Naufragios y Comentarios, de Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Hello, good afternoon and greeting the speakers and now Mr. Juan Manuel Urgoiti, president of the Castro Foundation and of course all the members of the foundation, whom I thank for once again choosing the House of America to present a work with American content, I think that With this new experience we consolidate a collaboration that I hope is already institutionalized since I believe that the prestige of the foundation fits very well with the archives of this house and with our this programming when one has the opportunity to read the chronicles of what what the Spaniards who went to America in the 16th century did, a second success was more than being surprised, amazed and amazed and when that chronicle is also written in the first person or dictated quasi-dictated as in the second part of this volume, then that astonishment would become Even in fascination in the book by A

lvar

Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, I believe that it is a unique book within the chronicles and texts that talk about the arrival of the Spanish to America and it is so for many reasons and for A

lvar

's own adventure.

Núñez Cabeza de Vaca for his way of telling what happened to him there and his sincerity the treatment he had with the Indians he does not refer to Spain in the Spanish in the companies before the Christians as a different category from the non-Christians and therefore Of course, the personal tragedy in which that whole adventure ended, in short, all of that was not discovered. I excellently collect it from the editor, which in his introduction and the notes of the book, friend that I like, in addition to this great author of Álvaro 1010, is the almost Pan-American character. of his adventure since at first he was in Florida and in what is today Mexico and the USA, then he will be in the southern part of America in Paraguay and Buenos Aires and he wanted to go to Peru Since he lacked at least the project, he also intended to complete the American map and also reach it, but I just wanted to congratulate the foundation once again for having adopted the criterion of publishing these shipwrecks and comments and giving a and massive congratulations to the editor, Don Juan Gil, because he has done an excellent job of revising the text of comments and introduction to make a work that in itself is not that way much more understandable and attractive.

Without further ado, thank you all very much. In the afternoons, thank you very much Santiago for the tour, they were affectionate words, sorry I'm a little clear of throat and thank you very much for that congratulations that I immediately collect and transport the members of the board to Santiago surrounded by the soul and engine of iu to all the people who They work on the marches to Cecilia Antonio reduced staff in number but enormous in quality and intensity of work and thank you very much Santiago thank you very much also Darío for your presence always so valued so enjoyable so interesting and we always wait almost with nerves for the intervention to see what You are going to tell us and how we are enriched with you and many thanks to Professor Don Gil that I have done a magnificent magnificent job that will not be an exhibition without a doubt brilliant the person enormous culture and one in addition to an extraordinary amenity indeed we are very happy to have edited the shipwrecks the shipwrecks as we are very happy to have edited three months ago more or less the shipwrecks sorry the shipwreck castaway orphan apart from many other things and everything that you just said you Santiago that truly when I travel through Hispanic America You are amazed at the enormous work, effort, interest, dedication that these men and those who followed them did in creating churches, cathedrals, roads, and it is truly one of the places that has remained in my memory.

I have been there twice and I plan to return. God willing, it is the ancient, which is an example of everything that was there, part of the monasteries, convents, etc., those parade grounds that you have in the regiduría or the captaincy in the cathedral. The university is truly spectacular. I don't think it's abyss. I don't think there has been any culture. of incorporation of this wealth, removing some very old ones like the Roman one, it is not truly a beauty to see that feel proud and we fell in love with a Nader legend to whom it seems that something is being worked on and the memory when he was president of the British Hispanic gatherings that we were going to visit Darius especially for here is one of these wonders of one of the largest of the fourteen English ships because the son would be duke tomorrow he did not leave, he invited him to visit his father's library and in that library was a large part of the entire Oran campaign, a large part of it.

Finally, the father, when he found out that we were Spanish invaders, withdrew the invitation, so I couldn't see it, but look to what extent that is preserved, with what interests and with what and with what bad tricks, well, that's said. Spain's role in America has been so spectacular that it cannot be extended, much less knowing more people with much more interest in what they are going to say. Two words I do want to say about the foundation. The foundation has turned 26 years old and 25 of the first work he released, which were the complete works of Cervantes in the year 93 because it is 25 years this year, not yet because it was in October but it will be and from there we have continued to ensure that this immense and varied Spanish culture reaches as much as possible be preserved, as a friend of mine says, a subscriber to more, a very convinced subscriber of three collections, he says that he bought one for each grandchild and as he has grandchildren, I will continue buying.

