmic hurricane because every second Saturn devours up to 45 tons of ring matter during its Cassini Mission documented the Dynamics of ring change The D and C rings are going to disappear but by human standards Saturn will not devour its ring soon because this will take at least 700 000 years but the main objective Cassini, of course, is not the rings , but Saturn itself and its satellites and the resulting photos of the planet did not disappoint.

Cassini managed to record an incredible storm at the north pole of the planet, its diameter is 32,000 kilometers and its speed is 150 meters per second. It's scary to even imagine what it looks like from the inside and what's so phenomenally different about it. This storm has a perfect hexagonal shape. This storm is 50 times the size of a hurricane on Earth and even the walls of this Vortex reach deep into the atmosphere up to 100 kilometers. Research into the origin of this storm is still ongoing. In total, Saturn has 82 known satellites with a confirmed orbit, each of which is somehow different, for example, Hyperion is a natural satellite that looks like a 360 kilometer potato.

The images showed that everything was composed. of rocks and ice Hyperion appears to have survived a terrible bombardment but the porous surface is not explained by this but by the extremely low density of the planet, due to this only 60 percent of the planet is composed of ice rock and metallic impurities and the rest of its internal volume is made up of cavities that we also see in the photographs of Cassini another satellite of Saturn this raises many more questions Cassini took color photographs that clearly show unidentified red stripes on the surface of the satellite their origin is a mystery they seem If someone drew them, one of the versions is the huge cracks that formed on the satellite, as if

something

was splitting from the inside, but what is hot lava or unique chemical components?

Until now it has not been possible to discover it as if something was breaking. ties from the inside but the most interesting thing is the most important satellite of Saturn Titan to investigate Titan The specially designed high generation

probe

was placed on Cassini on December 25, 2004 Cassini launched Higgins into the hazy atmosphere of Titan the probe entered the atmospheric layers of the satellite Due to the terrible friction, Huygen's heat shield heated up to fifteen hundred degrees, but the probe survived and landed safely before Cassini's trip, no one could even imagine what surface the probe would land on, but all Signs from the landing indicated that Titan's surface is a hard surface under which there is a soft, light substance.

Other discoveries were truly surprising. It turned out that Titan is the best factory known to man for the production of organic compounds. Almost the entire satellite is covered with a layer of frozen hydrocarbons that resemble gasoline in others. That is, if humanity dug a mine on Titan, then it could provide oil to the entire Earth for thousands of years, but that's not all the most important thing. The discovery was ahead, judging from all the data obtained by Huygens, Titan's atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen, as is the atmosphere. of our planet, which together with the complex carbon compounds in Titan's hazy atmosphere allows us to suggest that Titan is a suitable place for the existence of life, only it is too cold, but it does not interfere with the existence of deep lakes of thousands of years of antiguaty.

If on Earth the reservoirs are full of fresh or salt water, on Titan they consist of methane and ethane, with a temperature of approximately -180 degrees Celsius, you will hardly want to swim there during vacations with your family. The Huygens expedition made it clear that Titan is the most Earth-like object in the solar system that we know, here there are also lakes, flowing seas, rivers, rain, there is even a change of seasons here, it is true, each of They last seven Earth years, the potential to explore this planet is very high and in the future, if humanity begins to colonize Titan, it will most likely be used as a galactic station for resource extraction.

However, the discoveries on Titan are not the most surprising that Cassini made, by pure coincidence, scientists found other information that Saturn's other moon seems to have. life on Christmas Day, December 25, 2021, astronomers held their breath as an Ariane 5 heavy rocket carried the James Webb Space Telescope into space, after that it took 30 days for the telescope to travel 1.5 million kilometers and to reach its operational location, it would need another six. months for the engines to install the instruments and align the telescope's 18 golden hexagonal mirrors, but on July 12, 2022, it sent its first images that surprised everyone; Those images now hold the record for the deepest view of the universe ever taken and show the galaxy. cluster called smacs-0723 as it appeared 4.6 billion years ago, the galaxy cluster is so heavy that it warps light from much more distant galaxies behind the cluster, but this image reveals much more than the original Hubble Deep Field image and It is only a small portion of the vast universe, one of the great surprises is that the galaxies captured in the image are much more massive and the other is that they are much more structured than previously imagined;

In other words, no one believed that these galaxies could be so well organized in the early universe. This is why well-known science writer Eric J. Lerner believes that the galaxies recently revealed in the James Webb Space Telescope's Deep Field image They prove that there was no Big Bang and that the universe is much older and static. Lerner wrote a 1991 book called The Big Bang Never Happened and instead believes in something called plasma cosmology. Of course, many online channels took the opportunity to parrot the false information, but is there any truth to be learned as a theory, albeit some unexpected images of galaxies? returned from the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope The Big Bang Theory is still going strong as the late great Carl Sagan once said extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence so far Mr.

Lerner has not provided any solid evidence to support his theory despite the false The Big Bang is rumored to have never occurred due to the incredibly detailed image of the Jwst Deep Field. The other Space Telescope images were equally incredible. One of the most impressive and unexpected images was taken of the planet Jupiter in August 2022. Giant storms, powerful winds and auroras can be seen clearly and it certainly looks like Jupiter has a lot more going on than previously thought. In the photo you can see the dust rings of Jupiter and its moons Amalfia and Adrastia unrelated to the first image taken of Jupiter taken by Andrew Ainsley in Ealing, London. on September 3, 1879, using a 91 centimeter reflector, this image really shows the imaging power of the James Webb Space Telescope.

As beautiful as the images look, the colors do not match what the human eye would see, as our eyes are not able to select. top infrared radiation what you are seeing is the result of imaging processes that assign longer infrared wavelengths to the red end of the visible spectrum and shorter wavelengths toward the blue spectrum. This mimics how the human eye perceives visible light. This is the first image next to the latest Jupiter image from the Hubble Telescope, the Hubble image definitely looks more natural to the human eye, but the much higher details in the jwst image can be seen clearly, but this is not All in all, images were taken from the mega-trillion-dollar telescope and one of the Web Space Telescope's first focus targets was the exoplanet Wasp 39b, which is located in the constellation Virgo, about 700 light years from Earth.

This gas giant planet is slightly larger than Jupiter and orbits what astronomers call a G-type star. This hot gas giant. Like Saturn, it orbits close to its star, giving the Space Telescope the perfect target for imaging its atmosphere. NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes revealed the presence of water vapor, potassium and sodium in the planet's atmosphere. Despite this, no one was absolutely sure of the findings, however, the super sensitive infrared instruments of the Web Telescope have now confirmed these things and the presence of carbon dioxide on this planet as well. Finding carbon dioxide may not seem like the most innovative thing, but it's important because it's a very sensitive measuring stick for understanding heavy elements in atmospheres. of giant and rocky exoplanets, the James Webb Space Telescope also used its near-infrared spectrograph on Mars on September 5, 2022, the near-spec module can easily detect the spectral signatures of carbon dioxide, water and carbon monoxide, not just that, but a preliminary analysis of a spectrum. with a rich set of spectral features it can contain information from dust and icy clouds to even what types of rocks are on the planet's surface with this kind of power the James Webb Space Telescope is just getting started recently the web telescope focused its powerful gaze on Neptune and took this ghostly image of the planet and seven of its 14 known moons, note that Neptune is 30 times farther from the Sun than Earth and is located in the dark region ofour solar system and if you are wondering why Neptune's moon Triton shines like a bright star in this image because it is covered by a frozen layer of condensed nitrogen that reflects about 70 percent of the sunlight that reaches its surface.

