The Next Universe | Full Talk | Roger Penrose

Well, thank you very much for inviting me and I want to describe an idea that, well, is not that new because it is about 15 years old, but I suppose it counts as new. I want to

talk

about something that I say happened before the Great War. Bang now you see this represents a change of mentality on my part that I used to think like Stephen Hawking in many people that the Big Bang had no before because the notion of before and after meant nothing when there was none. a

universe

around and that's why you couldn't even

talk

about before, well, I'm going to come back to that and claim that there is something before, but before I get to that, let me describe the

universe

, this is an image that more or less describes the history. of the universe as we understand it.

I need to explain a couple of things about this image. Well, first of all, time is going up and the Big Bang is down there and it expands, it slows down a little bit and then it starts doing this. tx what they call the accelerated expansion that seems to be taking place although there was some dispute about it in the previous discussions I was involved in, but I am considering the visit is doing this accelerated expansion now, a couple of things about this image. I just want to show you that you can take sections that represent a moment in time if you want.

We imagine that blue plane sliding upward and the universe at any moment is considered to be that intersection. Warning: It looks like a line instead of three-dimensional. space, you have to make allowances, add a couple of dimensions to get the right image, so this is really three dimensions and one times, so that's the first thing I want to explain about the image, the second thing is what it's all about this. Things with frills on the back are fine, that's there because I don't want to prejudge the issue of whether the universe is spatially open or closed.

These are beautiful photographs that were due to MC Escher, the Dutch artist, and here we have the closed one. You see, you imagine space as the surface of that again. Now you have to rule out two dimensions, so one dimension because it's actually a three-dimensional version of that. That is the near case where the curvature is positive. This is the flat case where it is. Euclidean and this is the case that is called negative curvature. I want to come back to this image later because it's a particular representation of this geometry that's called hyperbolic geometry where these angels and demons, I mean, Escher very cleverly uses the same creatures to illustrate these three completely different geometries, now the current view is which is more or less flat but of course that means we don't really know because we haven't seen everything, it could curve or it could do this.

I'm not going to worry about the ruffles in the back is just to say that I don't care which one it is and I don't care what happens in the back because at least in this discussion I do care to some extent, but that It is not like this. The point now, the

next

question is what is all this in the beginning? I have this thing called inflation. Now, if you look at any modern cosmology book, whether popular or technical, they talk in the first ten to minus thirty-two seconds. that means one over a fraction of a second, that is, something like thirty-two digits long, a ridiculously small fraction of a second that the universe was supposed to have inflated.

Now, to give you an idea of ​​what inflation looks like, I'm putting up a mighty mountain. magnifying glass here to take a good look and what do we see I should point out that we don't see that is the handle of the magnifying glass but what you see is something very similar let's go back to what you see in the future written So it's kind of a model of what's happening there , but hidden at the beginning. Now you see the reason why I didn't want to mention it here. There are two reasons, one is of course that it could be hidden there and that's why we need the magnifying glass. glass, the other reason is that I don't really believe it, so this puts me in a bad minority, but I'm already in a minority, so that doesn't matter too much, so I'm trying to say that I don't believe in this, but there is good reasons to believe them, let me first say what the limits are.

One of the reasons that people bring up is that you want to explain the curious fact that the universe is actually very, very uniform and this was one of the explanations that somehow if it was very irregular then this inflationary phase will make everything longer now never I believed that argument and the kind of reason is this imagine the universe was collapsing so time doesn't keep going up but then there will be all kinds of wrinkles There will be black holes and this image doesn't now. I want to use another image but I couldn't find it as good.