He hasn't done it, he hasn't had more grandchildren. You can ask him, but it's true with that one. The purpose of the library was drawn to be chaste to say quality, easy reading, not to blur the texts with too many or no calls to foot and that is why truly what has enormous value are the introductory studies that have been of exceptional quality, as is especially this one. And as Don Juan Gil will tell us now, well, in those days from 25 years ago to today, we have published two hundred and sixty-odd books and more than three thousand hours a part of Spanish culture of all kinds has been collected, thinking about the 13th century. and ending in the 20th but there is still work ahead for us and for those who come after us because our culture is truly inexhaustible well thank you very much for your attention and I leave you in better hands juan manuel if you say that you leave the listeners in better hands then I should not intervene I should pass the baton directly to Juanjo I will not do it briefly what interests us above all is to hear the presentation of this work by its intellectual and philological person, my beloved and admired colleague from the Royal Spanish Academy and from the Spanish university 'don juan' hill, indeed 25 years ago, the Castro foundation has been publishing a collection, the Castro library, which we run in happy harmony, Don Santiago Rodríguez Register and myself, what I am going to say may perhaps seem pretentious, but I have no qualms about describing the Castro library as the Riva de Neira of the 20th and 21st centuries.

In fact, we all remember the Rivadeneira collection, which was, since the 19th century, the great repository of the texts of Spanish literature, many of them not very accessible. It is true that this worthy collection suffers from the philological difficulties of the time, the development of the philological disciplines was not what it is today, luckily, and consequently the texts that this worthy collection, which are really two rivadeneiras, offer us and are today widely surpassed by the library. Castro continues along the same lines but taking careful care of the text and thinking about its readability and I cannot delay any longer to sign that the work that Juan Gil has done with the shipwrecks and with the comments is truly extraordinary, it is truly masterful because it is not These are two easy texts, but on the contrary, we start from two editions, one from 1542 and the other from 1555.

By the way, Don Juan has worked on a copy of the first one that belongs to the Royal Spanish Academy, which fills me with great satisfaction but has achieved the true squaring of the circle and the fact is that few texts in our collection are as readable in a clear and genuine way as this one and yet behind that easy reading is a philological work of extraordinary magnitude, which is why the prologue of Juan Gil and also the appendix that continues to the strictly literary texts is meticulous and detailed in the presentation of all the difficulties that he had to overcome and that he happily overcame and the result is, as I say, a fascinating reading from what Alvar Núñez tells us. head of a cow and its amanuensis but which is also enormously pleasant because of the ease with which we read this text that is, on the other hand, written in a truly fresh and new Spanish, a Spanish that is written at the same level as an anonymous author, there are those who already He attributes the work to a specific writer but I prefer to continue thinking about the anonymity of Lazarillo de Tormes.

Lazarillo de Tormes is being written at the same time that the shipwrecks are being written with that language that had also experienced a shedding of skin like the snakes in the transition from the 15th to the 16th century, the very profound change even at the phonological level and in the sounds of medieval Alfonso Castilian to what will now be modern Castilian and Spanish, which in short, the two terms, as you well know, are synonymous by True, this skin is not only typical of snakes, but there is a moment in which Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca says that, like most of the time he was wandering around the south of the United States for nine years, he and his companions were completely naked.

They doubted their skin twice a year, that is, their skin fell off and another skin grew again as if they were snakes. The text is therefore extraordinarily readable, accompanied by testimony of those enormous philological difficulties and who better than Juan Hill to face it? This is because we all admire, in addition to his work as a Latinist and scholar of humanism, the enormous task he did for many years to enlighten us about the myths and legends of the discovery of America in a very interesting line that is worth remembering that the most powerful of the United States of North America, the state of California, owes its name to neither more nor less than a novel of chivalry, a continuation of Amadís de Gaula, entitled The Fences of Es Plan Dian, where there is a kingdom whose empress is called Calas since it is the kingdom of California from which the toponym of this North American state comes, one more trace of the Spanish presence far beyond the current limits of the United Mexican States Next month there will be a meeting in San Antonio Texas that their majesties the kings of Spain are going to attend precisely to revive the memory and awareness of that Hispanic presence of which what we can read in the shipwrecks is a truly overwhelming testimony, there is a word better said, two words that I would like to play with Now to talk a little very briefly about the content of this work about the shipwrecks, the two words are resilience and the fair, by the way, there is also in the steel mill but it is a different thing, I talk about the fairs that Alvar Núñez suffers from.