These images look very different than the images we are used to seeing of Neptune. like an icy blue orb, the difference is that these images were taken with near-infrared camera networks with a range of 0.6 to 5 microns. This is the reason why Neptune does not look blue in the network telescope. Another thing is that Neptune's methane gas strongly absorbs red and infrared. light and this makes the planet very dark at near infrared wavelengths. Jwst also took some new images of the Stefan quintet, a group of galaxies that are close enough to each other to give astronomers a front-row seat to galactic mergers and interactions;

In other words, Stefan's quintet is a kind of cosmic laboratory that will allow astronomers to see how merging galaxies trigger star formation The image shows clusters of millions of young, vast stars Stories of gas and dust attracted to the gravitational interactions of galaxies The most dramatic part of the composite image is the huge shock wave from galaxy NGC 7318b as it passes through the cluster, but if you want to see something truly incredible, check out the close-up camera image of the nebula. The Tarantula: It is a mosaic image that stretches 340 light years in diameter and shows tens of thousands of young stars that have never been seen before because they are mostly engulfed in cosmic dust.

The active region in the middle shines with young stars. Appearing blue to the upper left of the young star cluster is an older star that shines brightly and displays the distinctive eight diffraction peaks that are an artifact of the structure of the parent lattice telescope of the core of young stars. cooler, much denser gas takes on a reddish rust color complex hydrocarbons that will form future stars new images from the James Webb Space Telescope really show its power this is the heart of the ghost galaxy imaged with the telescope's mid-infrared instrument in this View incredible: masses of gas and dust stand out sharply within the arms of the galaxy with the dense star cluster at its core.

Another amazing image is the Cliffs cosmic image taken from JWST's nearby camera. The image reveals star birth that could not be seen before. Thanks to the near infrared camera, the cosmic cliffs are a gigantic gas cavity about 7,600 light years from us. What looks like vapor rising from sky cliffs is actually hot ionized gas and dust blown away from the nebula by intense ultraviolet radiation. Bubbles and cavities are drawn into the gas and dust by intense radiation and winds. stars of newborn stars. These images are certainly impressive, but what about all this talk about the James Webb Space Telescope being able to look back in time in July 2022 after the first images were shown to the world.

The James Webb Space Telescope found what some astronomers call the oldest galaxy ever seen, they called it It Glass z13 and its age dates back to 300 million years after the Big Bang from which this galaxy is so far away. We know that its light has taken 13.4 billion years to reach us, but due to the expansion of the universe, the distance between us and the galaxy is now 32 billion light years. Over time, in the very distant future, the number of galaxies we can see, including the z13 class, will grow much smaller over time as they pass the observable edge of the universe.

The discoveries have been incredible so far and, according to estimates made by engineers, the telescope should have enough power to operate for about 20 years opening up the universe. for us this is as long as the mirrors remain intact, the James Webb Space Telescope already suffered permanent damage when a micrometeoroid hit one of the mirrors, the small rock that hit the telescope in May 2022 caused significant and uncorrectable damage, fortunately not We have nothing to worry about because the damage is small enough at the level of the entire telescope not to cause a big problem. NASA expects the micrometeorite impact to be rare.

Extreme trips are always dangerous. Deadly currents and eddies in the rivers. Ice avalanches in the mountains. But what if a wall of fire more than 500 million kilometers long gets in the way? Although it is impossible on Earth, this can happen in space and the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes could have recently encountered such an obstacle, their temperature exceeding that of fires on Earth dozens of times. 45 years have passed since the start of The trips from Cape Canaveral, they visited four distant planets, took vivid photographs and carried out hundreds of scientific investigations, then the probes went beyond the solar system, where a real red-hot hell awaited them and this was not the only spooky adventure and to enchanting times along the way, but recently Voyager 1 began sending back data that stumped scientists, so what have scientists learned about the traveler's adventures so far?

Did the spaceship make it through the nightmarish wall of fire? The entire journey of the probes into interstellar space will be accompanied by the soft whisper of rain. For almost half a century, probe equipment that reached beyond the solar system functioned well almost all the time and withstood the space environment with its nightmarish radiation. low temperatures dust as sharp as needles This seems incredible but it was possible thanks to the excellent level of protection that space probes have. They are equipped with multi-layer thermal insulation heat shields and plastic covers. The individual elements of its line of defense are quite simple to For example, shortly before launch strips of kitchen aluminum foil were taped to some of the cables as radiation protection and it worked perfectly.

The amount of work and people invested in the development and implementation of the project is approximately 11,000 years, which is equivalent to a third of the effort invested in building the Great Pyramid of Giza when the probes were launched into space and headed to Jupiter. Saturn's Neptune and Uranus voyages took many extraordinary images in addition to the iconic pale blue dot and volcanic eruption on Jupiter's IO satellite. lesser known but impressive images look at this tetat of the Earth and the moon the image was taken when Voyager 1 was heading towards Jupiter in this image both our planet and its satellite look like two crescents moving somewhere in the same direction and here you can see the Edge of Titan's disk Saturn's largest satellite captured by Voyager 2.

But why does it come in two colors? It's just that the mysterious Haze at an altitude of a couple of hundred miles from the atmospheric surface appears blue; compound of nitrogen with a mixture of methane and possibly compounds of hydrogen and carbon it is believed that this is what the Earth's atmosphere was like before the emergence of life after flying around the planets the trips turned off their cameras and some other devices to save energy But other devices were still able to conduct research by sending data back to Earth without many problems. The probes reached the edge of the solar system and then the edge of the heliosphere filled with solar wind entered the helioport region where the solar wind and interstellar pressure.

The plasma evens out in this mysterious place that scientists had until now studied only through simulations. The probes made surprising discoveries. Researchers expected the galaxy's magnetic field near the heliopause to be tilted toward the Sun's magnetic field, but the probes found no change in direction. The magnetic field and particle density was 10 times greater than in the solar wind. The flows of solar and interstellar particles collide in that region at unimaginable speeds, making them shine and forming a wall of fire, that is what astronomers call the phenomenon, although it is not known for sure that it is a type of fire that we know and if it really burns there, but it is clear that the plasma at the outer limit of the heliopause ranges between 30,000 and 50,000 Kelvin at first glance.

It seems impossible to pass through this region without taking damage. but the probes made it, the plasma turned out to be very thin, much smaller than the air on the Earth's surface, so it did not heat the probes to critical temperatures. The study of the red-hot wall is very important for scientists, after all, it is the heliopause, which is the last line of defense of the Solar System against dangerous cosmic rays and interstellar dust, the heliosphere blocks approximately 70 percent of the deadly radiation coming from deep space without it, life on Earth would have been impossible and the wall of fire that the trips

discovered

probably also plays an important role here, but we still don't know if astronauts will be able to overcome it during missions interstellars in the future.

According to astrophysicists at Boston University, it largely depends on the shape of the heliosphere. Is there any safe loophole in it? For Starship Crews, scientists used to believe the heliospheric bubble was shaped like a comet's tail, but new research suggests it could be shaped like a donut or a croissant. If so, it will have gaps that astronomers will have to find as The probes entered stellar space and recorded different sounds that we would not have heard, but the instruments captured the noise and transmitted it to Earth. At first scientists could not determine its source, then they came to the conclusion that it is the sound of There is gas in interstellar space and there is much more of it than previously thought.

