Chapter 1-4: Rethinking General Relativity as 5 Dimensions of Physics - A Unifying Theory of Gravity

However, Newton's law of universal gravitation is not actually a universal law. If you've heard of it, you've probably seen an image like this or a demo like this. It's all a lie and one of the coolest ideas is the idea that

gravity

could inhabit. Extra Dimensions: This is the standard folded sheet analogy for curved spacetime, but I think this demonstration is misleading. In 1905, Einstein gave us the equation for the equivalence of energy and mass. In 1915, he gave us his

theory

of special and

general

relativity

, a hundred years later. We are still struggling with the things that these theories have taught us about our world, the universe and reality, these theories taught us that everything is made of energy, that time is relative, that nothing can exceed the speed of light and that Gravity, which we often think of as a force, is actually an effect of the curve of space and

relativity

coming together in what we now call space-time.

All these ideas Einstein showed the world that we are on the cusp of the fact that in the previous decades, around the end of the 19th century, we were already beginning to discover the world of quantum mechanics. This is the world of atoms. The electrons. Subatomic particles. pushing and pulling against each other, which is a mind-blowing idea, but the pinnacle of our dismay is the fact that the mathematics we have for

general

relativity and quantum mechanics seem to do a great job of describing the world around us, but we don't We don't get along while general relativity helps us understand

gravity

and helps us understand relative time, we don't see gravity in quantum mechanics and quantum mechanics is struggling to help us understand where gravity comes from because our The thinking is that quantum mechanics should do it at some level. explains everything and although these theories do not seem to get along, the truth is that they influence each other.

Our first hope of making sense of these two theories came from a colleague of Albert Einstein, his name was Theodore Kaluza, who proposed in 1921 that the implication of general relativity as stated by Einstein is that our world has four

dimensions

and when I say four I I mean three plus one, you know length width height and we have time and the reason we say plus one is because time is rare and it doesn't seem to understand it as a demand. The loser proposed that we actually have five

dimensions

, um, maybe the best representatives, four plus one.

That idea was so promising. Einstein told him at first glance that I really like your idea, while the mathematics seemed promising. The biggest objection. At the time of Cluse's idea of ​​five dimensions, it's okay if there are five dimensions. What is the big question? In 1926, Oscar Klein offered an answer: maybe the fifth dimension is there, but it is very, very small, it is a quantum dimension, this became what we know today. like the clues to Klein's

theory

, the idea of ​​quantum dimensions. Dimensions that are actually very small hang around in theoretical

physics

with a kind of cult, following the most popular version of this idea today is string theory, which postulates not five dimensions but 10 11 or even as high.

Like 27 Dimensions again, there's a lot of promising math behind these ideas, but the question remains because we can't prove it if we can't see it if we can't observe it, how do we know they're there? Hey, the math fits, so this is what I'm going to talk about today. I would like to propose a different way of thinking about dimensions and space itself so that we can finally observe, identify, test and understand the additional dimensions for this video. I'm going to focus on that Fifth Dimension and after thinking about it a lot, I think the reason we've gone over a hundred years since Einstein without being able to understand where this additional Dimension is or being able to make any progress.

This comes down to an image, a single idea that has been stuck in our brains since it began, you learn it in school, you see it on YouTube, it is everywhere and the idea is somewhat similar to a bowling ball in a bowling ball. trampoline or a little. so before we dive in, let me talk a little bit about what to expect from this video. I'm focusing the first half of this video on concepts that I think everyone can follow and then the second half of the video is going to dive deeper into the math and the evidence.

I've placed

chapter

markers and descriptions so that wherever you are, at your science level, you can jump in and watch this video however you like for those of you who are here for the clickbait thumbnail. Yes, I'm actually going to talk about how five dimensions can be perceived. However, it is also my intention to make this video a pitch for a real scientific theory that I hope can fill the gaps between quantum mechanics and general relativity. I call it the

unifying

theory of dimensional geometry and interaction or the universe is a form. really strange. Everything said I have to start somewhere.

I assume you are watching this video with a basic knowledge of general relativity and quantum. enough mechanics that you already know the conflicts between the two if that's not you, but you're still interested in this video. I have included links below in the description to different content creators on YouTube who explain the ideas of general relativity and quantum mechanics. I think, in a very accessible way, there are great content creators on YouTube when it comes to science and the people I've linked to below not only do a great job, they are often very funny, but most of all Everything, they are very precise. in what they present and I just want to take a minute to mention some of my favorites, uh, Sabine Hasenfelder.

