Indigenous History Marathon #1

The Comanche nation was once the most powerful nation in the United States and one of the most effective fighting forces in

history

. They fought against numerous enemies and were only defeated at the end of the 19th century. Here is a secret

history

of the Comanche, the most powerful Native American tribe in history. The popular image of Native Americans in the 19th century invariably shows them as invincible warriors who lived their lives on horseback, and while the Comanches definitely live up to this image, it was not always the case that the Comanches started out as nomadic hunter-gatherers.

They followed their seasonal prey in many ways, they liked to trail their peers while the Aztec Empire built incredible cities, the Iroquois developed a sophisticated civilization, the Comanches built nothing and had no permanent settlements, nor were they particularly aggressive, which might have had to do with the Although they were not particularly good warriors, this all changed in the late 17th century, when the Comanches first encountered the horse. The Spanish introduced the animals to the Comanches, but the Native American tribe demonstrated an understanding of how and how to tame these incredible animals. To translate that Mastery into military strength over the next century, the hunter-gatherers of the Comanche Nation transformed into a dominant and aggressive Warrior Empire and it was all due to their experience in breaking training, riding horses and fighting with the horse instead of being sedentary. tribes that were agricultural from the east, there were nomadic tribes that were mounted in the west and that changed everything for a tribe that had its beginnings as relatively peaceful hunter-gatherers, whose transformation of the Comanche into a military giant was totalized once they gained dominance about the horses. the culture focused almost exclusively on waging war.

Comanche society was very limited as a result, they did not have a religious structure or many social organizations, there was no manufacturing or art, children learned to ride, hunt and fight from a very early age, their entire lives focused on those. three aspects; In fact, the Comanches are sometimes compared to the Spartans, and because they were almost entirely focused on fighting, the Comanches evolved into a force of violence that no one could resist. They made war on everyone who came. They came into contact with him and usually won. One of the reasons for their success was their brutality, a Comanche raid was a terrifying affair.

All male enemies would be killed without exception, even if they surrendered, the older boys would be executed and the younger boys would be taken captive. and the women would be assaulted and murdered. The Comanches waged Total War long before the founding of the United States. In order to appreciate how powerful and warlike the Comanches were in their heyday, you have to consider the fact that they came very close to annihilating several. Other Native Tribes The Native Americans who resisted the expansion of the United States into the Midwest were not a single culture, they were a diverse group of separate nations that shared certain cultural characteristics and traditions.

The Comanches were particularly aggressive against their fellow Native Americans and particularly effective in killing them, they systematically expelled all other tribes from the central plains, forcing them to find new lands to live on; In fact, the Comanches came very close to literally annihilating the entire Apache nation. The warriors savagely defeated the weaker tribe in a series of attacks. Conflicts in which desperate Apaches begged the Spanish for protection. Several large tribes within the Apache Nation disappeared as a result of the conflicts, but it was not just the Apaches, the Comanches inflicted serious damage on the Peons, Osages, Blackbeats, Kiwas, and Tenkawas. driving them from their traditional lands and killing thousands of their inhabitants in 1750, the Comanches had complete control of the planes and other Native American nations respected their borders.

The territory controlled by the Comanche was called a common wagon by the Spanish and grew at an astonishing rate. After the transformation of their entire society into a mobile war machine, the Comanches began their rise to powers: the Lords of the Plains, over the course of about 150 years, the Comanches steadily expelled rival tribes, conquered lands, and subjugated to all those who did not kill when the Americans. He began venturing west and eventually came upon a Comanchería in the 1820s. It was huge. The Comanches controlled about 250,000 square miles, including lands within what would become Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas.

They also had vassals with about 20 other tribes that recognized Comanche supremacy. For historian Pekkahama Lion, this makes a Comanchería more than just a Native American tribal nation: he turned it into an empire, conquering lands and absorbing other ethnicities and cultures, imposing their own political and military structures and negotiating as a single unit. . In fact, the Comanche Empire was more powerful and more advanced than many of the European empires of the time, which is why the colonization efforts of the Spanish, French and Americans stalled every time they faced a Comancheria. What is notable in much of American history is how wars between the Comanches in the United States are often not described as wars at all, but make no mistake: the Comanches waged a war against Texas that lasted almost 40 years.

Don't be too sure. Sounds like an old Indian trick to me that started when Texas was still under control. Spanish control continued while it was an independent state and eventually, as part of the US, the Texas Rangers were founded in part to defend settlers against the Comanches and quickly adopted the total war approach that Native American warriors practiced. but that for decades Texas could not stop. In fact, the Comanches even expanded their territory into Texas on several occasions; It was not until Texas joined the United States and President Ulysses S. Grant made defeating the Comanches a priority that they were finally driven back, setting off a series of events that culminated in their final defeat in the 1870s, a woman named Cynthia Ann Parker was kidnapped by Comanche raiders in 1836.

She was assimilated into the tribe and eventually married and had a son named Quanah Parker in 1852. When Quanta was an adult, the Comanche nation was on its last death rows and was destined to be their last great leader as a young warrior Guana was the epitome of Comanche bravery and fierceness. Remarkably young for a Kwana chief he led a series of violent raids against American forces in 1871 when he was only 19 years old. In 1874, Quanta gathered 300 Comanche warriors and launched a final assault against American forces invading Cheria Comet. The chief intended to drive away the Americans once and for all, as the Comanches had always been able to do.

They attacked a trading post called Adobe Walls where about 28 hunters had taken refuge instead of a shocking victory, it became hard work. The siege lasted five days and ended with the retreat of the Native Americans. The Comanches continued to attack and kill, however, American forces pursued them, burning their supplies and killing their horses. As they advanced, this broke the back of the Comanche nation and Guana led his surviving warriors to surrender and agreed to move to a reservation. Quanta proved to be a popular and capable leader in peacetime. He spent the rest of his life serving his people as a peaceful chief of the Comanche nation in the 1870s the Comanches were on the brink of defeat at the hands of American forces there were several reasons why the United States was having some success later After decades of failure against the Plains Lords, the brutal fighting of the Civil War left the United States with a modern, experienced and well-equipped fighting force.

American forces were massacring Native Americans, their main source of food, and President Ulysses S. Grant was determined to end their power once and for all, but there was another factor at play, disease, as with much others. The more Native American tribes traded and interacted with American settlers, the more they fell victim to diseases like smallpox and cholera, since they had never encountered them before. The Comanches had no defense against them. Two widespread epidemics in 1816 and 1849 had reduced the Comanche population by half in In fact, one of the reasons why the Kohati ban led by Quanah Parker was still a formidable fighting force in the 1870s is because they had always disdained any kind of peaceful contact with the settlers, they had repulsed the Americans pushing westward, they had avoided these plagues, leaving them as one of the few remaining Comanche bands capable of resisting the march of the Native Americans toward the western US Putting dinner on the table was a terrifying, often death-defying and always full-time job, while many other foods don't even exist anymore, others have emerged as trendy new restaurants. options This is what the Native Americans ate every day before the Europeans arrived, while the Clovis were probably not the first to set foot on American soil, they were responsible for some of the first settlements and were such good hunters that they have been blamed for the mass extinction of one of their favorite foods, the mammoth, the rise of the Clovis coincides with the fall of the mammoths, along with other Pleistocene megapona bones found at 19 Clovis sites, suggest that while they ate many mammoths , they also ate bison, Mastodon. rabbits, deer and caribou, their diet depended largely on what was nearby and megafana seems to be the overwhelming preference.