Cabeza de Vaca and his companions end up arriving after nine years of the hundreds who started the expedition, five end up surviving who arrive in Tenochtitlán who arrive in Mexico to Alvin's kingdom kingdom of Nueva Galicia or New Spain after having walked dramatically throughout the territory which goes from florida to practically the pacific coast the fairs are what they experience it is very curious because what juan healy says is absolutely right in the world it is very surprising that an andalusian nobleman like alvar núñez describes the misery he incurred being supposedly a proud Spanish conqueror to occupy the southern lands of what is now the United States for the benefit of the Spanish crown and yet what he tells us without mincing words without lumps in the ink of his pen is a sum of misfortunes of the that does not spare us absolutely any detail is the cold, hunger, illness, thirst, nakedness, cannibalism and even fear, he recognizes the fear he feels when he hears the footsteps of the approaching Indians, the wounds caused not by the battle but by the vegetation, animals often unknown to them, the total loss of self-esteem, slavery, Alvar Núñez, Cabeza de Vaca, became a slave throughout those nine years of some Indian tribes, not to mention, of course, the betrayals that occur among their own.

Spaniards which they already brought from the peninsula if they did not acquire it precisely there is a moment in which Álvaro Núñez says we were made into the figure of death, look at what a stark description and this is done by a Spanish gentleman in the lazarillo of Tormes Lázaro He denigrates himself and he also denigrates his family but it was normal because he was of low birth and consequently it was within the foreseeable range; however, when a nobleman tells his adventures, he never sugarcoats what happened to him there and it was nothing heroic. nothing honorable, nothing dignified, but it was a sum of the serious things that took him for nine years on this journey, but the amazing thing, and here I go to the second word, which is resilience, the ability that he and his companions had to resist and even come back another time. once to America this time to the south to the southern cone to the area of ​​what is now Paraguay and on an expedition towards the Río de la Plata passing for example the Iguazú Falls that are mentioned and described in the second part in thecomments in which it is no longer the first person of Alvar Núñez who narrates but rather it is the amanuensis who tells in a perhaps more orderly but less lively way what happened there and this can help to completely demystify the stereotype of the Spanish conquistador the Spanish conquistador an almost divine figure mounted on his horse and protected by his armor equipped with firearms with a great capacity in addition to negotiation and politics.

This is also seen here in the attitude of the Spanish, not only was it to occupy territories but also favor the fights. intestines between the different tribes, all of this also accompanied by something that philologists are very interested in and that is the babel of languages ​​that was America, then each tribe had its own and they did not understand each other and they had to manage, as he says, at least six languages. to organize themselves a little in their different adventures and they always also had languages, which was the word used to designate the translators or interpreters of that time.

The testimony is impressive both in the shipwrecks and in the comments, but with this line profoundly demystifying and we are talking about conquest operations 50 years after the arrival of the Spanish the Caribbean islands, that is, it is the first stage of the deployment that reaches, however, as far as South America, I will not say Patagonia a little higher up but it does reach the Río de la Plata is also very interesting and has already finished what is designated as the set of the Spanish hosts in a broad sense, such as the officers of His Majesty, that is, the bureaucrats, the administrators, the clerics and friars who had a fundamental role in the colonization. and then the captains, that is, the three orders, the government, the church and the armed force.

We cannot yet speak of an army in the modern sense. They were part of these groups, but the truth is that they could not exercise it, at least from what is told here. Excessive arrogance, quite the opposite, and then, especially in the comments, it is true that poor Alvar Núñez does very badly and ends up being betrayed and imprisoned by his own companions simply for having a civilized, understanding attitude towards the natives and always seeking a way out. negotiation and the way the way let's say politics instead of imposition by force and it is also always there, of course, it is in the shadow of what is modestly called here the white metal and the yellow metal, that is, gold and silver, which is true which was what was sought and always in the questions to those who had gone further was whether any of these two metals had appeared in the lands they had visited.