I hope to say that, probably the most sensible voice in

physics

right now. Part G does great math tutorials when it comes to relativity and quantum mechanics and many things he is also the person who personally made me realize that the plural of math is math and no one can convince me otherwise at this point math is fun to say uh three blue one brown great place to go for any math tutorial uh minute physics also does a great job with stick figures and fun illustrations uh science Asylum is probably the uh I'm pretty sure it'll go for the next one Bill Nye, the scientist, and he does a pretty good job. on it and Dr.

Don Lincoln from Fermilab is also doing a great job helping you understand where we really are, what we understand and what we don't. They are all excellent content creators and while I recommend these channels, I want to make it clear that I have made them. I didn't talk to any of these people before making this video. I have no idea if any of them would want to be associated with this or with me personally, so don't assume that just because I'm recommending them there's any endorsement or anything. That being said, now that you're all caught up, let's dive into it and I hope you enjoy it.

Edwin Abbott wrote the book Flatland in this book the creatures live in a two-dimensional world identified by square-shaped circles and during In the book they interact with one-dimensional creatures and three-dimensional creatures and although he originally wrote this book to be a social commentary, the book also opened our imaginations to think about what it would be like to experience objects or phenomena from additional dimensions. In our reality in 1980, Carl Sagan did a little bit about four dimensions on his Cosmos show on PBS, that segment inspired me a lot, which is part of the reason I started diving into this Rabbit Hole of looking at these ideas and having them. in our minds.

As we go on, it will be easier to understand how we can perceive these additional dimensions, so let's start with the simplest idea and that idea is that each dimension is stacked on top of the other, so you have one dimension, you have a two-dimensional line. that we take. We stack that line, we get a square, how do we stack a cube? This is how most people tend to draw a tesseract or the idea of ​​a fourth dimensional cube. It's basically like a cube within a cube, only with a lot more. lines I have a better solution for this but we won't get into that now just keep that image in your head for the moment concept number two changing distance and size with dimensional perspective for example two objects can be next to each other in two dimensions and yet in three dimensions they are actually very far apart people like to play with this on Instagram all the time taking photos of them pinching the Eiffel Tower with their fingers concept number three higher dimensional objects can only be observed in three dimensions inferiors through relative motion, this is starting to get complicated, let me explain, if I live in a two-dimensional world, a flat earth and a three-dimensional object, let's say a ball passes through my world, that ball will appear out of nowhere as a DOT. grow until it becomes a circle and then that circle will shrink and disappear.

Now the only way I have the ability to know how big that object was or understand its shape is by how it changes over time. Concept number four. We might perceive multiple objects in a lower Dimension that are actually a single object in a higher Dimension and the only way we know that those multiple objects in a lower Dimension are actually one object is if interacting with one of the objects affects the another, this concept. it can only explain some of the strange behavior we see in quantum mechanics. I won't go into that now, we'll get to entanglement concept number five later.

Dimensions can be experienced as objects or in space, and this is what I mean by when we try to think about multidimensional objects, we often try to think about cubes and tesseract objects, but a dimension can also be space, it can be something that you are inside, so when we think about dimensions, let's keep in mind that we can experience something from an Extra Dimension as an object but also as a space that we are inside and that will be important as we move forward. Concept number six: A dimension can be limited but still be everywhere at once.

Now this is one. one of the hardest things for people to get, so I'm going to try very hard to make it easier to live in a three-dimensional world and at least as far as we are normally aware that those three dimensions are infinite, the universe seems to go infinitely this way. way this way as far as we know, just continue well, think that if you lived in a two dimensional world, you would still think that the universe is infinite because of the two dimensions that you interact with every day. It goes on forever, but what would happen if you took a two-dimensional world and added just a little bit of a third dimension?

I call this the ant farm dimension. For the most part, ants only have two dimensions, but that third dimension is really small. maybe an inch from the ants' point of view, they wouldn't think of that third dimension as one dimension, they would do something like what we do with time, they wouldn't think of their world as three-dimensional, they would think of it as two plus one because the rules for that third dimension are different than the other two, it's short, okay, concept number seven and this is where we're getting really deep into the total energy of a closed system if it's distributed equally across all dimensions, each dimension will contain exponentially less energy.

