Techniques of Behavioural Therapy and Understanding Cognitive Therapy

hello viewers, welcome to the psychology video lecture series continuing with chapter 5, today we will cover behavioral

therapy

techniques

along with

cognitive

therapy

, let's look at the seven behavioral therapy

techniques

, the first technique is known as negative reinforcement, now in negative reinforcement. and all the techniques, we will talk about the definition and example so that you can understand it better. Negative reinforcement is following an undesirable response with a painful result, a result that is not liked, for example, a child is reprimanded by the teacher. and the child is sent out of the class standing outside the class the child misses the lecture and enjoys outside so this is negative reinforcement where the child can escape and avoid a lecture and enjoy outside so next time do your thing the behavior is going to decrease or increase, of course it's going to increase, that's the whole concept of reinforcement, the behavior increases in the future, the probability that that behavior increases in the future, but because it's about avoiding escape , that's why we call it negative reinforcement.

Second is aversive conditioning and repeated association. of unwanted response with an aversive consequence that results in the person giving up the incorrect behavior, for example, an alcoholic person, if they receive electric shocks, receive medications that cause nausea or discomfort, are more likely to give up alcohol because of the consequence aversive The third technique is known as In positive reinforcement, in this technique we link the behavior with a positive outcome, so the response is linked with a positive outcome and of course the probability of that behavior increases in the future, for For example, associating a favorite dish with homework or television study, so that the child is more likely to do homework or studies if it is associated with a positive outcome, that is, positive reinforcement.

The next technique is that we have a Stokin economy. Now tokens are given for behavior change, so behavior like that of a child who needs to be taught something. good manners, the child receives a certain amount of points after collecting those tokens, those tokens can be exchanged for example with an output, so with that amount it could be a followed star map system for children too or for a schizophrenia disorder. The token economy is followed by the exchange of tokens for a particular behavior, so the desirable behavior is reinforced. The next thing we have is modeling, we also call it curious learning where a role model demonstrates a behavior and that behavior is copied because the consequences of that behavior are positive, so based on the observation and behavior of a model To follow, changes begin to occur, for example, a child learns to lie because the parents were lying or the child learns to respect elders because the parents did, so the parents of the role model for the children A this We call it vicarious learning, observational learning.

The next thing we have is the differential reinforcement. Now differential reinforcement is the use of both positive and negative reinforcement which we have used earlier, positive reinforcement of behavior and negative reinforcement of behavior, so a desirable behavior is positively reinforced and a negative behavior is negatively reinforced similarly. , we can also use ignorant for unwanted behavior, behavior that we do not want the child to follow, we can teach it by ignoring that behavior, for example, parents are taught to ignore when the child is in a bad mood, cries or throws tantrums and the child is not the basic behavior of the child the demand is not met, whereas if the child politely asks, say, to go out, the parents listen to the child and lead him to such a positive outlet the desirable behavior is reinforces through positive reinforcement and negative behavior, whether through ignorance or through negative reinforcement, the last technique we have is known as systematic desensitization, a very important technique from the examination point of view, this technique was given by Volpe and Volpe spoke about building a hierarchy from the lowest fear to the highest fear, for example someone is very afraid of cockroaches so cockroaches are easier, the lowest fear would be a cockroach at a distance of one kilometer or at a long distance, while the highest fear or fear that causes the person who panics will be a cockroach in a coffee cup, so this hierarchy, the series of behaviors is built from the lowest fear that causes the event to the highest fear-inducing event after these behaviors are identified and the hierarchy is built after the person is taught relaxation. then each event or each situation in the hierarchy is taken into account, the person is made to relax and the therapist performs the visualization, the therapist gives the instructions where the patient or client can imagine the situation as if the person were in the hierarchy. situation.