The Castro library has an open line dedicated especially to texts related to the america of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries and we have already published two volumes with the royal comments of the inca garcilaso de la vega whose centenary was celebrated in 2016, he died exactly the same day that Cervantes Saavedra issued, something that did not happen with shakespeare although it may be said because April 23 of Cullen on the English calendar was different from April 23 of our calendar but the Inca Garcilaso did die on the same day of course we forget about the most important American writers of our language until today we have edited by Rubén Darío but in between we have three volumes of the Indian politics of Juan Solórzano we have the ship's diaries of Christopher Columbus we have, as I mentioned with Manuel Urgoiti, an unpublished book from 1621 that has had great success, which is the story of the orphan of Andrés de León de Hernán Cortez the relationship letters and government orders Juan Gil already collaborated with us with the prologue to the true history of the conquest of New Spain, although the text in this case is not his but was a text that had previously been editorial had by Carmelo Sáez de Santamaría and we have in our portfolio the publication of La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla by a distinguished Chilean Hispanic specialist Luís íñigo Madrigal and of course I still have to mention and I will not fail to do so the novels by Salvador de Madariaga Esquivel es and Manríquez that deal precisely with the American theme, but in a novelistic approach I hope Santiago that we will continue in this same line because we still have things to do because, in addition, this has already been mentioned here, one of the greatest humiliations that we Spaniards can do is to present our presence in America in a timid or complex way, there is no reason to deny what happened there, violence is part of history just like greed and all passions, but testimonies like these speak of a very nuanced reality in where the 'give and take' of life and power means that the Spaniards sometimes have the favorable winds and many other times the exact opposite happens to them and I ended up insisting that for me as a philologist and as director of the academy this work of Juan Hill is truly admirable because he has managed to offer a text that is extraordinarily easy to read after a difficult and thorough process of philological work.

Thank you, I would like to first of all thank everyone who has made this event possible, in the first place, Santiago Miralles, director. General of Casa América, to Don Juan Manuel Urgoiti, President of the José Antonio del Castro Foundation, and to Don Darío Villanueva, Director of the Collection and at the same time my Director at the Academy, all three have had very kind words for the work that is presented today and the The truth is that I feel overwhelmed by your affection, on the other hand, with Don Darío Villanueva I have contracted a double debt because he was the one who proposed me to do this edition as he proposed me to take his time to do the prologue to Bernal Díaz and then I immediately received a letter from don santiago rodríguez ballester confirming the proposal don santiago rodríguez ballester on the other hand is the author of the splendid maps that enrich this book and I want to thank Doña Cecilia Frias who captains a team because the truth is that it is a delight to impress how carefully everything is has really managed to make this book typographically excellent, by Doña Cecilia Fria, she has even come to my house to collect evidence, etc. you come out lived by this book, the introduction is divided into three parts, dealing with life after the work and finally the edition of How are you?

These books have reached us. I will tell you very briefly about the life of Alvar Núñez. He was born in Xerez between 1481 and 1488. He is a son. He is a hidalgo. It is truly true. The conqueror of Gran Canaria, as a hidalgo, his life takes place under the protection of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the duke probably goes to get the duke's troops to Africa then goes to Italy but all these companies do not bring him anything positive at the age of 40 so he decides to try his fortune in the new world and is going to try his fortune with the expedition most catastrophic of all that have been undertaken, which is that of Pánfilo de Narváez, an attempted conquest of Florida, this man believes himself to be courteous, he abandons the ships, he enters the land, having left the ship, it is clear that he had done it, Cortes had evidently drilling, not burning the ships, drilling the ships so that his men had to go into Mexico, but cut off the Cortes and Pánfilo de Narváez was Pánfilo de Narváez and of course in Mexico it was not Florida, therefore it is a disastrous expedition, these six hundred are dying The men who embark are dying little by little, in the end those who remain embark, the few survivors embark on some rafts, they arrive in Texas, Alvar Núñez manages to live there on the island of Galveston in Texas for six years and finally with three other companions, Andrés Dorantes Alonso del Castillo and Esteban and Cocoo el Negro make a very long walk and from Texas they settle in New Mexico.

The Indians demanded that the Spaniards act as healers in exchange for keeping them alive and this is one of the most curious aspects of Alvar Núñez Since this man working as a shaman is the first white shaman working as a shaman, he manages to cure the Indians. He believes that he has cured them and what is even more surprising, his contemporaries also believed it and an ejaculation that had miraculous powers circulated throughout the Indians. cured of all illnesses, finally upon his return to Spain in 1530 and 37 after nine years of absence, curiously, his wife had not married another, the head of the cow found himself with the unpleasant surprise that the governorship that he wanted him to florida had been given to hernando de soto another expedition also disastrous although hernando hernando de soto had more captain skills than pánfilo de narváez alvar núñez asked for then and obtained most likely thanks to the support of the mercantile elite of seville he says new method what They are willing to give him five thousand ducats, a very respectable amount.