You might also see this in stunts. You know, the specialist falls off a building that is one floor of the one-dimensional Force body. By adding a matte on the outside, the Force is distributed across a large three-dimensional surface, so this idea is very important to remember how the Force concentrates as you go further and further down the Dimensions, but spreads as that more Dimensions you express that force and I'm just going to jump to one thing from the beginning, that's how a nuclear bomb works. I mean, the whole reason that E is equal to m c squared is a reality and that we can take something as tiny as a hydrogen atom and split it and get a city-wide devastating destructive force is because the Force that is expressed in many dimensions everywhere. a sudden is expressed only in R3 and when that happens it is much worse and those are seven dimensional concepts so we are getting to the good stuff but we still need to take a minute and talk about some misconceptions about gravity remember when we talked before the bowling ball on a trampoline.

No, no, we already saw that people love this Gravity analogy because it feels good. It's most people's first introduction to the idea of ​​Curves-based timing. Both show a round thing circling around things that are familiar to them. While all physicists agree that it is a rough illustration of what happens with gravity, the deeper problem is that it is completely backwards. Base time doesn't form a vortex at all, which is a fundamental misunderstanding of general relativity rather than a bowling ball on a trampoline. a more precise analogyit would be a bowling ball in jello, wait, no sorry, more like a bowling ball in a box of jello, so no matter what level of familiarity you have with general relativity, your reaction at this point probably ranges from an uprising from Stern's eyebrows to possibly yelling at the screen, well, you should be skeptical, but don't worry, I brought receipts.

If you ask most people to describe gravity, gravity, they would probably say something like this: gravity is the force that pulls us down, our more scientific people might say that gravity is a force that makes things objects with mass attract each other both statements are almost completely wrong incredible every word of what you just said was wrong gravity is not a force it is an effect this is not my opinion this is the point this is the meaning of general relativity like this Let me pause to see that there are many things about gravity and general relativity that are misunderstood and lost.

Forgotten in these discussions let's take a minute to review what general relativity taught us regarding our misconceptions about the gravity. I want to make it clear at this point that this is not my part of my theory, this is not my opinion, there will be a label at the bottom of the screen so you know at what point I go from simply talking about things that the scientific community already knows When I get into things that I propose as crazy as these next things may seem fine, so mistake number one, like I said, gravity is not a force, gravity is actually a phenomenon produced by two main effects, the First is time dilation, most of what we call gravity is actually the effect of time moving slower.

In a gravitational field, think of a rowboat where a person on one side is much weaker than the person on the other. This uneven motion on both sides of the boat represents a lot of what happens when things enter an orbit or gravitational field. It begins to rotate when one part begins to go slower than the other. That's what causes that kind of attraction effect. The next thing that causes what we feel is gravity, it's the curve of spacetime, by which I mean time dilation, which is not a switch and switch, the way it works is more like a gradient, which which means that the closer you are to the center of gravity, the more time slows down, due to that gradient that creates something that in general relativity we call geodesics and requires a lot of mathematics.

That's a lot of what this equation here is about for general relativity, so those two phenomena together, time dilation and the spacetime curve, that's what really causes gravity. Now again, if you're struggling with this idea, I'll have references below in the description. So you can see people who spend a lot of time just on this: we fall towards the Earth, well that's wrong, I mean, it's what we experience, it's what we see, but again, according to general relativity and what we've learned . Physics, it's actually not exact, basically what you feel is gravity when you are standing on the ground, not because you are being pulled towards the Earth, but because the Earth is accelerating towards you.

One of the best ways to experiment and understand this is uh, to take a scale, like take, you know, measure your weight in an elevator, you'll notice that as the elevator speeds up, your weight will increase in the same way, if a elevator goes down and you are in the elevator, you will become lighter for a while. A bit as the elevator accelerates downward while its mass remains constant, weight is a consequence of the acceleration of the Force, it is basically a measure of how much one thing pushes another. I don't want to spend too much time on this concept, but I know it may be difficult, so if this is new to you, veritasium has made a great video on this really comprehensive explanation and I've linked it in the description as well.

The reason I want to highlight this concept is because it raises a tingling question about how the Earth is always accelerating outward without getting bigger? It's just hard to imagine, so the technical answer or the current answer is that gravity is causing space to rotate towards the Earth, but we're not actually moving, it's space that has changed. So, in order for us to stay still, the Earth has to be pushing us to keep us in place. Here's how you can begin to answer that question: How does the Earth accelerate without getting bigger? So that explanation is mathematically sound, but only because the math works. doesn't mean we know why it works conceptually there is a problem here that has always worried me first there is a big chicken and egg problem Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction so we know that a Of these effects that the curve of space-time or the acceleration of the Earth has, one of them has to cause the other, so which is it?