Clovis hunters in Mexico stalked gomphothers, as seen from the small section of a gomphother's jaw, they were huge elephant-like creatures and also became extinct during this In the far north they hunted something even more surprising. Camels, camels, roamed wide areas of what is now Canada until the Clovis probably hunted them to extinction. The Folsom people lived in the Great Plains area between nine thousand and eight thousand BC. The amount of knife blades and different blade-shaped projectiles they left behind makes it clear that they were more hunters than gatherers. The extinction of the mammoth forced later peoples to find something else to hunt and that new prey ended up being the bison because bison are faster, lighter and smaller.

In addition, new mammoth technology, such as the pointed projectiles used by the Folsoms, were developed to make hunting more efficient. The Folsoms did not use spears like the Clovis before them, but instead hunted with arrows and darts. The people of Folsom were so dependent on the bison as a food source. they became migratory following large herds across the plains of North America. These bison were not what we think of today. They were ancient bison, a massive now-extinct ancestor of the modern bison. Antiquis bison were 15 feet long and seven feet high at the shoulder. and it had horns with a span of three feet.

Compare these ancient beasts to modern bison that measure around 10 feet long and you'll have a whole new appreciation for the Folsoms who hunted these enormous creatures with bows and arrows somewhere between seven thousand and forty-five. Hundreds before Christ, the Plano culture emerged, in addition to their diet that consisted primarily of bison, they were defined by their traditions of hunting techniques and the development of an innovative method of food preservation. Plano hunted entire herds of bison without time, they went from hunting a single animal to using a method known as Buffalo Jump where large groups of hunters would rush the bison off the edge of a cliff due to the conservation techniques they invented.

The Planos were able to store all meat for long periods of time, the meat was dried in the sun and then mixed with seeds, berries and fat, they would then pack this mixture into the intestines of the animal making a prehistoric sausage called pemmican unfortunately for Plano the changes in Weather patterns on the plains resulted in reduced herd numbers with fewer bison to hunt, the entire society began to fade away until the town of Plano finally disappeared forever. The Yurok are a native people who actually still exist in the 21st century. In many ways, they still cling to their old ways of life.

This includes a continued dependence on the same food sources they have used. For generations, we have a family that maintains the path here, my ancestors have had fish since the beginning of time. The tribe traditionally lives on the Klamath River along the California coast. They have depended on foods such as seaweed, mussels,salmon, sturgeon and sailfish as backbone. They have also taken part of their diet from the land, hunting deer and elk, but also thriving on acorns, berries and a variety of teas. Even Iraq is known to consume banana slugs even today, Iraq still harvests from the same beds of muscle and wild salmon. berry bushes that they have had for generations and hope to teach future generations to do the same The Poverty Points Heritage Center is located in Louisiana and it is said that around the same time Stonehenge was being built the Native Americans were moving around 2 million cubic yards of earth to build massive mounds, earthworks and circles, the Poverty Point site was mysteriously abandoned around 1100 BC.

C., but the earthworks and traces of the daily life of the builders remained, most of the food of these natives came from water, fish were their main source of protein, however, archaeologists have also Se They discovered traces of nuts, aquatic plants and tubers and because no signs of agriculture have been discovered at the sites, it is believed that they were strictly hunter-gatherers based on remains discovered in the area, it is likely that the Poverty Point people hunted freshwater fish. Turtles, snakes. Alligators, frogs and small mammals such as rabbits and squirrels, bones of waterfowl such as ducks and geese have also been discovered at many of the sites.

The Anasazi are best known for their incredible rock-chiseled troglodyte dwellings in the American Southwest, but they are notable for There are also other reasons why these ancient Americans developed a society that helped bridge the gap between hunters and gatherers.a use more modern agricultural technology around 1200 BC. C., humans began to settle in the southwest region, the territory they occupied was large enough to cultivate, at first they focused on corn and not only cultivated it, but they selectively crossed crops to create new, larger varieties. abundant in the year 500 BC. C., the Anasazi also grew beans and later added pumpkin to their diet.

These vegetables were complemented with rabbit and deer meat. It is also worth noting that they were experts at sun-drying their food, most of their vegetables were sun-dried. They were dried and in the early years of their society they stored the results in baskets as the Anasazi matured. They turned to ceramics for their food storage needs. Traditional game and vegetables may not have been the only foods the Anasazi fed. Historical records show signs that the Anasazi eventually began descending upon sending squads of Anarchy leaders to keep the peace while villages warred against each other. Eventually, village rivalries turned into massacres that ended in mass killings and even cannibalism.

These horrors lasted for centuries even after the arrival of the Spanish between 100 BC. BCE and 500 CE, the region of the North American continent that became the US was dominated by a group of related cultures known collectively as the Hopewell. These Native Americans were also connected to a vast trade network that reached as far as Yellowstone, the results of this trade. were that while many localities had their own diets which often included deer, fish, nuts, seeds and berries, they also had access to produce from other regions, although it is unclear how much was traded and how much was brought back from seasonal migrations, yes We know that local products were often found very far from home, the Yellowstone area, for example, was a source of bighorn sheep and obsidian, while the Great Lakes supplied copper and silver, the Appalachian regions had mica and steethite , much of which was used as tools, which made it possible to carry out the type of agriculture that allowed for the mass production of things like tobacco, sunflowers and not wheat.

This was a great revolution because the agriculture that defined Hopewell marked the official shift from Native American culture toward full agricultural societies. It is not clear where the oneota came from, but we. What I do know is that they settled along the northern Mississippi River and its tributaries, as one of the tools most commonly associated with them are the stone scrapers used to clean buffalo hides. It is safe to assume that they hunted a lot of buffalo. The oneota appeared around 1150 AD. and vanished after coming into contact with French trappers during the height of their society.

They survived by hunting bison and deer and occasionally elk. They also adapted to growing corn, beans, and squash. Oneota relied heavily on plants that today are largely considered weeds. Goosefoot and pigweed. They were important staple foods and, although no longer common, were also known to eat dogs. We know all this because the Ioniota stored many of their perishable staple foods in deep, bell-shaped pits that were reclaimed with logs and skins to keep out scavengers. It helped keep food fresh and has consequently provided a treasure trove of information to archaeologists. The Fort Walton culture is the name given to the people who flourished around northern Florida and the Mississippi River delta and the centuries leading up to European occupation that began around 1200 AD.

They emerged after a group called the Whedon Island culture and for the most part gravitated toward living in and around swamps and lakes. One of the things they were particularly good at was making pottery. Their ceramic vessels were tempered with shells and that was necessary for cooking. the large amounts of corn they grew, this corn was different from what we are used to eating today, it was small and Coronel was so hard that it earned the nickname flint corn, it was mainly used to make ground corn, hence the importance of cooking boats that fished and Seafood were also an important part of life, as was something called black drink made from Yap and Holly.

It was not made for consumption but to purge the stomach as part of a ritual that led to the consumption of green corn. Interestingly, the drink did not actually induce vomiting, but rather vomiting was a learned behavior associated with the drink. When you think of America's prehistoric mound builders, you're probably thinking of the kaokia who were at the height of their power between 1050 and 1200 CE at the height of their society. The Kahokia Mounds complex had tens of thousands of residents and all of those people needed to eat Kahokia. They absolutely reverenced the hard-working farmers who kept the masses fed.