Meanwhile, spacecraft continue to transmit valuable data to Earth, although it takes about 20 hours for the signal to reach us, and not everything has gone well. The voyages have had problems on more than one occasion. Back in April 1978, Voyager 1's main radio receiver malfunctioned since then it has been operating on a backup receiver recently, something

strange

began to happen. Telemetry from Voyager 1 began sending absurd data back to Earth. Telemetry is the measurement and collection of information to provide it to the operator or user. The probe continued to keep its antenna pointed at Earth. The mission. Specialists investigated the situation and identified the source of the incorrect telemetry.

It turned out that the information was transmitted through a computer that stopped working many years ago was corrupting the data then a command was sent to switch to the correct computer after that everything returned to normal but the cause of the malfunction is still unknown, also the power sources Voyager's spacecraft are cooling and running out, they can no longer fully maintain equipment temperature, however, NASA engineers say the spacecraft still has enough fuel to keep its instruments running until at least 2025. One day we will lose contact with the Voyages, but they will continue their journey through interstellar space mostly between the void, only in about 30,000 years the travelers pass through the Earth Cloud a layer of comets and icy debris that orbit around the solar system and only within In about 40,000 years, Voyager 1 will be closer to the star Liz 445, 17.6 light years from Earth, than to our sun.

At that time, Voyager 2 will pass 1.7 light years from the red dwarf star Ross 248. Andromeda constellation looking even further into the future in about 230 million years the solar system and travel will make a complete revolution around the Milky Way it is impossible to predict what will happen to Earth by then but can the probe survive that long in interstellar space? Scientists believe it depends mainly on the amount of dust in the Milky Way. This dust flies at several miles per second like a nanometeor shower. Dust particles slowly erode the covering of the probes and even A dust particle the size of a thousandth of a millimeter leaves its microscopic mark on the ship upon impact.

Scientists have repeatedly modeled the probe's trajectories, its encounters with dust clouds and potential damage. Calculations by Nick Oberg of the Captain Astronomical Institute in the Netherlands have shown that Voyager's gold disks have the possibility of surviving longer due to the valuable information they contain about Earth for a possible encounter with extraterrestrials. These discs have great protection under the gold cover of the gold plated discs there is a layer of aluminum and below that. It is a copper base, the half-life of plutonium-238 in the Voyager nuclear reactor is 87.7 years and in a small area of ​​the coatingof uranium-238 is 4.5 billion years.

We can hardly imagine such a distant future, but scientists have painted an approximate image. At that time, the Milky Way should already collide with the Andromeda galaxy. The spiral shape of the Milky Way would be deformed. seriously and would possibly be completely destroyed the collision could eject the probes from the new monster galaxy the probability of this event occurring is estimated at one in five in this case the main threat to the gold disks in intergalactic space would be the cosmic rays and

strange

hot gas molecules if the trips remain within the unified galaxy the fate will depend on the dust itself if the probes fall into a dense cloud of dust they will have a huge chance of collapsing, but there may not be much dust because the formation of stars at that time will practically stop.

Travel will move through a completely unrecognizable galaxy free of main sequence stars in space will be almost only black holes and the remnants of stars, white dwarfs and neutron stars, there will be complete darkness everywhere. Only very rare flashes of supernovae will occasionally illuminate the sky of this inhospitable world. Voyages will be able to travel for billions and billions of years, while other probes will explore the outskirts of the solar system and interstellar space. Their already interesting designs for future spacecraft that will venture into interstellar space. NASA has created the concept of an interstellar probe. which is planned to be equipped with many modern and reliable devices, among other things the probe will be able to thoroughly study the solar system Wind and its use to navigate spacecraft in 2018 NASA successfully launched the Parker solar probe to revolutionize our understanding of the Sun and space weather.

The Parker Solar Probe was designed to become the first spacecraft to enter the Sun's atmosphere. It is the size of a small car. and weighs 685 kilograms the spacecraft has several important instruments on board the solar wind the investigation or scanning of alpha electrons and protons will sample particles in the solar wind the instrument has four sensors that calculate the abundance of particles the field imager wide for solar Pro Plus or Whisper is a telescope that can take 3D images of Our Corona Stars and any structure that passes by the probe. Another tool Parker is equipped with is called the Integrated Scientific Survey of the Sun.

It is made of two separate instruments, each with a different energy range. can weigh highly energetic heavy ions, electrons and protons moving through the Sun's atmosphere, finally, made of magnetometers and electric field antennas, the Parker Solar Probe will use an electromagnetic field research tool to analyze the radio emissions from the magnetic fields and the density of the sun's corona, but how can the Parker Solar Probe? The probe gets so close to our star without melting. To study the Sun in such extreme conditions, the probe and its instruments are equipped with a super-reflective coating and a shield that measures 2.3 meters in diameter facing the Sun.

The shield called the thermal protection system is made of 11.5 centimeters of thick carbon composite this makes the Parker solar probe capable of withstanding temperatures outside the spacecraft that reach approximately 1370 degrees Celsius and although that may not seem like enough protection, the density of the sun's corona is not high and not many particles hit the probe. The spacecraft and its instruments are also strategically placed in the center of the shadow coming from the shield. The Parker Solar Probe also has sensors to enable. You know the heat shield has been adjusted when necessary There is another level of protection located inside the Parker probe It has a dual array of solar panels and an intelligent cooling system The cooling system circulates water behind the solar cells where It is then heated.

This same water is pushed to the radiators where it is cooled. All of this makes the Parker probe resistant to heat and radiation like no other space probe before it and even with that level of shielding and corona charge density, Parker can only remain in this layer. from the Sun for a few hours, but how is it even possible to send a probe towards the Sun? It is 150 million kilometers away and would take forever to get there. Getting to the Sun is not so easy when you launch a spacecraft into space. Any speed the rockets give it will be superimposed on the Earth's orbital speed, which means that we can make the spacecraft have more or less orbital energy than the Earth, we can boost it to a higher and less tightly bound orbit with respect to or reduce its thrust to a lower, narrower orbit, most of our space probe missions use planetary gravity to accelerate spacecraft and give them more orbital energy, but with Parker, scientists must do the opposite, cause it to lose orbital energy that the Parker solar probe has used. multiple slingshot orbits using Earth, Mercury and mainly Venus, to allow it to get so close to the Sun and each time it orbits the Sun, the probe gains an incredible amount of speed that astronomers call gravity assist and helps Parker narrow its orbit around the Sun.

Sun and approached its perihelion about 6.4 kilometers, so it actually touched the sun. Unlike Earth and some other planets, the Sun does not have a solid surface but still has a boundary, the point where the Sun's gravity and its magnetic forces remain on the solar material is called Alvana critical surface, according to calculations. According to astronomers, it should be between 10 and 20 solar radii from the surface of the sun, which is approximately 7 to 13.8 million kilometers and scientists believe it marks the limit of our star with each gravitational maneuver. The spacecraft reduced its distance from the Sun, and as it did so, astronomers looked for signs that the Parker Solar Probe had reached the critical surface.