Is it the Earth accelerating or is it the curve of space-time that is causing the other effect? That's interesting. We'll get into that a little later, second, this is still the only case in nature where we have something that accelerates but doesn't visibly move in three-dimensional space, yes, yes, I know, I said that space- Time is curved, curved, where misconception number three is the speed of light is constant, okay, wait before you throw tomatoes at the screen, listen to me, one of the foundations of both general relativity and quantum mechanics is that the speed of light is constant, this is also one of the least communicated principles in physics, so first of all, it's not all the speed of light that is constant uh, the constant is actually the speed of Causality, which is a better representation of c and e is equal to m c squared, limits speed but also limits things like vibration voltage or how hot something can get c is a limit for many things almost as long as there is energy C is there as a limit light itself just normal light can actually be slowed down in various ways we know we can slow it down by shining it through different substances it's more It's accurate to say that c is the speed limit of light, in fact, without it, light, for all we know, could have an infinite speed limit.

Even C is not constant in all reference frames in general relativity. Okay, that's right, there is a moment. a situation, a circumstance in which we observe that C changes and that is when light or anything travels through a gravitational field. Many of you have probably seen the videos explaining how it is observed that light always travels at the same speed regardless of its frame of reference. Yes No, I also link to that in the description. However, this is true of special relativity, not general relativity, and it's not that these two things conflict with each other, it's just that general relativity covers more circumstances than special relativity, especially when it comes to gravity, so this is how it works, let's say I have two spaceships in space, they are not close to any gravitational field, I just enjoy the dark, deathly, cold, soulless void of space now, if a spaceship I'm sorry Now if one spaceship illuminates the other spaceship, that light is going to travel in a straight line and will reach the maximum speed of C.

However, if we take these two spaceships, we leave them at the same distance, but now we are going to put the Earth's gravitational field between them when the first spacecraft directs that light toward the In the reference frame of the second spacecraft, the light will decrease its redshift and bend a little as it arrives, and what that What it means is that the second spacecraft will see the light from the first spacecraft a little further away than you expected. In reality it is and we call that gravitational lenses, so these three misconceptions, the three ideas are of vital importance to get to our next

chapter

, which we will finally talk about The Fifth Dimension.

Okay, now we're going to take everything we've covered from dimensional concepts along with those strange gravity realities we covered with misconceptions and put them together to reveal a fifth dimension of physics. You'll notice I said A Fifth Dimension, no. The Fifth Dimension and here's why we now refer to our four-dimensional universe as three plus one. The dimension I'm going to advocate for is here. I'm actually adding a fourth Spatial Dimension that brings time to the number five, so from the current three dimensions. are X Y and Z. Let's call these four spatial dimensions W to illustrate how gravity can be understood through a fourth spatial dimension.

Let's revisit our two-dimensional world again. Let's say we have two circles moving through two-dimensional space. at the same speed, its movement at this moment is due to inertia. From a third-person view, we'll notice that one of the circles appears to slow down a bit and then returns to normal speed now that the two circles are no longer next to each other. What happened? Well, from our aerial view there is no answer, but if we take this and turn it on its side, as we can see from our three-dimensional perspective, the 2D world of the circle is bending into a third dimension, the reason for the change in motion is simply because At the additional distance required by adding a dimension of motion to the circles, this Curve would be imperceptible, the only way for the circle to be aware of that third dimension is through the relative motion of another Observer.

Sounds familiar, but now I have to point out the Fatal. flaw in this analogy because it is the same flaw with the popular bowling ball on a trampoline when I showed you this image, most likely you thought of a hill like the one you experienced in real life, in our experience a hill has resistance in the way up and gives you a kind of momentum on the way down, it is natural for us to think this way because it is the world that we experience, it is what we are familiar with, however, the reason for the change of movement in this analogy is simply due to the additional distance required. when adding a dimension of motion, don't be confused by this analogy, the hill could be represented as a mound, it could be a valley, it could be in any direction because the direction is irrelevant, there is no direction, it's just extra space, the problem with The trampoline analogy is that we get stuck associating it with the concept of gravity, it's familiar but ultimately it teaches us nothing because we end up explaining gravity with gravity.

These are examples of circular reasoning as we move towards our 4D reality, what we call gravity. is an extremely similar phenomenon: an object traveling in the vacuum of space will appear to slow down upon entering a gravitational field from the perspective of an external observer, not because it is falling into a vortex, not because it is being attracted by an airplane, but simply because it is traversing an additional distance in an extra dimension of gravity, therefore it is better and more simply explained as a fourth dimension of space objects in a gravitational field that decelerate from the perspective of an external observer because they are actually traveling through more space.