Farmers were respected for good reason because they grew and domesticated crops like pumpkins, not pumpkins. grass and sunflowers, kahokia were not that different from us in many ways, they absolutely needed their caffeine boost. Analysis of the residue left in the glass of kahokia shows that they loved kahokia, it is a type of tea made from a native holly that comes with a healthy dose of caffeine, it was so popular that once Europeans came along, they documented its Widespread everyday use In 2017, artist Roxanne Swansel spoke about a project she had been working on for a while, a cookbook based on the ancient traditional foods of El Pueblo updated for a modern audience.

She did so in hopes of helping ease the pain of some of the chronic health problems plaguing 21st century Native Americans. The traditional diet she spoke of consisted of deer, elk, buffalo antelope, and bighorn sheep. The plants that were collected, which included tea, berries, roots and mushrooms, when it came to agriculture, she used ingredients such as beans, pumpkin and swensel corn, she recruited a group of people who agreed to eat nothing but traditional foods from town for three months, most of the volunteers had chronic health problems. like diabetes and high cholesterol, her results were impressive to say the least, we had no idea how successful this would be.

Things that doctors had told us or that could never be fixed were gone. Geronimo was one of the most notable Native Americans who ever lived. His story has been told on screens big and small and shouting his name is synonymous with not being afraid, but how much do you really know about him? People who knew Geronimo at a young age could be forgiven for not thinking he would grow up. to be remembered by history for one thing, his birth name was goyukla, meaning one who yawns, his grandfather had been an Apache chief, but when his father joined his mother's tribe when they married, that effectively eliminated Geronimo from any hereditary leadership position in any of the tribes.

He became a great leader of warriors when he was still in his twenties, but he was never a tribal chief according to Smithsonian Magazine. He got angry every time ignorant white people called him boss, which happened often. Tradition holds that Goyukla received his better-known nickname after a particularly brutal attack. battle, however, historians do not agree if it was because the Mexican soldiers were mispronouncing goyukla or if they were praying out loud to Saint Jerome asking for mercy in the face of his merciless attack. When Geronimo reached adulthood he married a woman named Alope. In his autobiography he said that marrying her was the greatest joy, they were very happy together and she gave him three children.

The Apaches typically traveled in bands to trade with other tribes and people across the Mexican border. They left the women and children in a safe camp a short distance away with a few warriors to protect him in case of emergency while he was in Mexico on one of those trade missions. Mexican troops attacked and looted the Apache camp massacring almost everyone there while the men were away. Geronimo returned and discovered that he had lost his entire living family, his wife, his mother. and his three sons, the attack on the Apaches was in retaliation for previous raids against the Mexicans, although it is very possible that Gerónimo had not participated in them when he told the story of his life and did not hesitate to admit to others . raids but never mentioned having participated in any before the massacre of his family, the end result was the same, as Gerónimo developed a visceral hatred towards Mexicans that drove him for much of his life in 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo He put an end to the open hostilities of the Mexicans. -American War, the best treaty in the world, who is stupid?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which is intended to be part of some of the terms dictated by which the United States would protect Mexico from attacks by native tribes crossing their common borders. Mexico also expected the United States to compensate. Financially from the damage suffered during the raids across the US, he never cared much about the marauding gangs attacking Mexico, much less making monetary reparations to their victims, but that all changed with the Gadsden purchase in 1854. This was a section of land of almost thirty thousand square meters. miles in size that now forms Mexico's border with present-day Arizona and part of New Mexico, it overlapped significantly with the Apache Homeland;

The United States bought it from Mexico for 10 million dollars to expand the transcontinental railroad through the Southwest, since any disturbances in this were now happening on American soil, the government suddenly became interested in Geronimo in the Apache, they were determined to surround them. and put them on secluded reservations or, quote, civilize them by forcing them to adopt the customs of the whites when White men began to appear on the people's lands. Gerónimo considered them an improvement over the Mexicans. The Apaches were peaceful, making treaties and exchanging gifts, but the white men were treacherous and looked for reasons to betray them.

One such incident occurred when a peaceful meeting between Apache Chief Cochise and Lieutenant George at Bascom turned out to be a trap from which Cochise escaped by making a hole in a tent and evading the soldiers who had surrounded him and Geronimo and others. Apaches helped him recover his captured tribesmen and settle scores, but the U.S. military was relentless. in their persecution and determination to round up all the Apaches as they had done with Sitting Bull in the Sioux in 1881. Finally, Geronimo grew tired of always being persecuted and with the help of the Scouts who worked with the army against his own people, His band of Apache was captured and sent to the San Carlos reservation in Arizona in 1886.

Gerónimo hated the restrictions the reservation placed on him. He made three attempts to escape from the reserve, but in the end none were successful as he gave up for the third and final time. The Apaches organized resistance against the U.S. government until its end after Geronimo's surrender. President Grover Cleveland wrote tohis Secretary of War who saw no point in treating him as anything more than an ordinary prisoner of war, as he said in his telegram. Nothing will be done with Geronimo to prevent us from treating him like a prisoner of war if we can't hang him, which I would prefer if it were decided to move the Apaches to more neutral ground where local tempers wouldn't run as hot as the warriors.

They were sent to restore the abandoned Fort Pickens in Pensacola, Florida, where they would be imprisoned and treated as tourist attractions for a few years, while their families were sent to Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida, where in the meantime they were forced to live in cramped quarters. for many of the children. They were sent to be forcibly assimilated into white society, the families were eventually reunited and then moved to Fort Sill in Oklahoma, where they were allowed to recreate their tribal way of life as best they could. In his autobiography, Geronimo described how the land was unfit for his people, but he agreed to stay hoping that for once White would not mistreat him or his people.

Geronimo's final years saw him participate in activities that were not particularly dignified. At the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, for example, he was considered the perfect attraction. To symbolize The Taming of the West he displayed his skills with the bow and arrow and signed autographs for 10 cents a piece while posing with Apache crafts. He also participated in wild west shows where he organized a buffalo hunt that would end without missing the kill by requiring the Beast to be finished off by white cowboys. Geronimo finally passed away on February 17, 1909. He had arranged to get some whiskey after selling some bows and arrows and fell from his horse as he was returning home that night and was left lying on the ground.

The night before he was discovered and as a result he developed pneumonia, he died within a week. A sad end for a legendary figure. Hawaiians are a proud people with strong traditions, but what was their country like before the United States came along and took it away? Here's a look. What pre-American Hawaii was really like According to legend, when the first Polynesian explorers discovered Hawaii sometime before 600 AD, they discovered a series of advanced temples, roads, dams, and fish ponds that had been built by the original inhabitants of the island. island, exactly who those inhabitants were. Although a mystery, some believe they were a legendary race of little people called Menehune who lived deep in the forest and only emerged at night to build their fantastic structures in a single night before going back into hiding.

Others think that this legend is simply a recent construction. The name many hunay appears to be a corruption of the less flattering manohune, meaning humble people rather than little people. Some believe that Tahitian settlers around 1000 AD. They attribute this derisive nickname to the original inhabitants of the island, while others think that it was Europeans in the 18th century and that the entire legend of the Little People was a corruption of European tales of elves and gnomes. Whatever the case, it seems that someone lived in Hawaii before the Polynesians arrived, who they were, and where they went, although it's something we may never know.