With that imagination and with relaxation the person automatically rises in the hierarchy and the fear is resolved. This follows the principle of reciprocal inhibition. In this we understand the logic that anxiety and relaxation cannot occur at the same time. Fear and relaxation cannot. they can occur at the same time so it is a reciprocal inhibition where any one of them will be there which will be reinforced and the other will be inhibited, the opposite will be inhibited, so this is a principle of reciprocal inhibition. Another fear could be hydrophobia, fear, phobia of water, which can also be treated with the same technique, after

understanding

behavioral therapy that talked about behavior modification, let's look at

cognitive

therapy that deals with the process of thought, so this therapy propagates that psychological distress is due to irrational thoughts and belief system, the way we look at the situation, the way we perceive a situation. the way we understand a situation gives it meaning is it logical is it rational or is it my own creation the way my mind believes it is what cognitive therapy talks about let's look at the two sub-therapies below it the first is rational emotive The therapy propagated by Albert Ellis now Albert Ellis focuses on irrational thoughts that mediate between the triggering event or antecedent event and its outcome.

Now Albert Ellis gave a very important concept by saying that it is our belief system, it is not the triggering event or the external situation that results in the feelings we have or the behavior we have, which is the consequence, so in This looks at the ABC model, the antecedent which is the external trigger that results in the belief system, the way we look at it, the situation, the way we perceive. the way we think about it and the consequences, let's take an example, for example, if a child feels that there is a thought in his mind, I should not hurt my parents or I should be loved by everyone, now in this situation, it is a system of beliefs that has a must-have component may have a trigger component may have a must-have component I must pass the test now this is a belief system that is not rational which is not logical may or may not happen which will obviously distort the present reality will definitely create a negative mindset because if it doesn't happen the consequence will be a very low mood and depression so this is what is being worked on and once we understand the ABC charts we can obviously work on them, for example, a critical statement is given. to a child so that he cannot perform this particular task as effectively, the child takes the statement very seriously and has a belief system that is activated due to the consequence that he cannot actually perform well on that topic in particular, so in rational emotive therapy the person's thoughts are questioned in a gentle way.

Non-directive questions are used where, without really probing or being directed, the person is made to think more deeply about the assumptions they have about life and problems, therefore, once these are identified and challenged in a way Non-directive, assumptions can be changed to more realistic ones that are healthier. The second theory under cognitive therapy is Erin Beck therapy according to Adam Beck, who really worked with anxiety and depression, people who have anxiety and depression and the psychological distress caused by that. Now, according to Erin Beck, who focuses on the concept of core schemas, core schemas are formed in childhood because the family, the way the family reinforces a certain belief system or patterns of action in an individual because of those thoughts, automatic thoughts are triggered, the schema is basically a central frame a cognitive frame that the person carries, for example, a schema of a restaurant, each of us carries many schemas that are cognitive frames, the mentality, the set of thoughts What we have, suppose a person is neglected, a child is neglected by the parents and the child develops the central schema I am NOT wanted at the moment when this schema is there and there is a situation outside with triggers it is called schema.

Suppose the child is publicly ridiculed at school, so due to that ridicule the schema is automatically activated, resulting in the thought. I am NOT wanted These are automatic thoughts that start automatically because that core schema is activated now. These irrational thoughts that are continuous and obsessive make the person believe that no one loves me. They are then characterized by cognitive distortions that distort reality in a negative way. The way the person makes assumptions is so real that the person is so under the influence of these assumptions that these thought patterns result in dysfunctional behavior. This repeated occurrence obviously results in anxiety in depression, which is the basis of this particular therapy, which is cognitive therapy by Aaron Beck, this therapy uses questions that are gentle, non-threatening and are answered to the client about the client's beliefs and feelings. thought patterns.

The client is asked why, for example, there is a situation where there is neglect or the person feels that no one loves me, so The therapist asks the client why everyone should love you now, that will make the person think about the irrational belief system or the automatic thoughts and dysfunctional schemes that the person carries, therefore, the person will be able to change, let's look at the concept of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, which is a combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy, it is the brief treatment and effective most popular for a variety of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, borderline personality and all for that reason, this particular therapy uses a biopsychosocial model to understand psychopathology and manage it. combines cognitive and behavioral techniques now this therapy also has a biological basis because it deals with relaxation it has a psychological basis because it deals with the cognitive change of thoughts cognitive therapy and it also has a basis in the social field because it deals with environmental manipulation so let's summarize the Today's discussion, we talked about the concept of behavioral techniques where we covered seven techniques, we also covered the concept of cognitive therapy under which we had Albert Ellis's rational emotive therapy and Aaron Beck's therapy and we also understood cognitive behavioral therapy. which is a very brief and very effective treatment for mental disorders, that's all for today, thank you.