I believe this concept has eluded us for so long simply because it is outside of our experience we live our entire lives in a single frame of reference here on Earth it is like a fish in the ocean it is not aware of the ocean until it is left there my goal The end of this chapter is not only to defend the fourth dimension, but to teach you a new way of perceiving it for yourself and a new way of seeing the world. Both goals start with my new analogy for Gravity, a bowling alley. ball in a box of gelatin when we put the bowling ball inside the gelatin, it displaces it, so remember all the weird stuff we covered about gravity in the last chapter.

Gravity is an effect, not a force, we do not fall, the Earth pushes up. the speed of light or the sea may seem to change depending on your reference point, well all these things make a lot more sense when space is like argelo, when an object displaces something, it could be gelatinous water or even air, it creates pressure , Bowling. The ball is putting outward pressure on the cello and the jelly is putting inward pressure on the bowling ball. The gelatin will also be compressed or denser around the bowling ball than at a greater distance. We can see that this analogy aligns much more with what we do.

We are actually looking with gravity instead of thinking about spacetime being curved into a Vortex which again defines gravity by gravity. Fourth dimensional space is compressed while the Fifth Dimension or time still remains constant, it's just that that constant includes not only the three dimensions we are in. familiar with the movement, but also a fourth, it would look like this if we were to create a giant ruler that extended from the surface of theEarth to the surface of the Moon and let's say we can turn gravity on and off, is that rule valid? it will not move when we turn the gravity on the ruler it is still there touching the surface of the Earth and touching the surface of the Moon we turn off the gravity the ruler is still there the only difference is that with the gravity on it will now take more energy and longer to travel again from an external observer from the Earth's surface to the Moon than if gravity were turned off.

Keep in mind a very important principle: nothing can be measured without something to compare it to. We know something is 12 inches only because we know how long an inch is we know something takes a minute because we know how long a second is therefore we only know that gravity changes what we currently call spacetime because 3D space doesn't change so that the three dimensions of space are not changing a fourth dimension of space is what I really love about this way of thinking about general relativity is that we can stop calling it space-time. I think that's one of the most confusing parts of this whole thing is calling it space-time.

I'm just admitting that you know the weather is changing. Something strange is happening with space. We don't know what. With a fourth dimension of space that we recognize, it may simply be alien space and time. It really simplifies things because it clarifies the nature of time. instead of being wobbly and wobbly to being a much more reliable constant and it changes the space from having to do weird things like vortexes and things that you know we continually fight with to just having a little more space, so how do we do it? ? we become aware of perceiving a fourth dimension of space, well the truth is that you experience it every day, it's just that we call the experience, wait, foreign, so I have two balls here, sorry, two more balls and this I weigh 12 pounds and I have this. one weighs six pounds now, obviously 12 pounds weighs more than six pounds, but what I feel is I feel the resistance, okay, acceleration or acceleration upwards, pushing against this, pushing back on my hand, this too .however, just like with our elevator analogy, if I accelerate this one very fast I can feel the same amount of resistance in my hand as this one and that is because the displacement of the space of the fourth dimension is equivalent to moving in the Three-dimensional space either way, it is simply distance and we experience that distance or that acceleration, either by forcing it through three-dimensional space or the fact that it is simply displacing fourth-dimensional space, let's take another look at the theoretical tesseract that again to the best of our ability.

To do is draw a fourth dimensional object by taking a three dimensional cube and adding a bunch of lines to it, the drawing itself illustrates the absurdity of trying to draw additional dimensions with the ones we already know for perspective, this would be like a two dimensional object. When drawing a cube like this, there is a grain of truth, of course, in both, but the reality is still very far away. We will never understand extra dimensions by taking our three-dimensional graphs and simply sticking more arrows on them. I'm going to go here maybe here there here oh maybe it's here the fourth dimension is not on the graph the fourth dimension is across the graph as a 3D extension on a 2D plane the fourth dimension extends space in a way that we can only to perceive time and movement relatively, we actually already know what a tesseract looks like, it actually looks like this, this one we have length width height so three dimensions but it also has weight, I mean, not much, it's wood but it has weight if it were just a three - Dimensional cube, it would have no weight because it is only three dimensional, the only place a three dimensional cube exists is in mathematics or a computer simulation, that is why video games are so strange and full of clipping errors, but let's take this for a minute and now. think about it and let's put the theoretical Tesseract right here, so Cube within a cube, the only thing that our theoretical Tesseract gets right is that a fourth dimensional cube can be a different size in three dimensions than in four dimensions.