He obtains the governorship of the Río de la Plata and Alvar Núñez embarks again for America at the age of 50 or so and arrives in 1542 at Asunción, where he meets some men. Yes, they needed everything, but what they didn't need was a governor. They were used to living at their own pace. They lived very content and happy. Each one had the Indian women who wanted what they called or graphically called it, Muhammad's paradise. I was evidently in de mestizos and alva núñez try to put a little order in that chaos and obviously clash with the men who are there who suddenly see that the Indian women are separated from them.

What alvar núñez is trying to do is separate the Indians and the whites as later They will try to do it, and the Jesuits did, to make the reductions of Indians. Well, separate the Indians as much as possible from the whites to avoid abuse. All of this obviously clashes with the men who were there. It also clashes with the royal officials. An expedition along the Paraguay River. Nor does it bear the expected results. Finally, a mutiny breaks out, taking advantage of the fact that the governor is ill and Alvar Núñez is imprisoned by the Spanish and is imprisoned for a few months between the Assumption until he is sent to Spain, sent to Spain monitored by the Asunceños themselves. by the men of Paraguay themselves, who put a number of huge charges against him.

Well, in prison what awaits him is a long ordeal of lawsuits, among which he will be sentenced to exile to Oran. Afterwards, the sentence will be softened, but the fact is that his life I have called the shipwrecks of a life because it is true that it is a life of failures and he dies poor in Valladolid defending his cause trying to recover that money that had gone away by itself of course I have invested all his fortune he was pawned the money from his friends, in debt and without money, a chronicler says that he died very poor in Valladolid.

We can now more or less set the date of his death because his widow, Doña María Marmolejo, in documents from Seville, already signs herself as a widow from March 1559. who thought he had lived longer, not now at least we know that at the end of 1558 or beginning of 1559 alvar núñez had died the work in a certain way has already been explained by don darío villanueva he has explained better than me because he really speaks much better He knows more things than me and he knows more things than me. I would have loved him to continue with the explanation because he really has made a perfect synthesis of what the book is.

The book, as he has said, is extraordinary in the sense of narrating a human experience that cannot be I would expect a nobleman to narrate that he has been a toy of the Indians that the Indians have thrown bottles of mud at each other that he has been a slave that he has suffered hunger that he has gone naked there and above all the hunger that fierce hunger that tells him in a given moment if the Indians could eat stones they would eat stones because there is no way when there is a feast it is when the prickly pears come out that is a feast of putting on the full d and filling your belly with prickly pears as they say and as it has Said Don Darío, the parallel is evidently the lazarillo lazarillo that is going to be published shortly after.

They are going to have been published shortly after in the way that is that brutal realism, that ease in narrating things that one would not expect, darling, from a gentleman who would tell everyone. the misadventures the fairs as I said very well where I would go through something else that surprises us in this time when we are really at the summit of the empire to hispania victrix de gómara alvar núñez does not talk about spanish the spanish are the Christians are Christians in him he sees everything from his difference between what they are idolaters and what they are Christians but the Spaniards do not appear curiously here he tells us about the Indians Alvar Núñez because curiously it is an ambivalent attitude at first he qualifies them a little more or less With the same terms that he could have described them, for example, Ginés de Sepúlveda says that they are people without reason and that he fills them with laudatory epithets, he says that they love children, these Indians from Galveston Island who love their children like he has not. seen loving anyone in other places who are men who are not greedy therefore who are detached who are not strong who are brave warrior men and yet twice on two occasions they are people without reason as alvar núñez himself is transformed because as you see there is a kind of transformation of the conqueror, he was the treasurer in the expedition but the treasurer really, I suppose it is to be assumed that he did not do great things but at least he tells us that he had his letters and that like him after demonstrating to he knew how to write well etcetera etcetera but from a conqueror he became a slave and from a slave he became a shaman and from this shaman he would gradually become an apostle of the Indians.