No one Moana has a good idea of ​​how the Polynesian explorers first found HawaiiCrammed into 50-foot-long canoes with double hole, the Polynesians spread across the Pacific for millennia navigating with the help of the stars and closely observing the ocean waves and the flight paths of birds, the second wave of colonizers arrived around 1000 AD. and they came from Tahiti, 2400 miles away. From Hawaii, in a straight line, the Tahitians supposedly subdued the settled population and conquered the islands for themselves, giving rise to what would become a rigid class system and a relatively sophisticated form of government in which the cheap class He reigned supreme and the common people had to do his bidding, Polynesians stopped arriving in Hawaii around 1300 AD. in fact, they stopped taking long ocean voyages altogether.

The reason for the cessation has long been a mystery, but some scholars suggest that the Polynesians had been taking advantage of favorable wind patterns and that when those patterns changed, they no longer had the wind at their backs like India. Hawaiian society became a rigid caste system. Everyone in Hawaiian society had a defined role to play depending on the circumstances of their birth. At the top was the king who belonged to Ali or Cheap Class, the king had a number of privileges that went with this rank, for example, he collected taxes and headed religious duties and festivals, he also led armies in battle, other members of the main class said to be descended from the gods were children. of people they considered superior, some earned their way into the class by being exceptionally strong or skilled, others married her, regardless of whether the king had the final say in the hierarchy, where the Kahuna were a rank made up of priests. and craftsmen whose skills were highly sought after. after the rest of the people were called Maka Aina, these were the common people who farmed fish to pay taxes to the king and served in his army.

They were allowed to keep only a third of their property and pay the rest went to the king and at the bottom were the Kawa or outcasts, unfortunately the Kala were often prisoners of war after their capture, or they were slaves, they were given the most thankless and difficult agricultural work or were used in human sacrifice for hundreds of years. The ancient Hawaiians lived by a very strict code of religious and social laws called kapoo that enforced the caste system, the rules, laws and kapoo moros depended on men and women staying within their station of birth in the life and these guidelines were supposedly transmitted by the gods in the spirits of the kapoo ancestors. dictated, among many other things, what specific genders could eat, what parts of the body an ordinary person could come into contact with, and what color feathers certain people could wear, those who violated the kapoo were often sentenced to death, began the all-comprehensive power of kapoo.

Islanders noted, for example, that British explorers experienced an hourly violation of the kapoo and lived to tell about it, according to the Journal of Polynesian Society. liho liho, also known as Kamehameha II, son of one of Hawaii's greatest. powerful and beloved kings King Kamehameha the Great effectively blew up the system in 1819 by eating in public with a woman, which was taboo under the kapoo like the Polynesians before him. It is said that Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands by accident in 1778 when his crew arrived. to Waimea Bay on the island of Kauai in Makahiki's time there was a period of peace and prosperity and they were well treated by the natives, it didn't hurt that the cook and his men, who had come from Tahiti, were somewhat versed ​in the island's hospitality.

The British sailors greeted the Hawaiians with gifts and, depending on coffee time, the islanders responded by granting them three days' worth of adult favors. A second meeting 10 months later on the big island went very well, probably because the cook arrived again during makahiki, although the third time was more. Definitely Not The Charming Cook attempted to sail north in early February 1779, but he had to return to shore to repair his ship. Tensions rose and the British cook had a ship stolen and then he attempted to take the king hostage to force the islanders to return. Instead, they attacked Cook and four of his sailors were killed in the fight.

Cook's death also coincided with the rise of a new power in Hawaii. King Kamehameha, the Great, probably born around 1736, Kamehameha defeated his cousin in a bitter Civil War that ended. In 1782, with Kamehameha in the ascendant, in 1791 he had subdued the entire Big Island and in 1795 he conquered Maui and Oahu with the aid of muskets and Western cannons. The last holdout of his reign capitulated in 1810, when the Hawaiian Islands were finally united under a single government. kamehamehas Despite Cook's violent death, Hawaii soon became a popular destination for European and American ships sailing the Pacific. Not only was it well situated for a mid-trip stop, but the islands were also rich in rare sandalwood, especially coveted in booming China.

The economy soon emerged with merchants exchanging sandalwood in China for silk and porcelain which they then sold in the United States at incredible profits. For a while it seemed like everyone was winning, but it wasn't long before Hawaiians began to suffer the consequences of sandalwood. Native sandalwood cutters were exploited as cheap labor and began to die due to harsh conditions and overwork. The sandalwood forest declined, meaning workers had to go higher and higher in the mountains to find trees to cut, according to Keola magazine, at one point Hawaiian parents began uprooting sandalwood trees. from the land to save their children from the sad fate of being sandalwood cutters, as a result, the trade eventually disappeared before the arrival of Europeans and Americans.

Hawaii was a land of mostly untapped natural resources and the locals took particular pride in the vast Unfortunately, the number of whales that flourished in the nearby seas changed in the early 19th century and the results were devastating for Hawaii. New England whalers flocked to the island. They mostly wanted whales, but while they were on the islands they also wanted other things. such as fun and food, which led to prostitution, gambling and the upheaval of the local agricultural and fishing cultures and chasing the whalers came another wave of visitors, Christian missionaries trying to stop the whalers, which led to violence and eventually a fort was built to protect the locals.

From the rampaging whalers, which in turn was replaced by a jail that again focused on locking up the whalers, the cycle continued until 1859, when oil was discovered in Pennsylvania, ultimately leading to the demise of the whaling industry, a a little too late for the Hawaiians and the whales. The people who benefited most from the whaling rebels were the missionaries who began arriving around 1820, just after kapoo, the ancient Hawaiian system of religious practices and social norms had been effectively abolished. It was perfect timing and the Christians who sailed to Hawaii in the early 19th century were incredibly effective in their efforts to convince the native islanders to their cause by promising to protect the Hawaiians from a rebellious and often violent invasion by whalers.

They gathered congregations in a short time and convinced the locals that Jesus was more powerful than the old gods with his now. the kapoo rules soon abandoned even the descendants of King Kamehameha the greats were worshiping in one of his churches the legacy of Christian missionaries in Hawaii is checkered their arrival almost certainly helped strip native chiefs and kings of power and stimulated the effort to claim Hawaii for the United States, but the positive side is that they also helped create the written Hawaiian language, allowing the Hawaiian people to preserve aspects of their culture that would have otherwise been irretrievably lost in forms of colonization.

Hawaii's economy experienced a series of fluctuations after the First came the arrival of Westerners, there was the sandalwood boom, then came whaling, when the whaling industry collapsed. Christian missionaries working to save souls on the islands quickly changed course and began purchasing all the land for another cash crop. Sugarcane. Hawaii's climate was perfect for growing. sweet things and god-bearing businessmen went to plant so much sugar cane that they had trouble finding enough men to cut it according to the Grove Farm Sugar Plantation Museum one of the oldest sugar cane plantations in Hawaii La Hawaii sugar cane farmers not only benefited from Hawaii's humid climate, but beginning with the American Civil War that devastated southern crops creating a market for those on the islands, Hawaii would eventually support what many called the five large sugar cane producers.