That part is correct, so is this. This Cube occupies a certain size and three-dimensional space, but the amount of fourth-dimensional space is slightly greater than three-dimensional space, that is how it has gravity, that is how it has mass, the Earth, the gravity that we are experiencing is the fact that it is bigger in four dimensions than in three Now that I've shown you how we perceive a fourth dimension and what role it plays in our reality, let me take a minute and talk about why this is so important, so far I've been reasoning primarily through analogies and concepts and I've been doing this because I want to make this idea as accessible as possible, but I also realize that for it to be a scientifically valid concept at some point it has to show up in mathematics, so Rewrite General Relativity, so back to the beginning, this is not general relativity, it is the equation for mass energy conversion.

It is also very easy to understand and teaches us something surprising about our reality. All you have to know is that E equals energy Mass equals mass, you don't really need to know much about C, but it's clear as day that the simplicity of the equation itself makes what it's trying to tell us very obvious. about the nature of our universe. However, this equation is also practically useless, it is oversimplified, we can't actually use this equation for most things in real life, if we wanted to use this in real life we ​​use an equation that looks a bit like more to this one or even this one, but those are something like that.

It's hard to look and figure out what they're trying to tell you, so as far as educational reasons go, we stick with this, in contrast, this is Einstein's theory for general relativity. This equation is practically useful but pedagogically useless. It is as transparent as a brick. wall, oh yeah, most of the kind of mind-blowing reality of what this equation is trying to teach us about our world is hidden behind these tensors in the equation and these tensors within themselves have more equations, so in the end There are many. of really sparse equations to the point where, unless you have all the background knowledge from years of education, it's almost impossible to really understand what's going on here, don't get me wrong.

I'm not saying the equation is wrong, except maybe this part, but that's another story, it has proven to be very useful for making predictions about astrological and gravitational phenomena. I'm just saying that it makes it very difficult to understand what is really going on in the universe with this, so since E is equal to m c squared, my goal here is to rework this into an equation that is practically useless but really good to understand. really what is happening in our universe in marketing. We call this setting expectations, so to do this we'll start with the basics, the Pythagorean theorem, c squared equals plus squared. b squared C in this case is the hypotenuse of a right triangle I wish I was high on marijuana news.

It is also the distance between two points in two-dimensional space. This is in physics what we mainly use this for. Here we are going to start and we are going to count two Dimensions, well one two, now let's move on to three dimensions, if we want to find the distance between two points in a three-dimensional space, we take the Pythagorean theorem and add another dimension, now we are going to change. the notation here because I want to start thinking about distance, you know, in space, so here we have D squared equals x squared plus y squared plus c squared now we have the distance between two points in three-dimensional space Now we add four dimensions and again we stick to what is already established at this moment until we reach the fifth in four dimensions.

The fourth dimension we are adding is time and for this we use what is called Minkowski spacetime. The equation for this is DS squared. is equal to c squared times the change in time squared minus the change in x squared minus the change in y squared minus the change in Z squared First of all, the thing to understand here is that now we are not finding the distance between two points in space We are finding the distance between two events in space. Event one occurs at a point in space and time and event two occur at a point in space and time.

The function of the equation here the purpose of the equation is to decide whether these two events or not. events can influence each other now, many times this is written differently than I have, the pros and cons are exchanged, but I have written it this way to make a point clear and the point is that c, which is our speed of causality, it is the cube of time. and the distance we have, the further apart these events get, the more we have to draw from that bucket if these events get so far apart that they extend beyond C, then these two events cannot influence each other.

Also in this equation we have time. well time has c squared, times change in time squared, that time basically tells us how many buckets of C we have, so if the events are one second apart, depending on the notation we use, we have a tank, if we have two seconds difference, then we have meters per second, but then we have two cubes to draw. This is basically forming a simple problem: can these events be causally related? This also taught us about the phenomenon where we know that the more we travel through space, the less we travel in time if this concept is new to you, you guessed it.

I have a link to an explanation in the description, so that's the reality of how we calculate four dimensions, so now we just counted from two dimensions to four dimensions. Again, all of this is currently understood here in Science and Mathematics and we are going to take the same approach to adding a Fifth Dimension. Now, to do this, we are certainly going to create a very hypothetical situation. The problem with gravity is that it's not uniform most of the time, so around massive objects, you know we need tensors and geodesics to figure out, you know all the different variations of gravity as you get closer and farther away and the fact that the objects around all of that, to simplify all of that What we're going to do for this Fifth Dimension is we're going to take events 1 and 2 of our four-dimensional situation and we're going to put a gravity box between them, so so that between events one and two it is a box. of gravity with a uniform value everywhere and that will simplify things for our equation, so now all we have to do is calculate the distance between two events in space with a gravitational influence.