Don't you have to imagine that it's a very, very complicated thing up there that doesn't look like that? A neat little spot, but a big mess up there, that's the kind of thing that happens when the black holes that you see this fall will form black holes and freeze and make a big mess and it would look horrible if it didn't. So why was it like this? Isn't that the other way around? You see that Einstein's equations work equally well over time one way or another. Why wasn't it that big mess at the beginning? An inflation does not solve that equation but I want to talk about it because this is a key point of the argument and for the moment I am not going to say why I am only going to say what in a certain sense and to do that it is useful Return to the Escher image that I just showed you and now this is a spatial image, there is no time in it, so it is a space, but these angels and demons inhabit this infinite universe, although it seems to us that they are getting smaller and smaller. to the edge you have to imagine but you can choose the devil's angel however you prefer you are the same size no matter how close to the edge you are so these guys or fellow asses no matter where you are you will see what it looks like Just like the beginning and the transformation involved here, is what's called conformal, that is, you squish in all directions by the same amount, so not only are you scratching this way, but you're squishing it by the same amount, it's a very kind of pleasant. from geometry the angles like the angle on this devil's wing will be the same no matter how close to the edge you are the eyes will be the same shape you know how close to the edge they are just a different size so which is a very beautiful type of geometry, well, you're not interested in distances, but you are interested in shapes, small shapes, so if you like angles, this is a very crucial part of the argument that I want to present here.

These angels are demons because, from their point of view, the universe is completely infinite, we look at it from a different perspective, we allow ourselves to crush the infinite in this conforming way and you can imagine yourself taking a step from here to there, they can't. do it, but you can imagine that something could do that, so let's get to that, okay, now I've applied this to the universe. This was the smallest drawn image now in the history of the universe that continues to infinity, but that infinity. like in the image of angels and demons, it was crushed to this limit here, which represents the infinity of this universe and that is something that is quite accepted.

You can make the universe, as far as we understand it, in the very distant future flatten out somehow. What it allows us is a very general theorem, there is a theorem due to a German Friedrich Hull, who established that in very general circumstances you can do this conformal crushing, so there is no discussion, what I am doing here at the beginning is what opposite. I'm stretching the big bang to make it look like a nice smooth surface. That's not something that usually happens, it just happens when the universe starts off very, very regularly and smoothly the way we seem to see it and there's one thing.

I used to call the vile curvature hypothesis, nothing bothered to explain what that means because it's a bit technical and my former students and colleague Paul Todd, who had another way of saying it, what does it say? The beginning of the universe is conformably nice and smooth, so you can do this, that's a hypothesis, if you take that hypothesis, you get this universe which is kind of smooth in the way we see it and it's very important for this thing called the second law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics says that this thing called entropy that increases as you go as time increases and the thing is that we see in the observational universe ii, but it seems that the entropy is very, very high at the beginning, which should be very low because it has to start low, what is it like?

It's low, it has low gravity, which means the universe with me. I really don't want to get into that discussion. I shouldn't even start early because it's key to the description, but it will distract me too much from what I want. I'm just saying there's a good reason to say this can be stretched it's very cute it solves a lot of problems if that's the way the universe for some reason stretched like this what's the reason well here's what I'm saying the reason This It's because this is our universe as we think of it, starting with the Big Bang and ending with this eternal exponential expansion that goes on and on and gets more and more boring as time goes by and the argument is that our universes a Those of us who serve We think that it is not the whole story that this future remember that Escher's image can be stretched and crushed and now it becomes the Big Bang of the

next

day and this is what I call cyclical cosmology according to the consort that we are here there was one of In these eons I call neo and looked in the dictionary to make sure that an eon was not a real period of time.

It seems wrong, it's a long time but not a defined period of time, which is fine. I, so I have used that term here, a cosmic Aeon is that, but I am stating that there was a cosmic aeon that preceded us, one after the last one before, etc., and they continue indefinitely. Now, you see, you might say, well, that's a little hard to swallow and that's what a lot of people say is hard to swallow because isn't the distant future very different from a Big Bang? Well, first of all, it's very, very rarefied, it becomes very, low and low density, it's extremely cold.

The temperature goes down and down and down. What is the big bang? The density of light is enormous, the temperature is enormous, but you see when you do this transformation that the one I did with the angels and demons who were satisfied was to crush or stretch, it gives a great point when you stretch it, then the great temperatures drop and the Densities go down when you crush it, temperatures go up and densities go up and coincide, so they coincide physically and also geometrically. Now there's a little downside to all of this that has to do with, well, we'll get to that in a minute before we get to that, let me talk about black holes.