The producers and bosses of these five companies did not limit themselves to the production of sugar, they became intelligent politicians who managed a relatively short amount of time to take power away from the Native Hawaiians and put it in the hands of the white minority population of the island, as time put it, by virtue of intertwined addresses and marriages, the five big controlled wholesale and retail businesses, agriculture, banks, land transportation. Society all nexttime you enjoy a Dole pineapple just keep in mind that the company exists because the Dole family overthrew the legitimate government of Hawaii while white businessmen attempted to consolidate power in Hawaii the nation's ruler, Queen Leilo Colone, fought to protect her people and their Traditions Lydia Kamaka eha was born in 1838 and became ruler in 1891, when her brother, King Kawakoa, died.

She quickly worked to implement a new Constitution that would restore his power as monarch and also return the right to vote to the poorer classes who had now been excluded from power. It would not suit the wealthy white Hawaiian businessmen who planned a coup to overthrow the queen in hopes of forcing the United States to annex the island nation. Attempts to stop the coup were hampered when US Marines intervened on the side of the coup leaders unable to confront the military might of the United States, the queen was overthrown in 1893 and arrested for treason by Hawaii's new ruler, Sanford Dole, whose cousin would later profit by founding the Dole Pineapple Empire.

A talented poet and songwriter, the queen wrote a book about the ordeal called The Story of Hawaii by the Queen of Hawaii imprisoned and based on the imminent execution of her most loyal followers the queen was forced to sign official abdication papers in 1895 to spare their lives three years later with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War the United States officially annexed Hawaii to secure it as a naval base, exactly what Dole and the other conspirators had hoped for when they planned their coup in 1959. Hawaii eventually became in an American state, but the past has not been forgotten and efforts to restore to the natives a voice in their own government continues to this day the story of the Lewis and Clark expedition seems as old as time, Specifically at the time of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson approximately doubled the size of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France, this largely unexplored land spanned around 828,000 square miles and eventually became in 15 states whose vast expanse needed to be surveyed, thus beginning the historic adventure of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, but it probably would have been a horrible misadventure if it had not been so. t by her heroic Shoshone guide and bilingual translator Sacagawea was born nearby in 1788 Sacagawea was kidnapped around the age of 12.

She and another Shoshone captive were sold to French-Canadian fur trader Toussaint Shabano, who declared them his wives two months after giving birth. Until her first son Sacagawea embarked on the Lewis and Clark expedition with her youngest son in tow, she used her command of the Hedatsa and Shoshone languages ​​to help negotiate important horse trades and pass on other important information. . Sacagawea and her baby may have been the only ones who prevented the expedition as a hostile invasion by local Native Americans, but she was not only an important resource, she was also a savior when a storm threatened to capsize their boats and a member of the expedition threatened to shoot Shabano.

Sacajawea saved the day by gathering important instruments, clothing and documents; somehow he accomplished this feat and at the same time took care of her young son. Survival was not easy for the members of the Lewis and Clark expedition. The reign and treacherous terrain conspired against them as they braved the terrifyingly slippery Rocky Mountains while 300 feet above the Missouri River Meriwether Lewis took a 20-foot fall that could have become a much longer fall had he not stopped a A year later he slipped on a narrow pass and narrowly avoided falling 90 feet into the river, fortunately for Sacagawea he had survived.

She was familiar with the Rocky Mountains, she overcame the danger of rain, but helped her fellow travelers traverse the Bozeman Pass in the mountains of Montana while she fended off the water and gravity. The group was also attacked by bacteria, insects and diseases. The contaminated beef jerky wreaked digestive havoc on At least three men contracted syphilis, and some historians suspect that Lewis suffered from the disease in June 1805. Sacajawea contracted a nasty illness for almost a week. She had a weak pulse, high fever and breathing problems. Some medical historians have interpreted these symptoms as a sign of Sacagawea.

She was dealing with gonorrhea or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, whatever the truth of the disease was, she overcame it as well as other obstacles. Sacagawea has been given an important role in commemorated history to the point that she has become an almost mythical figure, not that that's always a good thing. that's not my name, yeah, no, second, a box, no, in fact, it's so commemorated that it somehow has two different graves located hundreds of miles apart on the Wind River Indian Reservation near Fort Washakie , Wyoming, a massive granite headstone purporting to mark Sacajawea's final resting place, if so, died in 1884 at the ripe old age of 100.

However, Tombstone may be gravely mistaken because about 600 miles away there is another tomb near Mobridge, South Dakota that claims to be Sacagawea's final resting place and, if the burial marker is to be believed, then she neither He did not even reach the age of 30, but died in December 1812, around the age of 24. William Clark wrote in his diary that Sacagawea died long before 1884. He adopted her two children in 1813, suggesting that Sacajawea was not available to raise them according to the age listed in Wind River. Sacagawea would have been 21 years old when she traveled with Lewis and Clark, creating a clear inconsistency with other biographies.

Given the timing of the adoption, it would make sense if she died in 1812. And expert James Ronda stated that most scholars currently believed that she had at least died when Clark documented it in his diary sometime between 1825 and 1828. Then how? Did this supermom and seemingly born survivor expire? Some researchers theorized that she succumbed to a serious illness that affected her throughout her adult life and that it may have been exacerbated by the birth of her second child. Lizette's story writes that she could have died of typhoid fever. the cause of her death it is hard to imagine that she knew she would be so remembered for centuries to come women Native American warriors led their tribes into battle negotiated peace with the United States served as diplomats and more, but they don't get the recognition they Rightly deserved here are the stories of several of the most famous Native American warrior women.

Colesta, a wife of Chief Kamiyakan, is most famous for fighting alongside him with a stone war club at the Battle of Fort Lakes, but she was also talented. A healer woman in her own right and someone who many believed she had psychic and mystical powers when Chief Kamiakin was injured in battle, she was able to nurse him back to health using his medical knowledge. Many Native American cultures believe in psychic abilities, but this belief is largely misunderstood. Psychic abilities are often related to knowledge passed from person to person or wisdom that a person possesses, while she is often mentioned as one of the most famous women warriors.

Little is known about Callista after his death in 1865. Chief Kamiyakin returned to his ancestral lands where he later died in 1877. Kamiakin had five wives, many of them from different tribes, which may have aided in his efforts to Keep the peace. Pine Leaf, also known as Chi Woman from Falling Leaf, was born in 1806 to the White Clay Tribe by which she was taken prisoner. the Crow tribe in 1816 by a father who had lost his son it was quite common for members of the tribe to adopt children in this way she was only 10 years old at the time, but her new family raised her with the skills of a warrior and Using his training he killed two men. her in her first battle and she captured several horses achieving such a violent victory that she was able to make a name for herself at an early age.

Pine Leaf was considered a two-spirit individual who embraced traditional male and female roles, although she wore feminine clothing. She pursued male interests almost exclusively and when she finally became boss, she married four wives. Pine Leaf was eventually killed by the White Clay tribe of her people at birth in 1854, but she became a mythical figure not only as a female chief but also as a warrior. and a negotiator during her tenure as chief, she was able to negotiate peace treaties with the surrounding tribes even though the end of her tenure was violent. The Buffalo Calf Road Woman was a Cheyenne warrior who became famous after the Battle of Rosebud.