So what happened when NASA's spacecraft reached its destination when the probe passed through a pseudo serpentine or loop-shaped structure? In the corona of the star, the Particle Whirlwind began to move much slower, limiting the impact on the probe. This meant that the magnetic fields were dominant in that region, so no particle could escape. It was proof that Parker was inside the star. alvano's critical surface The spacecraft then recorded a video of coronal streamers moving past it. It was the first time scientists were able to see these mysterious objects up close. Data collected by the probe show that curves or zigzag structures in the solar wind were quite abundant near our star before astronomers thought that these zigzag structures were rather an anomaly that occurred only near the poles of the solar wind. sun, but the spacecraft helped scientists conclude that these structures originate on the solar surface and are quite common.

Parker also discovered that the critical surface was 18.8 solar radii from the solar star. surface and it took eight flybys and more than three years to finally get there, but this was not the only discovery made by Parker that fascinated scientists. Multiple flybys near Venus have opened up more opportunities to study this hot world until recently astronomers didn't know exactly what The planet's surface normally appeared to be covered in thick clouds, so much of the visible light coming from the surface of Venus is hidden from view. Parker not only managed to record the atmosphere of our sun, but also captured the surface of Venus from space.

During flybys of it, Parker used his wide-field camera to take images of the entire night side at wavelengths in the visible spectrum. For the first time, scientists saw the surface of Venus in wavelengths invisible from space - even on the night side, the planet's surface is about 475 degrees Celsius. It is so hot that you could see its rocky surface glowing until now the spacecraft has approached the Sun at a distance of 8.5 million kilometers from its surface the previous record was set by the Helios 2 spacecraft in 1976 and the distance was of only about 43.5 million kilometers Apart from that, Parker is also breaking space speed records during one of his approaches, he was moving at about 700,000 kilometers per hour.

At that speed, it would take Parker about a second to get from Philadelphia to Washington DC or less than a minute from New York. to Tokyo, this makes it the fastest human object ever created. Scientists haven't yet found answers to all their questions, but as the spacecraft enters the sun's atmosphere again and again, we will find more clues that the sun has an 11-year activity cycle during which its behavior storm intensifies and then stabilizes back to a minimum and because it is currently increasing its Corona will expand, giving the park probe even more opportunities to enter again and stay there for a little longer, eventually the spacecraft will get as close as possible. possible.

At 6.1 million kilometers from the Sun's surface, this lies just inside Mercury's orbit, which is about seven times closer than any spacecraft has approached the Sun before the Parker Solar Probe. has finished its mission, but NASA wants to send the spacecraft deeper into the Sun. atmosphere to collect more data about how our neighboring star works, will help better understand the phenomena that happen in and around the Sun. The Sun is the only star that we can study from such a close distance and the only one we know that can support life, so if we understand it well enough we can be successful in the search for life outside our solar system, eventually the probe and its instruments will begin to fail and the spacecraft will melt into a charred piece of metal that will continue to orbit the great glowing ball of heat. plasma its journey will come to an end but until then it could surprise us with more fascinating discoveries in the summer of 1964 NASA developed ways to study the outer planets of the solar system in the NASA jet propulsion laboratory designed by Gary Flandro predicted that at end In the 1970s there would be a rare alignment of the planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune that only occurs once every 175 years.

This planet alignment would allow humanity to visit all four planets during a single mission. The flight would change its trajectory at each one. planet and increase the speed of the probe enough to reach the next point in its flight path. The gravity maneuver or slingshot is when a spacecraft is pulled by a planet's gravity and increases speed as it shoots around the planet, saving tons of energy and time, for example. The flight to the most distant planet, Neptune, could only last 12 years instead of 30. The Mariner Jupiter Saturn project began in early 1972 at a cost of $360 million in March 1977, a few months before launch, Due to the importance of the mission, the probes were renamed Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.

The Voyagers were equipped with computers that could be reprogrammed, allowing researchers to change programs and fix any problems on the fly on August 20, 1977. Voyager 2 was the first sent into space 16 days before Voyager 1 was launched, but because it was on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 would eventually pass it, since 1962. There have been interplanetary missions to study Venus, Mars and Mercury with missions lasting up to three years, but the probes would need to last long enough to be part of NASA's The Grand Tour Project which needed two probes to study the four gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, but it was later suggested that Voyager 1 and 2 visited only two planets.

Reports in the press said that only Jupiter and Saturn would be visited, reducing the overall cost of the project. Experts examined more than 10,000 trajectories before choosing two that would allow them to pass by Jupiter's largest moon, IO, and then by Saturn and its largest moon, Titan. This route also gave the spacecraft the opportunity to continue towards Uranus and Neptune. The idea of ​​extraterrestrial civilizations intercepting these probes was on the researchers' minds. American astronomer Carl Sagan together with his team created a golden record with 115 analog-encoded images, human greetings spoken in 55 languages, a variety of natural sounds of the Earth, such as sounds of wind and thunder. animals like birds and whales and different music from all over the world greetings from the children of planet Earth which probe carried out the first planetary mission the original plan of the mission was for travelers to operate and it would last only five years it would be enough for them to study Jupiter , Saturn and its rings andthe larger moons of the two planets, however, as the mission continued, the scientists' ambitions grew and the voyages far exceeded what was expected on March 5, 1979.

Voyager 1 was 173,983 miles away as it approached Jupiter and was able to take images of IO and Europa from its Moon and, although Jupiter has been one of the most studied planets in our solar system, the new photographs gave researchers unseen angles and more information about these planets as if were new worlds, the new images of Jupiter's closest Moon IO had The yellow, orange and brown surface colors show scientists evidence of volcanic rock. At least eight active volcanoes were detected in iO shooting real material into space and stunning images of this were captured when Voyager flew by IO and it turned out to be the most volcanically active body in the solar system. system just over a year after launch Voyager 1 approached Saturn on November 12, 1980.

Expectations were largely met and researchers were able to expand their understanding and knowledge of Saturn. Three new moons were discovered, Prometheus, Pandora and Atlas, but the greatest achievement was obtaining new information. About Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is the only moon in the solar system that has a thick atmosphere. Similarly, the upper layers of Saturn's atmosphere were found to be made up of seven percent helium and the rest hydrogen. Voyager 1 also discovered Saturn's flat, disc-shaped G rings. Made of ice and dust, another interesting discovery was Enceladus, Saturn's sixth largest moon, which reflects more sunlight than any other object in the solar system due to the fresh, clean ice covering its surface.

Captured images showing its crater-riddled landscape indicated some geological activity beneath the surface that could be a heat source for a liquid ocean, but Voyager 2 was about to make some discoveries of its own on July 9, 1979. Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Jupiter and took this incredible photo of Jupiter and its Moon IO cast a shadow over the gas giant on August 25, 1981, after successfully reaching Saturn, the probe took images of the rings and moons of the gas giant. At this point it was clear that Voyager 2 could now fly to Uranus with all its instruments operational. NASA asked for more money and ordered NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to extend the Voyager 2 mission to Uranus and Neptune.

On January 24, 1986, the Voyager 2 probe approached Uranus at a distance of 50,600 miles above the icy cloud tops and collected data that revealed two new Rings 11 new moons and recorded the surface temperature of Uranus in Chile minus 353 degrees Fahrenheit. Uranus rotates at an angle and its magnetic field shifts off the axis and plane that all other planets lie in. The data also showed that both of Uranus's poles have the same temperature, although only one receives sunlight, the researchers thought. that the planet must distribute temperature in different ways. Recently, researchers were reviewing decades-old data and studying the 45-hour convergence of the probe and Uranus when they noticed a 60-second jolt in their magnetic recording.