I mentioned them before. This is an image of a black hole. It is not normal to see a black spot in the middle of something. a space-time image, so we have time going up there and this is matter collapsing and this thing here is the horizon, so I have time in one dimension and I managed to get a kind of two-dimensional space in gray, there is another , but only Stive had two when imagining himself going around and around like that and that's the image of a black hole. It's a pretty good image, actually. Now the point of the image is these cones.

Now one of those cones. I have to talk about the cones. What is really important now is what is called a light cone or a null cone. You have to imagine yourself in four-dimensional space-time. At any point there is one of these cones there. What does that cone tell you? Tells you what? the light does it, you imagine that there is a flash of light at that point and it is time that advances, extends. This is a special image. Now I can get all the dimensions if you want here. I have to imagine the cone. It has another dimension, but you think. of it as a surface, but these sections through the cone represent the story of a flash of light in the middle that expands and expands, so we have the red and then the blue and the red represents this section for the cone and the blue. one in that section and here we can have the two dimensions of the surface, so it's three-dimensional together and here we have just one, so it's a good image of what a cone of light does, so a flash of light is would extend and you.

We would have to imagine special terms in which things that extend like a flash of light would do what happens to the passing comb. Well, you imagine a flash of light entering and converging on that point. It's a very useful concept in space-time because it tells you causality, you see that things that can affect other things are always inside or on the cone and outside, you can't influence that, so this is it and this is relativity. special where all these cones are arranged uniformly. This is general relativity where they can wobble. In various ways and the image of the jet, this is a kind of illustration of what can happen in the general activity.

The cones are not there uniformly, but you can see that the information inside cannot escape because it would have to cross the cone and stay inside. you can't do the cone because the cones point inward, that's why light and any type of matter is trapped within this horizon, so you can understand these things very well by looking at that image and thinking a lot about it and here is the materialformer. It collapses and then things can go out there, but the horizon is where the cones tilt inwards and even at the speed of light you can't escape from within, okay, that's this big picture, what is that?

Well, you see, this is this kind of light cone causal structure. structure or what can influence what structure of space-time, but there is one more. I should say that there is something called a metric in general relativity that is described by ten numbers and those ten numbers, nine of them, roughly speaking, tell you where these cones are. are and the tenths one is telling you what these surfaces are here let me explain to you what they are what clocks you see here I have a couple of clocks running and their clocks according to relativity do not maintain a kind of universal Time is one of the difficult things to understand, but different clocks moving in different ways have their own time and you have imagined that they are identical clocks and this surface room means that many describe the first tick of the clock than the second tick in the third tick. and so on when you have these little bowl-shaped services arranged within the cone that gives you the passage of time with respect to clocks and that gives you the tenth component, so they are actually the nine of the proportions of the ten, but don't do it.

Worry about that, so I have to say that the cones give you most of the information, the rest of the information you need are these services. The key to this is that things traveling at the speed of light don't even notice those services, so light itself travels. Around here you don't care about those services, the key is mathematics, you see, they are the two most important formulas of famous formulas of physics of the 20th century, they were Einsteins and e is equal to mc-squared, which tells you that the energy and the mass are equivalent, even Max Planck.

Before Einstein it had equals and it was H nu H is a constant and E and nu is the frequency, this tells you equivalent energy and frequency. Put the two together, that tells you that mass and frequency are equivalent, so if you have a particle of a certain mass, it has a frequency, it has a normal pitch and it is a very, very high frequency, but it is one of the reasons why We have very, very precise clocks in nature, ultimately because of this, but it depends on mass, that's the point I'm trying to make, if you have mass, you have clocks, if you don't have mass, you don't have clocks and Maxwell's equations that tell you how electromagnetism works, are completely invariant under stretching squat enes, so it's angels and demons who wouldn't.

I don't know how big they would be if they just had electromagnetism to control how they work, so you need things with mass to give you the scale, so this is the crux of this description, the idea here is that you don't really have mass here or Here, why don't you have dough? When you see which one is the most dominant, they can't. They have a lot of mass around here, but with black holes around, they swallow most of it and if you have huge black and galactic holes. The cumulus clouds swallow each other and eventually begin to swallow the cumulus and probably swallow most of it.