The new method says that if he had hadinterpreter and then we will return to this because it is not a strange statement if he had had an interpreter he would have converted the Indians well but then it is very far away now these Indians without reason who would be like the Indians of Ginés de Sepúlveda needy Indians because they are people without reason tutelage of a tutor the Spanish one who will teach him etcetera etcetera well then as I say he becomes an apostle of the Indians and when he reaches the border back to Spain who are the bad guys they are no longer the Indians the Indians really haven't been either The bad guys in the movie, who we would say, have never been bad guys, but now the bad guys are who are the Christians themselves, because these Christians are going to enslave the Indians and those Indians who accompany Alvar Núñez, without the conquistador realizing it, are going to be enslaved, that is to say. who is the apostle of the Indians leads those Indians whoever follows them leads us to slavery it is curious he spoke of the d and that they obviously needed interpreters in this very long walk of thousands of kilometers evidently they pass through many languages ​​as Don Darío said it is a babel of language in the rum mosaic of language he may know some language and evidently after spending six years on the island with the Indians lived with the Indians he must have known that language and yet and this is not surprising when he uses those Indian words These words are not words of the Galveston Indians, but rather they are words of the Santo Domingo Indians.

They are words that have already passed into Spanish, more or less to Spanish, to American Spanish. Obviously, people speak, for example, of prickly pear, but prickly pear is apparently a word that is full of Santo Domingo when he talks about the seizure of the sails he calls them bohíos another word Tallin the boats are canoes the dances of the Indians are hoops but all these are words of the Indians of Santo Domingo only on one occasion he quotes a phrase he says This was said like this. The truth is that we would hope that he would have been less sparing of words, that he would have told us more things and spoken in the language of the Indians. vocabulary of the Patagonians and then he makes a vocabulary of the Palio if we had liked Calva Harmony he would have done something similar Another curious thing about Alvar Núñez is that it is a book in which God is continually talked about God is always invoked that string to the banjo of God but on the other hand neither the virgin nor the saints appear once Jesus Christ to compare their sufferings with the sufferings of Jesus in the passion but nothing else as you see is a religiosity that I would almost dare to call convert religiosity because it was what most or less what is said in the law of a converted Jew who tries not to talk about the virgin or the saints but rather talks about God and a characteristic trait also, but this is one of all the Spaniards of that time, is to leave a record of everything before notary surprises us after nine years of being outside Spanish territory that as soon as he sets foot in Mexico the first thing he does is ask the Spaniards to attest to the day and time he has arrived so that he wants to have that proof that The truth is that it is something surprising and the book in the end is constructed as if it were a statement before a notary because it ends and because that is how it is and why it is like that the truth is that as above in this relationship I say how firm my name is, Cow Head, that is how it is.

As the statement before a notary ended, this is a statement, no more, no less, let's talk a little about the comments and when he returns in September 1545, he evidently finds himself, as I have told you, with a whole series of lawsuits, he is one of those who come out badly hurt, he has to defend himself in some way he writes if in a relationship but the one who publishes the book is not him but his notary his senior notary is going to publish it but hernández the notary who puts into work a very classic title comments like Julius Caesar is actually the allegation of the defense of alvar núñez alvar núñez and everything bad that he has done is ignored alvar núñez had hanged a chief because there is another of the other contradiction of alvar núñez the apostle of the indies as soon as he becomes governor he cannot lead to carry out his policy and then he has to execute Indians and Indians in circumstances that are not very clear, something that the enemies take advantage of to accuse him not so that in this case in the comments the death of the chief this archer is ignored is passed almost in silence the new Alvar Núñez method lets the Spaniards break into a town because the Spaniards were dying of hunger and they had to look for food to obtain food by whatever means is the order of Alvar Núñez, the Spaniards break into that town killing and making a massacre, all this is also tiptoed but it is curious, notice how the shipwrecks ended with Alvar Núñez becoming an apostle of the Indians.

The comments end with an Alvar Núñez who is almost a saint, a saint because God performs miracles for him in On the return trip, as soon as he left for the high seas, an undone storm broke out. Alvar Núñez was thrown away. The king's officers who accompanied him realized, the narration says, they realized that they had committed a great injustice, so they removed his chains and his increase that the chains are removed the storm disappears it subsides what a miracle but there is still another all the persecutors of Christianity had a bad end lactantius did a work of mortí bours persecutor on the deaths of the persecutors well all those who had persecuted alvar núñez had a death horrible another miracle that puts an end to the comments in the edition and I want now very briefly in the time we have left to comment on something of what I have done and I believe that they have given you are some papers of the textual variants we actually have two editions, for the first time it was published in Zamora in 1542 and then the shipwrecks alone and then the shipwrecks and in the comments were published in valladolid in 1555 thank goodness we have and a manuscript has been discovered relatively recently in Vienna that allows us to control These two editions now look how in the printed editions and they changed in a certain way what the original was.