There are now several ways to quantify severity. There is gravitational force. Acceleration. You have gravitational. potential and you have time dilation, however, as you can see at this point, we are trying to calculate the distance between two events in space, so the value of gravity that will be most important to us for this equation is dilation of time and if Remember before our dimensional concepts, higher dimensional interactions can really only be measured by relative motion or time, so time dilation is the only way we can truly tangibly understand the effect of the fourth dimension in this situation, the basic equation for calculating the time dilation of an object. in a gravitational field is this, now you can fill in these values ​​with what you know, uh, I recommend just choosing something like the surface of the Earth as a very common example, so the way this works is if I'm a third-party observer person outside, like our spaceship. since before and I'm looking at someone going from outside a gravitational influence to land on the surface of the Earth, that's what this equation shows.

It shows me the difference as a third person observer, so we have T1 and that will be the The new time of the person on the surface of the Earth is equal and then we have this mess here multiplied by the original time and the original time is the way he would have experienced time before going to the surface of the Earth when he was in space, so that's what these values ​​mean, so T1 is now the new moment he is experiencing as a witness to me as an outside observer . It looks like it's going slower, but the value we're looking to attribute to our gravity box will be the original time minus the new time because what we're looking for is the time difference, so the time difference caused by gravity, that's the value which we are going to take and we are going to take that value and that will now be our new dimension W, so now that we have the value of w we can take it and put it into our equation that we have been building for a five dimensional equation, determine the distance between two events in space that arefive Dimensions fit together neatly and orderly building all the way from the two dimensional Pythagorean theorem and now we can see what is really happening here is that this fourth dimension of space is extending the time and energy needed to traverse the same distance and look at this if W is greater than our delta T we have a black hole or in this case a black box because we have eaten all the sea cubes there is no way for one event to influence another and there is no way for someone to pass through the box while it is equation is only feasible in our hypothetical situation here and our gravity box, you know, is not completely separate from reality, although it is true that most of the time they measure gravity and looking at it, we are talking about massive objects and um.

You already know all the different stars and planets you know in space, however, this idea of ​​quantifying gravity exclusively through time dilation, or simply the amount of time it shifts, is exactly the same way we try or we detect gravitational waves, so it's not that far away. independent, however, if you still think I've strayed too far off the beaten path, let's take a minute and now relate the simple equation to general relativity, but Chris gravity is always observed in varying degrees of effect, good point, so this type is delivered. to Richie's tensor and Richie's climber, but Chris, what about real objects with mass and different velocities?

Well, that's what we have the metric tensor for, but Chris, what about how mass and energy exchange and affect each other? Well, that's what the energy impulse tensor is for. but Chris, what about the expansion of the universe? Well, that's what it is and we don't talk about it right now. The cosmological constant, but Chris, what's up? Again, the point is not to replace this because we still need it for practical use. is that it is very complicated and this helps make it much easier to understand what is really happening in our five dimensional reality one two three four five but I understand if all I am doing is simplifying General activity what am I contributing why is it important?

Well, the answer is how we interpret mathematics is as important as the mathematics itself. How we interpret mathematics has dramatic consequences not only for our struggle to understand the universe, but also for what other equations we justify building from the previous one, so I want. To talk a little bit about how this new interpretation of gravity, thinking of it as four dimensions of space and one of time, will impact a lot of things, but let me make a very specific example of where the way we interpret the Co equation is very incorrect. What I want to talk about for a minute is Gabriel's horn, also known as the painter's paradox, devised by Evangelista torchelli in this I hope I got that name right in the 17th century.

Gabriel's horn is a theoretical object with a finite volume but an infinite surface area. It means that a painter could paint the inside of the trumpet but never the outside. This paradox stumped mathematicians until they realized, well hey, it's not a real object, sometimes math is weird, not that math is wrong, although to be honest, calculus is always an approximation. be a very precise approximation but it is always an approximation mathematics is an attempt to describe reality it is not reality itself it is a way we can test our assumptions of reality but it is not always the best way to decide reality In this case, it happens that the mathematics for volume cancels out and reduces to Pi, while the mathematics for surface area again the calculation cancels out and reduces to Infinity.