Most things running around will be photons, they have no mass, so that's the argument here if they're just photons running around. then you don't care about them, you can smash things like in the blue picture, so that's a key point, I mean, maybe you have some rogues or electrons running around, but then I have an argument for why the mass should vanish there. but let's not get into that, that's too technical, but going back to the other side, you surely have a lot of mass, well, you see particles, you have massive particles, yes, but when they get hotter and hotter and hotter, they move faster. and faster and faster and that means almost all the mass is at its energy and e is equal to MC squared so the mass becomes completely irrelevant and the closer you get to that point the mass becomes irrelevant so That this is the key part of the argument. mass becomes irrelevant or not, they are both here and here, so squishing and stretching is physically sensitive now that it requires a bit of swallowing and many of my colleagues in cosmology, I can tell, have a lot of trouble swallowing it and I hope that , since most of you are not cosmologists, you will probably find it easier to swallow when you do, but let me continue, this is the conformal structure where you have no mass, that's fine, that's all the massless things you need.

You know, this is when you have mass, well, this was what I was saying about clocks, now what about black holes? Well, first of all, there they are. I put the black holes in the image. These are represented by these red lines. they swallow each other and so on and there are red lines in the picture, but according to Stephen Hawking and yes, I agree with him, I mean, I didn't know this before he said it, but black holes radiate, so They are not completely black, he says they are a little cold. I'm an extremely coalition, but not zero temperature, they have a ridiculously small temperature, certainly for the black holes that we know there are ridiculously small, but in general, but it's okay when the universe expands. and it expands and expands black holes become the hottest things when they are, they radiate energy and radiate energy and radiate until they finally disappear with what I call a fairly small burst compared to the energy in the whole thing, ridiculously small .

How long does that take? Well, for the bigger ones, it might even be a euphemism, but for the bigger ones you would have to wait something like Google years. What is a Google 1 0 0 or 100 zero years? That's the kind of time you have. In fact, wait, that's what started without all this discussion. I thought about how boring this universe is going to be and when there's nothing but black holes, that's pretty boring, but waiting for this damn thing to blow up for Google, yeah, even that's not that boring. What it's like when they're gone is boring, this incredible eternity of nothingness, okay, it's an emotional plot.

I agree, but it was a driving force anyway and I thought, well, who's going to be bored with this, not us? How about photons that many photons and it's quite difficult? boring a photon because not only because they probably don't have experiences, ok, I'll grant you that, but because according to relativity they don't have the passage of time from creation to the infinities, nothing of what they obtain runs out until infinity and there they are so that was the kind of reason I was introducing these ideas ok the black holes disappear like this they are there they are going to explode this is not all I have said in these images up to this point it is pretty well scaled this is not a scale this is way up somewhere really a golf pop not even up there and to the edge of the universe even that's not good enough so it's way too far okay so disappear pop now I'm going to tell you, Look, I thought that when I had these various ideas I could go on lecturing about this forever because no one will ever know if it's right or not, and I thought so, but then I got a pretty uncomfortable foot when you see that I mentioned these black holes that we have, as I think.

I haven't said it yet, but I will sit in that center of our galaxy a black hole that has a mass of approximately 4 million times the mass of the Sun, quite large. collision course with the Andromeda galaxy now the Andromeda galaxy has a black hole that is about 40 times, I think, our size much larger than ours in a few billion years we are going to collide, we are in a collision By Of course, like I said, and I don't know how many years later the black holes will feel each other spiral and kaboom, they will collide with each other kaboom is not the good description because it is not a sound, it is gravitational waves. and you cannot hear gravitational waves, however, those signals will go out and reach Infinity.

This is what I call a crossover surface between one Aeon and the next. It should really be three-dimensional, but I've drawn it in two dimensions, I hope. that's okay now this is meant to be an ass up here is us and we're looking back that's our past light cone and this is the Big Bang or the crossing of the Eon before us now here we have a couple of collisions in a cluster explosion and another explosion and they create a big ring here and according to the equations what you find is that these signals should influence the dark matter in the next Eon and you should be able to see the signals, so the claim is that and they will be quite weak, they will be weak signals, either slightly warmer than average or slightly cold, it is a little annoying because of the alternatives, but there is a little more uniform around the ring, but it is normal and I have a colleague and a colleague Armenian through Gossage who started looking for these things and one key thing is that if this were to happen multiple times like it will in a galaxy cluster, you will have several of these explosions and they will be centered on the same point, so this is one thing key, so I asked Can you see rings like this that are centered on the same point?