It was discovered that Voyager 2 flew through a plasmoid, a giant magnetic bubble. which could have been transporting the atmosphere of Uranus into outer space in reality all planets leak atmosphere into space and even Earth's atmosphere does the same but we are not concerned that we will have enough atmosphere for billions of years when Voyager 2 approached Neptune, researchers didn't think they would see anything but Darkness. NASA teams increased the size of the radio antenna on the Deep Space Station in Canberra, Australia, to capture the incredibly weak radio signals that the probe relayed from Neptune on August 25, 1989. Voyager 2 was 30,000 miles away of the eighth planet in the solar system, approximately 30 times farther from the Sun than Earth.

Neptune receives only 0.01 more sunlight than Earth in almost complete darkness. Voyager 2 began taking mysterious photographs that revealed the composition of the Blue Planet showing the presence of methane six new moons and four rings like Saturn and Uranus the rings and four moons of Neptune formed a complex interconnected system the probe also discovered winds that measure 1,500 miles per hour around a strange, never-before-seen place on Neptune called the Great Dark Spot, the enormous rotating storm the size of planet Earth. In fact, both planets, Uranus and Neptune, are known for their strong winds that can reach supersonic speeds 10 to 15 times stronger than on Earth, Uranus and Neptune.

They were originally thought to be gas giants, but in the 1990s it was discovered that they were made up of heavier substances and became a different class of planets called ice giants. Triton was no less impressive. This Moon of Neptune is located to the north of the planet. the coldest of all the natural bodies that astronomers have discovered at a freezing temperature of -391 degrees Fahrenheit Voyager 2 managed to approach the planet at a distance of about 40,000 kilometers and discovered active gizas that spewed nitrogen into space. Triton was the last object that the space probe would find in the solar system before entering the great unknown where the planet will be.

Voyagers go next Voyager's interplanetary missions have been completed providing astronomers with a wealth of new knowledge and a better understanding of our solar system. These two probes together made great advances in astronomy. Distant object in space created by humans and Voyager 2 was the first to study the four outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune and also entered stellar space in November 2018, but when Voyager 1 entered interstellar space, the instrument that measures plasma temperature had stopped working, but Voyager 2 still had a working instrument, our sun does much more. In addition to providing light and heat, the entire solar system moves through space and is surrounded by a bubble called the heliosphere.

This bubble is continuously inflated with plasma from the Sun and is known as the solar wind. It extends 11 billion miles from the direction of the Sun. Edge surrounding the eight planets and beyond and a good thing also outside the Helios sphere in interstellar space the levels of radiation and cosmic rays are much higher than Inside the bubble the solar winds from the sun protect the entire solar system as it flies through space the heliosphere extends far beyond the region of Pluto until it encounters what is called the termination shock where its motion abruptly slows due to the external pressure of the interstellar medium.

Voyager 2 found that the interstellar medium was at least 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit but the plasma is so thin and diffuse that temperatures around Voyager 2 remain extremely cold. The Voyages have begun supplementary missions to study the outer regions of the solar system in interstellar space. These two probes are still traveling at full speed through interstellar space and will never return to the solar system and will only have infinity. The ends of space ahead of them NASA website shows where travel is in real time February 9, 2022 NASA's Parker Solar Probe took its first real images of Venus in invisible, near-infrared light.

The probe used its wide-field imager to capture the entire night side. of Venus NASA combined the images that the Parker solar probe took while passing by the planet and compiled a video: this is what the Parker probe captured. The images show a faint glow on the planet's surface, the outlines of its continental regions, plains and plateaus and even an incredible bright oxygen halo in the atmosphere, scientists assumed that the Pakisola probe would only capture the cloud tops that hide to Venus, but he exceeded his expectations and was able to see the planet's surface through the dense veil of its atmosphere, according to scientists because of the Due to the incredibly high temperature of the planet, the rocky surface of Venus shines like a piece of iron taken out from a forge long before the USSR dreamed of landing its probes on Venus, but they had several failed attempts.

Venera 4 and Venera 5 were the first USSR spacecraft that managed to transmit valuable information about the planet's atmosphere. They discovered that dense clouds envelope up to three layers and in December 1970, Venera 7 became the first probe to softly land on the planet. surface of another planet thanks to a powerful cooling system that lasted 23 minutes under intense heat with the help of measuring instruments the probe transmitted detailed data on temperature, pressure and atmospheric density to Earth meanwhile NASA began launching missions to Venus is Enceladus, it is covered in ice but it shines like a lamp. Its surface reflects more light than any other body in the solar system.

When Cassini approached the satellite, it took interesting photographs against the background of the sun and showed that Enceladus has its own geysers that They expel water vapor and ice into space the temperature at the south pole turned out to be much warmer than Initially it was expected that Enceladus would not be so icy, the temperature in the south was enough to melt the ice and turn it into water. Scientists cannot give an unequivocal answer about the nature of the origin of this heat. At the moment there are two assumptions: either the radioactive elements are hidden. inside Enceladus or the heating occurs due to the powerful gravity of Saturn but this is not the most important thing, another thing is important Enceladus has heat from water and organic molecules and these three components are necessary conditions for the birth of life, perhaps It is known that the living organisms humanity hides just a few meters under the ice on Enceladus feed on dissolved organic compounds and reproduce using some type of DNA analogue unknown to humans.

Unfortunately, Cassini's cameras cannot see through the ice, therefore this mystery remains unsolved, other expeditions will have to discover if in any case there is life on Enceladus this satellite is currently the most promising place for the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system Cassini's mission could not last for always since its launch in 1997 the probe has existed for 20 years the last phase of its life was called Grand Finale it was a suicide mission for science the Cassini probe made 22 flights between Saturn and its inner ring sending images of Priceless to Earth and then it headed straight towards the gas giant broadcasting everything live and burned up in the planet's atmosphere doing its duty with science until the last second thanks to the Cassini Mission we obtained incredible data about Saturn and its moons and perhaps we were close to discovery of the first form of life in our solar system a new Titan Space Project Saturn System The mission is already being prepared, the exact launch date of the project has not yet been revealed, but it is known that it will definitely happen before 2029.

After the launch , the new space project will follow the path of Cassini and after nine years it will approach Saturn this time. The mission will not be limited only to photographs. Among scientists' plans, there is even the task of sending samples of Saturn's moons to Earth. Perhaps this new mission will provide answers to the questions we have thanks to Cassini here among the rocks and sand. martians is the final resting place of one of the most important robotic explorers in human history, the Mars Opportunity Rover. The little robot was only supposed to last 90 days, but ended up exploring Mars for years until one fateful day it entered In hibernation mode, he slept and waited.

Waiting for a brutal global sandstorm to end on Mars, but the robotic Mars explorer would never wake up again, prepare to discover the opportunity of the rover's mission, what it discovered on the red planet and learn how the rover's mission finally came to an end. mission of our heroic little robot in On July 7, 2003 at 8:18 p.m. m., the Opportunity rover was launched toward Mars from Cape Canaveral, Florida, its mission to search for signs of ancient water that has since disappeared on the red planet. Opportunity was the second of a pair of identical Mars exploration rovers, its twin.