Now, in real life, a trumpet might be about the same shape, but we would have a trumpet that would end up, uh, and we would know where it ended because we could go and measure it, but the math, the way we approach it, can't tell us where. there's that ending alone, this whole concept in Gabriel's horn, by the way. and the math behind it, um, there's a great up and atom video talked about which again links in the description, okay, so for some reason we had some common sense about how to interpret Gabriel's horn, but it seems As for things like black holes, the singularity in a black hole is almost exactly the same situation as Gabriel's horn combining two perpendicular dimensions, so T and what I call W in a only plane you get a curved surface or a curved space-time or now. what I am going to call Gabriel's hole, however, by having four dimensions of space and one of time, now these can be separated, they can be quantified and they can be crossed, in other words, we can have limits and, in fact, have an end to the horn, so Now, if you take the four dimensions of space that I just proposed and put them together and say that by their combined distance, if it exceeds C it creates a perimeter by which nothing, no quantity can be expressed of energy, now you have a finite black hole so what is inside a black hole? stranger things Frozen in time like a woolly mammoth in the Arctic no Multiverse sorry Marvel uh no going back in time sorry Marty holy and there's no portal to hell oh and by the way the G in all these equations, you know, the G which represents the gravitational constant looks like this.

There have always been three major problems we have with G. Scientists don't always like to talk a lot, so the first of all is that we have too many problems to measure. There are many constants like C that we have been able to measure very accurately, but gravity seems to move. The value you see here is actually more of an agreed upon number two close enough that we don't know which one. represents no one has proposed what G is, it is in all our equations, but we don't know what causes it or why it is what it is.

Gravity number three is very weak compared to all the other forces that we see in nature and it is also very interesting for scientists with the dimensional theory that I am proposing, now we can deduce that g is the total amount of four-dimensional space displaced by matter and, in fact, it is this displacement of fourth-dimensional space that causes all other effects. of gravity, this helps us better understand not only gravity, but it also helps us better understand mass or matter, because keep in mind that everything is made of energy, at some point we have to cross the line of gravity. energy to matter and now we have a clue how that.

It happens to be energy that specifically shifts fourth dimensional space and everything else can be attributed to that shift. This may also explain why it is so difficult to measure objects with mass. Don't move everything around it according to its size because, as we talked about at the beginning. from the video, uh, almost everything that has matter is mostly empty space, so if I have, for example, my little tesseract, it's not displacing its size in three dimensions of four-dimensional space, it's just displacing the amount of space necessary for it to atomic elements exist. what's actually displacing everything on a small scale is mostly empty space, so there isn't much displacement for these atoms to exist, that's why compared to the size of the object the gravitational effect is extremely weak and I'm just getting there.

There are so many mysteries and things we still don't understand that I think can be explained by this new way of thinking about dimensions, for example, the cumulative displacement of four-dimensional space can help explain modified Newtonian dynamics and why it works so good. on large scales because it takes us from measuring gravity discretely to having so much effect wave-particle duality can be explained by higher dimensional properties or dimensions displacement can eliminate much of the need for dark matter or dark energy antigravity can now be better understood as a contradiction of the institutional space of the fourth dimension.

In conclusion, let me emphasize that this is not the end of my theory, this is the beginning of my theory. I'm not trying to sell you five dimensions, but rather a completely new way of thinking. about Dimensions, uh, it was a similar reasoning, although increasingly complex. I'm sure I could probably get to about eight, but none of that will matter if I can't click through five Dimensions, so I'm taking a break, partly because this is taking a lot. of work, it's a long time, but I want to take a minute and see if this idea of ​​one more dimension can uh uh if people find it enlightening before we continue.

I'd also be delighted if more of you have experience with physicists uh uh, more of you math geniuses, if this sparks an idea in your head or you know if it seems to click with you, I'd love for you to try to get ahead of me here. or throw me some idea or suggestion, uh. but I have one thing I'm going to throw out as a clue to what's in store for us for the last few decades: we've been trying to explain gravity and general relativity with quantum mechanics, but what I think is possible is that with this reinterpretation of dimensions We can explain quantum mechanics through general relativity or dimensional relativity.

I'm still working on the names, as I hope I've illustrated, we don't need a quantum dimension for gravity to explain why we can't see it, we just need to adjust our consciousness. and I will examine our assumptions about what a dimension should be. I will continue to dismiss this idea. I will be doing more videos in the series, but it will take a while and I hope you get some comments and questions in the meantime. Make little follow up videos you know if I get some interesting questions or anything worth answering you know obviously I'm not going to do something to lol that's stupid yeah whatever in the meantime you can wait my next chapter. what will be time as a spatial dimension thank you for taking the time to listen to me try to make sense of our universe and all its strange phenomena find gravity with gravity you must already have gravity to understand the analogy of gravity by pulling something down into a funnel to represent the gravity oh that was a good way to put it