She is one of the most famous Native American warriors. she is known for saving her brother during battle and being the only woman from her tribe to fight in the Battle of Little Bighorn; In fact, some people believe that the Buffalo Calf Road Woman may have been instrumental in the defeat of General George Custer. The oral history of the Northern Cheyenne tribe tells that a trucker wearing a Buffalo cap knocked Custer off his horse, leaving him vulnerable. According to a Cheyenne elder, they were to remain silent for 100 summers regarding that fateful day that has obscured some of the events. .

This silence was declared because the tribe feared retaliation from the contemporary US government. Accounts from that time not only place the Buffalo Calf Road woman in the battle, but noted that she was the only woman there armed with a revolver. This is key evidence, as several other people who claim to have killed Custer were not armed with a gun and the Doom. It is believed that the general was killed by a bullet either way, she almost definitely played a decisive role in the battle. The woman in the moving robe was also known as her Eagle robe or Mary Crawler.

As an adult, she witnessed the fall of her brother, a Falcon, in battle and then saw her father crawling around preparing to fight upon seeing her bravery, braided her hair and painted her face red, then mounted her horse and rode straight toward The Fray, was one of the women who fought against General George Custer during the Battle of Little Bighorn and as Buffalo. Some believe she may have been the one who killed him; one warrior claims to have held Custer's arms while he stabbed him in the back; However, the details of Custer's final moments are murky and it is unlikely that the truth will ever be revealed.

She reportedly killed one of Custer's men, Isaiah Dorman, in Revenge for the Death of Her Brother. Little is known of what happened to the moving robed woman after these historic battles, but she was photographed in her 80s as Mary Crawler in a photograph held by the Smithsonian Institution, so although she may or may not have played a role in major battles thereafter, he lived a long and proud life commanding Eagle. The story is compelling and combines historical facts with mysticism. Eagle was also known as the Brown Weasel Woman and was born in the Blackfoot Nation. In the 19th century, but she became more interested in what were considered masculine interests, such as hunting, than in feminine activities, she went buffalo hunting and once saved her father's life when they were ambushed by enemies.

Eventually, she became a successful hunter and warrior after seeing her husband. Killed by a member of the Crow tribe, she spoke to the sun, who told her that she would be a fierce warrior. She never slept with another. The waterfall where she had this Vision Quest is now marked as a historical site. Águila, in fact, became a warrior. leader and carried out multiple raids in one of those furies, he was able to capture 600 horses and finally she was killed during a raid against the Flathead Indians, as the story goes, some believe she was murdered when she broke her promise to the sun and slept with a man. of her party during the Bannock War Sarah Wanamaka served as a Scout and messenger for the Paiute Tribe, apart from Native American land rights after the war, when her people were exiled to reservations where they began to die of disease, testified before Congress.

She lectured more than 300 times about the injustice her people faced. She was born around 1844. She grew up and began working as an interpreter for Indian Affairs in 1871. In 1878 she began working as an interpreter and scout during the Bannock War. In one story it is reported that she was able to save her father by traveling over 200 miles without sleeping. Tara stood out for straddling her tribal origins and her work with the United States. She was a peacemaker and she wanted both sides to come to an agreement. Unfortunately, this did not happen. It finally did not happen in 1883, she wrote life among the Paiuts about their mistakes and grievances, but the Paiute tribe was not allowed to return to their land despite Congressional legislation to try the way with her husband and eventually join Geronimo's band. she known for being aaggressive and lethal warrior but also worked to translate negotiate and mediate many Native American women warriors are remembered for being warriors and diplomats and test was part of this group in fact some say test and lozen other famous Apache warriors were in a relationship as they fought together and were arrested together.

There is little evidence to support the claim that they were in a romantic relationship, however, they were close and one interviewer noted that Proof mourned Losin's death until the day she died. Like Lowe's, she is believed to have been two-spirit, dressing and fighting as a man for much of her life. The evidence showed that she herself fought on the battlefield alongside other women and survived her encounters with settlers with the nickname Apache Joan of. It should come as no surprise that Lozen was known as a feared and fearless leader. She was both a healer and a warrior and was rumored to have incredible powers.

She traveled with Gerónimo and hated it before. He defended her lands with her. brother against the US Army Before battles, the Apaches often prayed for guidance. lozen had the uncanny ability to use these prayer sessions to tell exactly where the enemy might be. she was known to be an excellent strategist. She also excelled at both writing and shooting lozen. She spent years in skirmishes and raids and eventually joined Geronimo until he surrendered in 1885. She was battle sister with other Apache women, she even detested them after repeatedly facing blows with the US Army in the battle.

Lozen was taken prisoner. She died of tuberculosis in Alabama. Chief of the Sakanet people in what is now Rhode Island, he was born around 1620 and was most active in the 1670s. Our Shanks would eventually become one of the signatories of a peace treaty between local tribes in the colony of Plymouth. It is not known what his real name was. Alishanks was a title given which meant that she, who was queen, when her husband died in 1660, became the leader, but it is also believed that she held the position due to her strength and wisdom, she would eventually marry two husbands and would have three children.

Al-shanks participated in King Philip's War, which is when he appears most frequently in records, initially supporting the Metacomet fight against the British colonizers, but later switching sides in an agreement to protect his people from reprisals and slavery. . The agreement worked at first, but eventually his people were displaced as were many. other tribes and some were also enslaved, as well as a tribal leader from the Navajo Nation. Annie Dodge Wanaka was a different kind of warrior in 1951, she became the second woman elected to tribal consul. She spent her time on a weekly radio broadcast on the Navajo Nation about medical techniques such as vaccination, eventually becoming the first Native American to earn the presidential medal of freedom.

Monica was born in 1910 into the cliff-dwelling Navajo tribe. She began her medical administrations at the age of eight after surviving the flu and later married. and studied health becoming an activist for the Notoho nation in 1918 the Spanish blue devastated the United States the disease wreaked havoc throughout the already suffering Native American community, so Wanaka's calling became to help

indigenous

people learn more about health and public safety than he or she who walks among the spirits was a Cherokee woman born in 1738. Nanahi was influenced by her uncle, a Cherokee chief, to believe that the only way Native Americans would survive contact with the settlers was coexisting with them.

She wanted to find ways to make peace. among the people when her husband was killed in a battle against the Creek Nation and he took her rifle and fought until they were victorious, earning the title of beloved woman, she would be named head of the Women's Council and given a place . In the Cherokee General Council, she was the first woman to receive that honor, prompting one of her descendants, composer Becky Hobbs, to write a musical about her. Not only is she remembered as an iconic historical figure of the Cherokee people, but she is also a pioneer. women in American history and would eventually marry an Englishman and take his name, consequently taking the name Nancy Ward, she would continue to do everything she could to prevent violence between the Cherokee tribe and the settlers, once saving a woman from being burned alive and taken to her own home towards the end of her life Nanny began to believe that the settlers would continue to take more and more land and pleaded with her people not to give up more land, but her protests were fruitless and much of his homeland was sold, he died in 1822 and lived a peaceful life as an innkeeper.

The Barina toy was only 25 years old when he inspired a revolt against the Spanish in 1785, although many denied his role in the Rebellion. The Purina toy proudly admitted his. She told them, "Of course." A medicine woman from the Torparin tribe of hers had become defiant after witnessing Spanish brutality against the natives at the time. 5,000 of her people lived in what is now the San Gabriel Valley in California. Many of the Tongba were left landless when the Spanish took control. much of the resources within the area, in addition, many of the native Tongvars converted to the Spanish faith (now called Gabriellinos).