He came up with images like this. This is the image of the entire sky and what we are seeing is the microwave background, so this is this radiation coming from all directions. There are very slight variations in temperature, there is a slight variation in temperature due to the movement of the Earth because we are moving through this radiation and you have to correct that first. When you correct for that, you find a very uniform distribution of the sky. about one part in 100,000, so one part one hundred and one thousand, this temperature is the same, but what we're seeing are small variations in this and what I was looking for are these concentric rings of temperature that are more uniform over the ring than to it.

You come up with pictures like this and I thought you were hoping to see a fairly even distribution in the sky so you could see anything and that's what you saw. This was the map satellite W, which is a satellite that revolved around me. How many years ago and pretty well and it showed what these sky temperature variations are most recently another satellite, the Planck satellite, and it did it again for this and again you see this agglomeration of these things, but let me go see there is a picture of the centers and I thought that doesn't seem random to me.

The claim is that we are looking towards the eon before ours and we are looking at galaxy clusters, so each point here would represent a galaxy cluster in that previous Eon grouped together, the clusters are grouped in the previous Eon so they should be clustered in Arion, so one of the claims here is that there are many more clusters in the east of the eon before ours and people seem to think which may be the case. It's the colors, well, that's another independent thing, the color ones, the red ones are the closest, the blue ones are the most distant, so again that's grouping together because the red ones are all together and the blue ones are together and the greenish ones are together. they are kind of in between there is pretty good evidence that there is something there and I claim that this is so, and some Polish colleagues of mine took a look and using completely different methods they also found a significant sign that these rings are there, now they are not They are thinking about the collision of black holes and they are thinking about the black holes themselves and this is their Hawking aberration so this is the black hole and it vibrates up here you see google here is its hidden path up here this is the explosion this is what's called the last scattering surface that's what you actually look at and the signal spreads like this the statement that's the statement do you see this?

This would be a slight increase in temperature from here to here it would be approximately eight times the diameter of the moon so what would be a point here goes up to eight times the diameter damage to the moon Do you see things like that in the guy? Well, Christoph Meisner and my other colleagues. I must say that this is simply what is called the energy spectrum. You have to put this in to see something that is significant. What you see now, what you see, what you do is take this, if you think that the universe is like a balloon and you think that it vibrates in many ways, whether it makes noise, the frequency with which it vibrates, if you like the power here, don't do it.

Don't worry about what that image is. If you're a cosmologist, you say worry a lot more about that, but the point is you have to put this in and with what you see, the observed power spectrum, you can vary. how the different ways that that balloon can oscillate, vibrate and things like that, that's what they do and they make you make maybe a thousand fake skies that have the same image as this one, but in detail they can vary as much as you do. That's the idea and our colleague Daniel Anne, who is Korean and works in New York, did this and looked at the thousand simulations of what we're seeing as little rings like this and these are different sizes for the inner ring. and the other thing is what the temperature changes look like from here to here, so if you look back, it's something where the temperature goes up in the middle, so this would be warmer than that, that's the idea and how much warmer is that. that's right, it's anomalous, its average is that what you would expect is that you look at theenergy spectrum, look at all these random fake skies and 4,000 fake guys finding zero, I mean, all these other numbers are that kind of thing. you find rings that are the wrong shape and size for that signal, when you hit it you see that none of the false skies show this phenomenon, which means that it is really significant this is even quite significant the number is quite small here any kind of good That's right, it's here, it's about six, isn't that okay? after you saw the evidence and then the problem but it's like that Daniel did it again 9,000 more simulations what happened to these zeros when this woman gets to this one it becomes ridiculously smaller than anything else it's a real thing what in terms of probabilities What does it mean that the chance of this being a random effect is that the chancery is real rather than random, there is 99.98% confidence, that's what you get from these figures, so it's really there and It seems to be there and what else can happen?

You explain well, I think that's the end of me, yeah, let's not get into that. I don't have time to go into that, but if people want to ask me, that's fine, thank you very much.