The Spirit Rover landed just weeks before the opportunity, on January 4, 2004. Each of the Rovers has six wheels, each with its own electric motor in what is called a rocker system to allow and increase mobility. . The Rovers are 1.5 meters high, 2.3 meters wide and 1.6 meters long. and weigh about 180 kilograms each. On January 25, 2004, after traveling from Earth for six long months, the Rover landed on Mars in a tetrahedron-shaped capsule that had air bags on all sides that inflated.Before landing the Rover capsule bounced at least 26 times before stopping in the center of its small Target Center, NASA called The Landing a hole in one interplanetary and nicknamed it The Spot Eagle crater.

The crater is an area called Meridiani Plenum, an extraterrestrial plane where mineral deposits that once existed could be evident. a lake inside the impact crater it was time for the opportunity nicknamed Opie to deploy and begin operations. First on the list would be taking images of the surface of Mars that researchers back home were eager to see the Mars rover could probe. Panoramic camera setup to scan the horizon of Mars and take images of landforms that could have been formed by ancient oceans or rivers. Panoramic cameras or panoramic cameras are a pair of high-resolution color stereo CCD cameras.

Each camera eye has color filters on rotating wheels. Allowing you to select certain colors for images and the two cameras placed about 12 inches apart, these two small cameras are small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, but can create panoramic images up to 4,000 pixels high and 24,000 pixels around the The panoramic camera can pan up and down 180 degrees and rotate a full 360 degrees for panoramic views of the Martian landscape, but the Rover would first use its navigation cameras to capture this image of Eagle Crater shortly after having landed on the edge of the crater. About 10 meters from the rover, the size of the crater was estimated to be 20 meters in diameter.

In the photo you can see the rover's mast that had not yet been raised and its pristine solar panels free of dust. Huge, brighter rocks on the crater wall Once the mast was raised with the panoramic cameras, NASA got an amazing image from the rover showing the inside of the crater, this time using the color filters that can be seen in the center left of the photo. Indentations in the Martian soil due to the now deflated airbags on the 20th Martian day of the mission, the world would have the view of a sunset From another world captured by Opie's left panoramic camera on the Rover's 24th Martian day exploring the surface, the panoramic camera took this image showing opportunities Empty Lander NASA named this channel Memorial Station in honor of the space shuttle Challenger astronauts.

The image is a mosaic of 12 differently colored images using the camera's red, green and blue filters that are set to approximate the colors the human eye would see now. There is a big reason why cameras are designed this way when looking at images like this in false colors, the differences in surface materials are more visible and easier to identify, the Rover took its first 360 image ​degrees composed of 225 frames and shows the mysterious landscape. Of Mars, Opportunity was taking many fantastic and impressive photographs, but if he was going to find evidence of water, it turns out he would and on March 2, 2004, Opportunity discovered what he was sent to look for, scientists announced that the rock outcrop that the rover explored was Once covered in water on March 18, 2004, the Opportunity Rover ended up proving beyond a doubt that Mars once had a lot of liquid water.

This image shows what NASA researchers called blueberries, hematite spheres that formed in the presence of iron-containing water at the time. In late March 2004, Opportunity left its landing site and headed toward Endurance Crater. Scientists wanted to study the rock layers in the crater to determine how long this part of Mars was wet. A strange image taken by the rover on October 7, 2004 shows a strange lumpy image. Rock formation that researchers called WAP May on the lower slopes of Endurance Crater. No one is sure how these strange rocks formed, but one idea is that impact caused them and another theory is that water that soaked into the rock dried out and caused its warped appearance.

One of the Rover's most interesting finds were meteorite-like rocks found on Earth. Opportunity had a rock abrasion tool that he could use to drill into rocks and discover their composition. No one was sure if it was a meteorite or not, but on January 6th. 2005, the Mars exploration robot would find the first meteorite ever discovered on another planet. Oppies spectrometers scanned the basketball-sized meteorite and found it was made primarily of iron and nickel and these aren't all the strange and interesting things you would discover in 2010. Opportunity was breaking. Some footage atop a ridge from where he had previously traveled as he looked back to capture a swirl of Martian dust swirling across the valley below him.

One of the more sinister images that took advantage of the opportunity was this one taken on March 20, 2014. Opie is He looks away from the Sun towards Endurance Crater and sees its shadow, but with all this exploration and traversal of A Wasteland, things can become dusty on the Martian plains during the first week of January 2014. The opportunity would be to use their panoramic cameras again and take a self-portrait of their solar panels show a lot of dust covering the panels, not bad considering they had been there For 10 years, the panels looked nothing like they did when the Rover first landed, but the little robot continued on a great day, as the opportunity would come in December 2011 when it discovered. a vein of gypsum a mineral that forms in water the vein was not very large only as wide as your thumb and 30 centimeters long however this was the most powerful evidence that liquid water ever existed on Mars and that the planet it could have been potentially habitable just like Earth.

Opportunity had found evidence of water before, but those discoveries were in sandstones and this was definitely ancient water testing. To celebrate its 5,000th day on Mars in February 2018, Oppi used a microscopic camera on the end of its robotic arm to take a series of images that came together in a self-portrait. It shows the Rover in a place called Perseverance Valley on the slopes of Enforcer Crater. It's not a very good image because the camera is fixed focus and was designed for close inspection. of rocks and Martian soil at that time everyone was surprised by the longevity of the record-breaking robot, but the solar panels were already covered in a lot of dust, as the engineers saw in previous selfies.

But at the end of May 2018, scientists at the project knew that a dust storm on Mars was going to be big, but they had no idea how big it would be. Once every five and a half Earth years, there is a huge dust storm on Mars in June 2018. On 20, 2018, NASA announced that the dust storm had gone global and had become a planetary dust event. . This storm was huge and created enough dust in the Martian atmosphere to completely cover the entire planet, blocking out sunlight. Not only was the rover of opportunity affected, but satellites in orbit with atmospheric instruments could not see the red planet, most of the features of Mars were now hidden under an opaque beige dust cloud across the planet.

Opportunity would take a few more images before the sandstorm hit and take these stunning panoramic photos of their surroundings. These are photos of the desolate Martian landscape Perseverance Valley, the last thing the Rover would see and what would end up becoming a robot graveyard, just 10 days before this monster storm opportunity, it sent back data indicating that the storm was kicking up enormous amounts of dust around Endeavor Crater, where it was. studying and turning day into night Opie took one more image just before going dark and took this photo showing Mars almost completely dark. The Rover's batteries were low on power at the time and minutes after receiving this data, the solar-powered geologist robot shut down. he went into hibernation mode to ride out the storm and hopefully recharge his batteries to wake up again after it was over, but that never happened.

Martian dust forming beautiful patterns on the planet's surface would end up being lethal to the robotic rover. The storm began to calm down. in late July and mid-September it slowed enough for NASA engineers to try to contact the opportunity. The next eight months passed and they sent more than a thousand commands to try to wake the robot, but on February 13, 2019, with some sadness and tears, NASA announced the opportunity that the Rover was dead just one day after the last Calls to wake him up went unanswered. Kind of a sad story for our robotic Explorer, but what a success the mission was.

Opportunity was the longest-lived Rover ever sent to another planet and explored the Red Plains of Mars for more than 15 years taking photographs and revealing clues and evidence of the planet's distant, watery past. The rover had traveled more than 32 kilometers. Their progress is best seen on this map with the US state of Washington DC shown to scale and by the way. You may be wondering what happened to Opportunities' twin, the spirit Mars Rover, which stopped communicating with NASA on March 22, 2010. The robot became trapped in a sand trap and its batteries eventually died; However, it also exceeded the mission's original guarantee of 90 Martian days. and it lasted 2,200 souls or 2,266 Earth days.