Some saw them as enemies; those who did not convert felt that these new worshipers altered the native Tongva way of life. Torparina took care of herself. to ally eight Tongva peoples against the Spanish they intended to kill the leaders but were betrayed and captured 17 of them were flogged in public as a warning toy Purina along with other leaders were detained for interrogation she was finally imprisoned for a year and a half Today, a 60-foot mural honors his memory and bravery during his lifetime. Red Cloud played a crucial role in resisting white expansionism. Unfortunately, although the story of the American West is a story with few happy endings, these are the tragic details about Red Cloud makpia luta as well. known as Red Cloud was born around May 1821 near where the North and South Platte rivers meet in what was considered Nebraska Territory his father was a Brule Lakota and his mother was an Oglala Lakota together they belonged to a subdivision of the Oglala Known as the Bad Face Band, there are conflicting accounts of Red Cloud's early life based on Red Cloud's photographs of The father of a Lakota chief, Redcloud, died of alcoholism when Red Cloud was young and, as a result, was raised by Red Cloud's brother. his mother, known as Old Chief Smoke, but according to other accounts, Red Cloud's father survived until Red Cloud was 28 years old and died during a disagreement with Bearable and Oglalo leader, one of the first events in Red Cloud's life. is relatively well documented, although according to Red Cloud's autobiography, when Red Cloud was 16, he joined a raiding party against the Pawnee who had recently slanged his cousin.

The raid was successful and Red Cloud had soon made a name for himself after another successful ambush against the crows in 1850. Red Cloud had married Pretty Owl also known as Thin Woman and Mary Goodroad and they remained together until her death in 1909. She later died in 1940 at the assumed age of 104. Before the 1860s, the Sioux had relatively few contacts with whites, but once gold was discovered on their lands, whites began to congregate throughout the country. According to American representatives of the Civil War generation, the South Platte River Valley had seen a previous gold rush in 1859. and once gold was found in Montana in 1862, the Bozeman Trail was quickly established according to the Northern Plains Reservation.

The Bozeman Trail was a pre-established trail that had been used for thousands of years by different native groups in North America. Such paths were incredibly common. Through the North American landscape before colonization and according to the History of the United States of an

indigenous

people, the developed system of roads worked to the benefit of European settlers, the Bozeman Trail also connected with the Bozeman Trail. Oregon, drawing hordes of miners and settlers directly to the heart of the buffalo feeding grounds that were so vital to the native tribes of the Great Plains when white settlers began advancing down the trail, the U.S.

Army The US built forts along the Bozeman Trail to protect the settlers, without caring much about the native inhabitants since. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 established the area as protected hunting land for native tribes. The forts were clearly a violation of the treaty. In 1865, Red Cloud began leading a series of attacks against white men on the Bozeman Trail that lasted until 1868, known as Red Clouds War Red Cloud United the Northern Lakota Sioux Arapaho and the Northern Cheyenne against the white settlers Miners and soldiers during the war the US Army suffered one of its greatest military disasters at the Battle of the Hundred Hands on December 21, 1866 after Captain William.

Fetterman had boasted that he could easily pass through the Sioux Nation Red Cloud planned an ambush all 81 American soldiers ended up dead Pasco led the United States government to invite Red Cloud along with more than 100 Native leaders to discuss terms Negotiations for a new treaty lasted two years and in the end a Red Cloud negotiated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 which required the US government to abandon several forts along the Bozeman Trail. He also established the Great Sioux Reservation and granted the Lakota possession of the western half of South Dakota as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana Territory.

It was a great victory for Red Cloud, but it was not long before the government of the United States began to default on its obligations in 1870. Red Cloud traveled to meet with President Ulysses S. Grant in Washington, D.C., which led to the establishment of the Red Cloud agency a reservation in Nebraska territory for his tribe; However, it was not long before the United States government relocated the Oglala Lakota and at the same time divided the Great Sioux Reservation after General Custer found gold in the Black Hills in 1874. Miners began flooding the Sioux territory once again in 1875.

Red Cloud traveled to Washington DC with other Native leaders once again to request that existing treaties be respected, but Congress attempted to negotiate a relocation of the Sioux. Instead, Lakota leaders, including Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, refused. The New Deal leading to the Great Sioux War of 1876 and the Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Battle, Red Cloud was notably absent from the war, but his attempts to find a middle way failed due to his absence. , many Oglala considered him a traitor. While the U.S. government accused him of conspiring with other Native leaders anyway after its creation in 1871, the Red Cloud agency was moved four times before the end of the decade as the U.S. government slowly eroded the land it held. had promised to write the cloud. and the other Native leaders, the loss of the Black Hills in 1876 was immeasurable and continues to be a point of contention between the Sioux and the United States government to this day.

In the 1980s, the Supreme Court offered more than $100 million to claim compensation for the Black Hills, but the Sioux rejected the money stating that the listing payment is invalid because the land was never for sale and accepting the funds would be equivalent to a sales transaction. The deal remains in trust and is now valued at more than $1.3 billion. the tribe refuses to accept that the confiscation is illegal in the sense that the tribes should be given back some of their ancestral lands when the war did not work. Legislation was used instead, the Sioux Bill of 1889 divided the reservation into even smaller pieces, allowing whites to claim approximately 9 million acres of land that had been reserved for Native people or nearly half of the 20 million of original acres of the reservation.

Red Cloud quickly discovered that the promises made by the United States government were hollow, but at the same time it ended. After recruiting Red Cloud's most unlikely ally in the Sioux Trouble in 1874, Red Cloud had met Othniel C Marsh, a notorious fossil hunter who was digging in the Dakota Badlands Marsh, he had to persuade Red Cloud that he was looking for fossils. and not gold but in the end they became friends and allies Red Cloud gave Marsh some coffee, tobacco, sugar and flour to show the terrible quality of the rations that were being distributed by the United States government which led Marsh to file a complaint with the board of India.

The commissioners, in addition to making a public statement about howwere being treated in 1883, Red Cloud visited Marsh in New Haven Connecticut and there is even a record that two of them had a correspondence in which he said that Red Cloud referred to Marsh as Big Bone Chief, although his claim of While Redcloud later stated that the samples it gave Marsh were not representative, the investigation actually led the government to switch its contractors to flour and pork. They also replaced Dr. John Savile, a reservation agent at the time, with something better or Worse, in the 1880s, a white man named Dr.

Valentine McGillicutty was assigned as the new government reservation agent for Oglala Coda, although McGillicuddy had been a friend of Crazy Horse. He and Red Cloud often clashed in the center of their disputes. The issue of assimilation when the United States government enacted policies that forcibly stripped Native people of their cultural identity, although it pressured the government for better conditions and treatment for Native people. McGillicuddy eventually saw himself as the one in charge of bringing civilization to the people of Oklahoma or Red Cloud fought to preserve it. their inherited language and culture, in particular, Red Cloud objected to Native children being sent to boarding schools that provided education but also indoctrinated Native usage with American ideals in 1880 McGillicuddy gathered a council of Sioux and demanded that they renounce Red Cloud as their leader. in an attempt to undermine Red Clouds by working at the same time, Red Cloud repeatedly criticized McGillicuddy for his mismanagement of government supplies and food destined for the reservation and, according to simple Sioux and American colonialism, from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee, other complaints included threats.