The original we have to assume that it was a text signed by three people by the three survivors by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Andrés Dorantes and Alonso del Castillo because In addition, Alvar Núñez has been ill for almost more than six or seven months, which means that the recording is interrupted. third person disappears to make way for the first in this aspect it is much more striking one is suffering in first person look and the examples said the Vienna manuscript the water ran out of printed matter the water ran out of the Vienna manuscript I would ask those Indians to bring them I would ask those Indians to bring us the things they wanted to know in the printed matter the things we wanted to know and notice how now suddenly it is corrected but one part is left uncorrected, one part corrected and another part uncorrected which there They found themselves seeing the wounded governor, they put him in the boat and the printouts say those who were found there seeing the governor, he lived, we put him in the boat, those of us who were there should have corrected them instead of those who were found there, those who were there.

They were found to be good, in this case I have kept the text as it is, that is to say, the printed text has obviously this is putting things in the first person and what is respected, but on the other hand, in the two printed editions you will see how there are passages that do not even have a foot. nor head where the manuscript says and it is really the coast of the north a print says the coast of the ix arte that seems like a name of chivalry from the book of chivalry this lix arte there was him and his good art on the coast of vis arte the last printed in the quota that it is not nonsense and it corrects the coast of Havana but it was the coast of the north the manuscript says a language of aute the printed ones do not understand what art is and the two say a language ahead where the manuscript says they began began to throw rods with a ment and throw the printed matter at us the printed ones do not understand what the filament wants to rods with signs of dating the but what arrow sign no that has neither head nor tail where the manuscript says the Indians are so without reason and raised like brutes the two printouts say so without reason and so crude like brutes This is obviously because that crude thing does not make any sense and the last the last example is a really very curious example the manuscript is already corrupted because the manuscript says there is no more inside nor storm nor joke but it does not understand the word and in writing it writes gruma gruma nor joke that it eats the ships there will be many ships in it it has a very large quantity of fish and the printed ones do not understand at all what is written and they say there is no more inside nor a strong storm than like the ships that will fit in the sun many have a large quantity of fish have not found out absolutely anything and those are the texts that have been published in Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca with this type of things, that is to say that they are not obviously the text is the same but correcting things and now I am going to tell you about some errors inherent to the manuscript of the valladolid printout, the last one, the sand soil and Tiesto, says the Zamora printout and the manuscript does not understand what Tiesto is and this is hard hard and the text is a word that Alvar Núñez uses in another passage text It is hardness well the soil of sand and pot the soil of sand and hard he does not understand what that is and he says the soil of sand and earth is again absurd or in the in the other example both the manuscript and the ips zamora say they bring another pillow and exhale into the hole al moza da is an Arabic word that Alvar Núñez would undoubtedly use is what fits in the socket of the hands that is a pillow what fits in the socket of the hands well well the print from valladolid He doesn't understand what a pillow is and he replaces it, he says, they bring other fists but then they should have corrected and thrown them out but they don't stop and they throw in the one made in which the pillow is, what was put in the other edition, as you can see, they are disastrous editions. learned about quite a few things and then so that they can see in the text of Dorantes de Gonnet Este from Valladolid how it applies to Alvar Núñez something that had actually been given to Dorantes the Zamora printout and the manuscript says here they gave Dorantes some emeralds I made the Valladolid form, they gave me five emeralds, this evidently could not have been said, Alvar Núñez Álvarez could not have corrected it, imagine that he is being accused of a thousand things as a liar for having done criminal acts, how is he going to take credit for a fact that They could tell you immediately, no, in Zamora's text you said here they gave to dorantes like you now say they gave me this, it's something that someone must have done, affectionate Alvar Núñez and I suppose it's this one, but Hernández corrected it badly.

In the same way, the manuscript and the print of Vamos de Zamora did give a suggestive title to the book in Zamora, it was called The Relation by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca that the Planet Launches is now called Naufragios, a text that is a title that is a discovery and The chapters also have titles, I said, and we see an editorial work probably done by him, but Hernández, as you can see, perhaps what I am most proud of is having rescued in these small passages the original text of Alvar Núñez, evidently using the manuscript from Vienna and having presented an edition, I believe something more readable than the one we read before in the prints of Valladolid and Zamora.

I don't want to bore you any more. I thank you very much for the attention you have given me and I hope that if you have the opportunity to read the book, you will enjoy it very much. times