Both Rovers opened a treasure chest of Discovery on Mars, proving that the planet once had water and laying the groundwork for future missions to Mars, including the choice of landing sites. Together they returned 342,432 raw images and traveled almost 53 kilometers showing us what it is like to be on another planet. The only thing we can do now is thank these little robots for their service. Maybe future manned missions to Mars can recover these two robotic heroes without the sun would not be possible life on Earth except this gigantic ball of hot plasma can also threaten us its bursts of radiation also known as solar flares and its explosive plasma ejections called coronal mass ejections accompanied by intense magnetic fields can be terrifying despite that the sun's activity causes spectacular auroras on Earth, spacecraft, satellites, high-flying planes and even astronauts may be in danger due to solar storms, our navigation systems, telecommunications and electrical networks may not function properly, we have not been able to understand the Sun and how it works or when it is going to launch a huge ball of fiery plasma at our planet.

This is why scientists have long dreamed of studying our star from a close distance. We know that the solar wind is a constant stream of charged particles that gained enough speed to escape the Sun's outermost layer, the corona, but we don't know how energy and energy work. Heat moves through the Corona and accelerates the solar energetic particles. Astronomers have been searching for answers to these questions for 50 years, but without success, finding answers meant sending a spacecraft through the corona that reaches approximately 1.1 million degrees Celsius and seemed impossible to achieve until recently. created the Parker solar probe and it is truly a marvel of human technology.

The first American spacecraft to fly over and study Venus in 1962 was the Mariner 2 space probe. The data received changed all ideas about the Earth's twin. The probe showed a desolate, red-hot world with temperatures reaching 900 degrees Fahrenheit. Venus's thick atmosphere was found to be made up of corrosive sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide and an atmospheric pressure nine times that of Earth, enough to crush any ship. The first close-up image. of the planet was sent by the Mariner 10 probe in 1974. The image was edited to show what Venus would look like in color as seen by human eyes. It shows thick clouds of carbon dioxide that enveloped the red-hot planet and Venera 9 and sheet metal.

Ten probes took their first images directly from the planet's surface. They landed a few days apart in October 1975. To prevent the cameras from being immediately out of service, they were placed inside the ship in a protected compartment through a special window that allowed light from the surface to reach the periscopic device that Then he directed it to the camera. The images lacked detail and appeared in black and white because color cameras could not withstand the high temperatures and pressures of the planet, but for the first time people were able to see the surface of a world located 61 million A. kilometers from Earth at its closest point, these were the last images of Venus taken by Soviet probes, but the photo sessions of theplanet were just beginning in 1989, the United States launched the Magellan spacecraft, which brought us many vivid images of Venus showing ancient volcanoes.

The planet has unique meteorite impact craters and incredibly huge mountains, the tallest of which is Maxwell Mountains, which is 11 kilometers high in comparison. Mount Everest is only 8.8 kilometers high. The dark crater to the right and above center is called Cleopatra and the black stripes in the image are uncharted places. Among the areas of Venus shown by Magellan, there is something impressive located in the region. stele of Venus this is a 66 kilometer volcanic edifice across the base there are also some incomprehensible lines along the terrain these are tectonically complex teseri units occupying approximately eight percent of the surface of Venus commonly presented as plateaus of the earth's crust high that are invaded by lava flows from adjacent volcanic planes.

Until now, these patterns have only been found on the surface of Venus and here is another unique area of ​​the planet with a diameter of About 300 kilometers, a large circular structure near the center of the image is the giant Corona target, a volcanic formation about 200 kilometers in diameter. The coronas are ring-shaped structures unique to Venus and were formed by columns of hot rock flowing from the depths of the planet. Through the mantle and crust, not far from the corona, there is something else, the so-called pancake-shaped dome, about 35 kilometers in diameter. Unusual in appearance, these pancake-shaped domes are generally a few tens of kilometers in diameter, about a kilometer high, and remarkably circular in shape.

They say they were formed by ancient eruptions of extremely viscous lava. At first the planet seemed to be devoid of internal energy, but it turned out to be quite active. Tectonic activity may still continue deep within Venus and volcanoes could still spew lava onto its surface. is the Matt mons volcano, although it is not a real direct image, the Magdalene spacecraft could not see the surface of Venus through the thick cloud cover, but its onboard radar examined the planet and transmitted the results to Earth. Here a computer generated stunning views of Venus. According to the data received, Matt Mons is the highest volcano on Venus at eight kilometers high and scientists suspect a recent eruption.

You can see a huge crater in its center and a chain of very small craters scattered around the area. The images are amazing, but what about this? There is talk of possible life in the clouds of Venus. Astronomers have long speculated that Venus's clouds could harbor microbes. Unlike the incredibly high heat on the planet's surface, the temperature in the high clouds of Venus reaches a pleasant 30 degrees Celsius, although these clouds also contain about 90 sulfuric acid scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are searching for superbugs in the clouds of Venus. planet, but NASA plans to launch two more probes.

The Da Vinci and Veritas missions to try to discover more about Venus and the European Space Agency will send the Envision Orbiter to the planet Russia is also preparing a project called Venera D roscomos plans to send an Orbiter and a Lander to Venus and it is expected that the Lander can withstand the harsh environment for an entire month. The Orbiter and Lander are expected to transmit many images of Venus to Earth in invisible and near-infrared light to allow us to see deep space. The creators of the Hubble Space Telescope had to work hard. The need for an orbital observatory was discussed back in the 1970s.

Scientists wanted to get clearer images of deep space than those taken from Earth. Our atmosphere makes observations difficult by absorbing and distorting light. We're going to show you some more incredible images, but first a quick history of Hubble in 1977. The Congress of The United States authorized the construction of a Space Telescope with the help of NASA, they decided to name it after the prominent astronomer Edwin Hubble. The most difficult thing was to make the Observatory's enormous mirror, it was constructed of heat-resistant glass with incredibly thin but durable coatings, a layer 65-nanometer-thick aluminum protected with a layer of magnesium fluoride At 25 nanometers thick, the entire space telescope turned out to be almost the size of a school bus.

Its primary mirror weighs 827 kilograms and has a diameter of 2.4 meters. This mirror captures light from a space object and reflects it into a 0.3 secondary mirror. meters in diameter the smaller mirror was placed in the optical tube reflects the light through a hole in the main mirror forming an image in the telescope from there it is sent to the scientific instruments at the time of the launch of Hubble there were six instruments of this type these are of great amplitude. Angle and planetary cameras equipped with a set of 48 light filters to highlight light spectrums. The wide-angle lens has a large field of view and the planetary lens made it possible to considerably increase the observation points.

Another device was designed to operate, a high-resolution spectrograph. in the ultraviolet range with its help the telescope can see dark objects captured by a special camera the high-speed photometer can observe variable stars and other objects with variable brightness and the fine guide sensors record changes in the position of the object in which scientific instruments are located In the tail section of the HST, closer to the center, there are six gyroscopes designed for maneuvering the telescope when pointing at an object. Additionally, four reaction wheels allow the Hubble Space Telescope to change its overall orientation and lock onto a target.