From the withholding of rations and the suppression of Sundance, it turned out that the government had its own problems with McGillicuddy, as they thought he was too sympathetic to native causes. Finally eliminated in 1890, a new religious movement spread among the natives called the Ghost Dance, practitioners believed. that the proper performance of the dance ritual would summon the spirits of the dead to the living and would bring a new era of peace and prosperity to all native peoples, in part by ending the widespread westward expansion of the ghosts. a better future for the US government was a dangerous rallying point for the Insurrection and once again Red Cloud was caught in the middle even though Red Cloud himself did not participate in the dance his son did, leading some in the government to accuse Red Cloud of instigating dissent Red Cloud responded by trying to disband the Ghost Dance on December 10, 1890 Red Cloud wrote in a letter to Thomas a dullard from the Indian National Defense Association I haven't been to see the dance.

Those Tontos Indians will try to stop it, the winter weather will stop it. I think it will end in spring anyway. I do not think there's any problem. They say I've been at the dance. That is not right. I have never seen it. Some historians believe that Red Cloud's posture. he was political rather than religious and hoped to prevent violence by stopping the ghost ants. Unfortunately, his instincts proved to be all too correct on December 15, just five days after writing the letter, his fellow native leader Sitting Bull was murdered by government agents attempting to disband the Ghost Dance, and on December 29, troops Americans killed 153 Lakota, mostly women and children, in the infamous Wounded Knee Massacre during the last years of his life.

Red Cloud took the name John and converted to Christianity, having become blind at the end of his life, his wife, the pretty owl, helped him until Red Cloud died at the age of 88 on the Pine Ridge Reservation on December 10, 1909. According to his biography, Red Cloud outlived most of his contemporary Native leaders, however, by the end of his life, Red Cloud had lost much. of his influence, especially after McGillicuddy managed to overthrow him as leader, yet he had also become one of the most famous natives in the world, largely due to the many photographs of him that were widely distributed.

He posed in dozens of photographs. sometimes dressed in his normal clothing and other times in the colonizer's general attire, there are at least 128 known photographs of Red Cloud. The book Red Cloud Photographs of a Lakota Chief suggests that Red Cloud used photography as a way to improve his reputation and thus his political influence before RedCloud died he was visited by an anthropologist Red Cloud lamented the bad situation even though the government He had promised to provide food to the natives, who were forced to beg to receive anything, in part because of the land they had been. they moved in was much less habitable than their traditional lands said I wish there was someone to help my poor people when I leave unfortunately this has not happened yet as of 2016 the Lakota oyate and the Dakota oyate of the Standing Rock reservation began By protesting for construction of an oil pipeline and many claimed that the pipeline was a violation of the treaty if it passed through native lands, in addition to deciding the various health risks associated with living near the pipeline, protests were once again met with violence from local and federal governments, which deployed the National Guard to disperse protesters.

Private security companies. They even unleashed attack dogs. Our ancestors went through a terrible time in their life and now they can't even rest in peace because of the destruction of the pipeline. The legal battle continues in court. but more than a century after Red Cloud's death, the result so far seems to be the same. People living in pre-American Alaska had to learn to survive in a harsh and inhospitable landscape. It was often cold but it was often beautiful, bountiful and challenging here's everything you didn't know about life in pre-American Alaska When you picture the ice age in your mind, you probably imagine a land choked by glaciers and very little to no green How exactly do you survive on a land with nothing but ice?

It turns out that the common perception is actually a misperception, according to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the interior of Alaska was actually green during the last ice age, although it is true that parts of the future state were encased in ice, the interior was actually a kind of paradise, this is because much of the world's oceans were frozen, so the sea level fell about 400 feet, exposing the Bering land bridge and briefly connecting Alaska and Siberia. All that land actually helped further insulate interior Alaska from ocean moisture, which in turn led to the warm summers and relatively mild winters unusual weather we're having.

More than 11,000 years ago, two mothers buried their babies on the cold ground of their fishing camp in what is now present-day Alaska, the babies were placed on a red ocher and surrounded by hunting darts made from antlers, the care with which they were buried reminds us that Ancient people loved and mourned just as we do today, and they also provided archaeologists with important insights into the genetic origins of Native Americans. One of the two babies was between 6 and 6 years old. 12 weeks and the other was probably stillborn, they were buried in the same ceremonial manner, but they belonged to two very different genetic lineages, neither of which is common to the modern Native American population, this means that people who lived in Alaska ago 11,500 years. ago much more genetically diverse than previously believed, this finding appears to support the theory that the people who crossed the Bering Land Bridge must have been isolated from their Siberian ancestors for a very long period of time;

People crossing the Bering Land Bridge during and shortly after the Ice Age would have seen animals that are familiar to Alaskans today, such as bighorn sheep and elk, but as they moved inland they would have encountered with creatures that would turn modern humans into terrified piles of food for trembling bears. The first settlers probably shared territory with animals we can only imagine, such as woolly mammoths, American lions, and short giants. -The latter was about 12 feet tall when standing and therefore between four and seven feet larger than a grizzly bear and was probably not very afraid of humans.

No no. It turns out that early Alaskans actually hunted mastodons, mammoths, and other large animals. Some researchers think they even had something to do with the eventual extinction of these animals. The fossil record suggests that the decline of these species was correlated with the migration of humans from Beringia to North America. Others though believe it was primarily climate change to blame as the region warmed. tundra shrublands extended into the pass and overtook the vegetation on which the larger herbivores depended, whatever the reason for the extinction. It's still cool that humans once looked at the earth and saw huge herds of mammoths and it's sad to know that no one will.

See again that most scholars of ancient history agree that agriculture was the key to human civilization, once people learned to grow food and raise domesticated animals, they were able to build permanent settlements because there would no longer be need to follow the migrating herds or move on once more. all roots had been collected at the beginning of agriculture, generally placing it around 12,000 years ago, but in Alaska there is no significant agricultural tradition; Instead, there is evidence that people were establishing permanent villages at around the same time as they were harvesting very large quantities. of food, for example, evidence of things like building plank houses and permanent hearts begin to appear in the archaeological record around 5,200 years ago, by 3,200 years ago it is clear that people were adept at building large wooden fishing implements. for the mass capture of salmon, according to Alaskans.

Department of Natural Resources, these developments were followed by things like fortification, suggesting that the villages were sometimes attacked by other clans. Clearly, with civilization comes other people who are jealous of that civilization, so the Alaska Natives really weren't that different from any other human civilization. Anywhere, let's look at your high school equivalency certificate. Whaling today has a very bad reputation, mainly because large commercial whaling operations have been responsible for bringing many species to the brink of extinction, but for many Alaska Natives whales were an important resource and history. Whaling in the area dates back at least 2,500 years, when the Bering Sea tribes hunted whales and in small kayaks or boats made the height of a walrus, the hunters wounded their prey with a harpoon and then, Sometimes they followed them for days until they finally died.

If that sounds horrible, try to remember how harsh the living conditions were for these ancient hunters and how many meals a whale could represent. Today, whales are still an important source of food for the Inuit and for some cultures. The Haunt is more about tradition. More than about substance in any way, the practice is now controversial and, like much of what made pre-American Alaska special, may one day become nothing more than a memory of the foreign past.