Two main computers were placed in the central compartment. The first is designed to give commands to the devices on board and transmit data to Earth. The other has to control the guidance gyroscopes and other functions of the system. The telescope was also equipped with two solar panels. in the form of wings measuring 12.1 by 2.5 meters each converts solar energy into electricity and part of this electricity powers the operation of the telescope, the rest accumulates in the batteries on board during the period when Hubble is In Earth's shadow, however, the telescope consumes an average of only 2,100 watts of power. per day, which is approximately equivalent to five refrigerators, in doing so, it rotates around the Earth at a cruising speed of approximately 27,350 kilometers per hour, resulting in an orbit every 95 minutes so that Hubble is always in contact with Earth Four Antennas were placed in the area of ​​its wings.

All information and commands are transmitted via satellites. Astronomers were delighted that Hubble was ready for launch. Finally, in 1990 the space shuttle Discovery took off with a telescope weighing about 10,800 kilograms, that is, approximately the weight of two adult African elephants, the ship safely delivered the heavy payload to a low orbit about 550 kilometers above the Earth. Land. Shortly after, scientists received the long-awaited images, and instead of applause, they got a bunch of blurry images that Hubble's large mirror clearly had. An optical defect was an aberration 150 times the thickness of a human hair, but that was enough to affect the clarity of Hubble's first images.

Spacewalking astronauts fixed, maintained and improved the telescope during four service missions. Hubble has been scanning the universe for more than 30 years. and it constantly surprises us because the telescope is about 10 billion times more sensitive than the human eye Even though Hubble captures everything in black and white, scientists then transform these images using a technique that mimics the natural perception of color by part of human eyes, let's take a look. The most impressive of the million images captured by the telescope is the Butterfly Nebula located between 2,500 and 3,800 light years away. NGC 6302 was named after the dying Central Star within the nebula.

The star is exceptionally hot and shines brightly in ultraviolet. The gas light from the butterfly's wings reaches about 20,000 degrees Celsius and races through space at more than 965,000 kilometers per hour. Another Hubble image shows a blue light stream of electrons and other subatomic particles at the center of galaxy M87, particles attracted to a huge black galaxy. The holes are accelerating to speeds close to the speed of light. A monstrous black hole in the center of m87 swallowed Mata. 2 billion times the mass of our sun. The image of the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula is considered a symbol of the beauty of our universe.

The celestial pillars of clouds of gas and dust appear to have been created by some higher power. Their strange silhouettes are illuminated by intense ultraviolet radiation from young massive stars that have accumulated around the pillars, while the cocoons inside the pillars are already hidden from our view. forming new stars and these four incredible space objects were discovered by Hubble almost simultaneously the telescope captured a galaxy very similar to a tadpole ugc 10214 400 light years from Earth approximately 100 to 200 million years ago the galaxy collided with a neighboring galaxy smaller and stolen from is a long tail of stars and gas, the tadpole galaxy floats through space with 6,000 other galaxies in the background another image shows a spectacular collision between two spiral galaxies called the mice will eventually merge and the same fate awaits the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy closer to Earth Hubble took images of the astonishing cone nebula.

It looks like a rocky mountain peak like a giant space mountain, of course, instead of solid rock, it consists of cold gas and dust. Hubble even peered into a celestial maternity ward called the Swan Nebula or M17. The illumination comes from the formation of stars where the seeds of planetary systems are hidden. The bright lights in this image resemble the lights of a night city. That's right. What the galaxy cluster Abel 370 looks like, located 4 billion light years away, entangled among hundreds of galaxies in this interstellar nursery are mysterious arcs of blue light. They were created by light-distorted images of more distant galaxies located behind the bright ones.

They are too faint for Hubble to capture directly, but the cluster's gravity acts as a huge magnifying lens. and images of background galaxies spread. Something similar can be seen in a house of mirrors due to the effect of gravitational lenses in the cluster. Numerous copies of almost 100 distant galaxies have appeared. The most impressive example is the dragon. There are several duplicate images of this spiral galaxy extended along an arc the following image is unique because it largely confirms the existence of a mysterious dark matter for astronomers this image is priceless the galaxy cluster ci-0024 plus 17 which is 5 billion away light years from us is surrounded by a mysterious Scientists believe that a long time ago there was a collision between two giant clusters.

During such an event, clusters of enormous size cannot be held together by the gravity of their own stars, so it could be dark matter that eventually agglomerated and formed a ring usually of Dark Matter consisting of as yet unknown elementary particles. To science, it is invisible but the distant galaxies in the cluster CI-0024 plus 17 illuminated its cloud with their radiation and you will finally see what the universe really looks like. In 1995 astronomers decided not to point the telescope at a galaxy or a star like They would usually do it this time, they chose a patch of dark sky above the constellation as the main target, made a dime-sized circle with their fingers, and looked up through it. is the field of view of Hubble's head at that time and this was enough for the telescope to make a revolution in astronomy.

Hubble was able to detect more than 1,500 galaxies at different stages of their evolution, some of them probably formed at the beginning of the formation of our universe. this is how the Hubble Deep Field was created, but it did not end there in 2004, according to the first version, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field containing approximately 10,000 galaxies was imaged. The snapshot contains galaxies of various ages, including the most distant, faint red one. galaxies, scientists believe were born during the infancy of our universe, when it was only about 800 million years old; Then, in 2012, astronomers revealed Hubble's Extremely Deep Field, which was assembled by combining 10 years of telescope data into more than 2,000 images containing even fainter images and The Near-Infrared Camera and Advanced Camera took in galaxies more distant than before for further studies.

Even more galaxies were added to the image. Can Hubble get even betteryour image of the universe? No one knows for sure that the telescope will be old in the summer. 2021 was offline for a month due to a main computer failure and after a few months there were problems with the synchronization of internal messages but the problems were solved from Earth. The Observatory has also been repaired and upgraded five times in space but although it is in low orbit, no more missions are planned, so there will be no one to repair the telescope in case of a malfunction, but even without serious problems, it still may fall back to Earth during previous Hubble servicing missions.

Scientists equipped the telescope with more tools such as ACS and nicmos cameras so over time this machine gained about 1,350 kilograms of weight, the excess weight and the state of free flight gradually shortened the orbit of the observatory and brought it closer to the Earth to avoid a catastrophe, the astronauts prepared a device to dismantle the telescope if necessary it will be allowed to deorbit and fall into the Pacific Ocean or it could be sent to the depths of space, but for now no one is in a hurry to say goodbye to the unique telescope that engineering research gives to Hubble. a possibility of continuing to operate until 2030 or 2040, even without repairs, if this is the case, Hubble will have time to work together with the James Webb Next Generation Space Telescope.

Webb can observe the universe in infrared light, but Hubble is stronger in optical light. and UltraViolet, both telescopes could study the same objects or phenomena from different angles, but no matter how events unfold, Hubble's innovative images will never be forgotten, the telescope has allowed us to see galaxies in all stages of their evolution and has discovered protoplanetary galaxies. disks distant stars exoplanets and black holes showed that space is not empty and black but bright and full of celestial bodies Hubble even did the impossible: he sent us to the universe as it was 13.4 billion years ago did you know that right now while are?

While you're watching this video, a huge telescope eye is peering into the depths of space from Earth's orbit and you can even join the Space Telescope live right now. You will find the link in the description section. We hope you enjoyed the video. Let us know. what you thought about it in the comments and be sure to stay tuned here for more cool stuff from our universe, thanks for watching.