Geschichte der Tiere: Der Hund - Vom Lagerwolf zum treuen Wegbegleiter des Menschen

Their appearance is literally as much as their nature, whether small or large, calm or lively. No other animal is as loyal to humans as the dog. Its success story spans all times, continents and cultures. It begins in the distant past. It becomes man's constant companion. He is useful everywhere and shows his true strength as an all-rounder, especially when hunting, but he also shows himself as the best friend and companion. Not only Frederick of Prussia recognized it, but also many kings and rulers before him. A reliable companion, the dog was already revered in ancient times and loved in Egypt, even compared to the leading soul of the dead, it is man's first pet and reveals more about our nature than we imagine.

The gray wolf is the ancestor. The dog, a fast, strong, robust, flexible, intelligent predator, a feared and highly successful predator in the history of evolution, occupied a leading position until man was established in ancient times. The wolf is the most widespread predator. Canis lupus appeared on the world stage about a million years ago. From Europe and Asia it spread almost everywhere. The entire planet challenges extreme climate zones and difficult habitats. The gray wolf is a survival artist. For the first time, 45,000 years before our time, the wolf no longer loses sight of them. Observe their behavior exactly as researchers say humans do.

Like the wolf, he is a successful hunter and, like him, specializes in large-scale hunting. Often both have to share the same hunting area and hinder each other. In the eternal struggle for survival in the Ice Age, humans and wolves confront each other first as predators and then as extreme weather phases that worsen hunting conditions. The wolf takes a very important step in times of need, venturing into people's camps and rummaging through trash for scraps of food. It is the less timid animals that have the courage to reduce their own escape distance. Hunger is greater than your privileges.

The hunters get carried away. Humans and wolves become accustomed to each other and form a relationship of purpose. Families tolerate wolves around them. In return, they use the early warning system for wild animals and track the bags. . Cooperation accelerates. The development of the field wolf creates a hybrid creature that is not completely tamed but already has experience dealing with humans. At some point the first successful counts occur, probably by chance. Perhaps cute wolf cubs awaken affection and protective instinct. in the family, but despite the imprint on humans, this is the case. The relationship with half-domesticated wolves, not completely harmless, also generated costs, since they do not respect our supplies, surely on occasions they will have stolen and eaten the same clothes of our ancestors and If there were one or two children there, probably something was still out. unpleasant, so you would have to deal with these originals.

The wolves that would gradually become in the future would not only be seen, but also eaten occasionally in times of need or even routinely. Bad image of a child-devouring monster, the wolf has never been completely freed. In the Brothers Grimm fairy tales it is even described as the most evil animal in the world. Wolves are predators and in all cases. ruble there is an alpha animal and a fixed hierarchy. However, they are team players and have strong social behavior. Their innate willingness to cooperate has decisively changed the history of evolution. Professor Kurt Kotrschal is co-founder and director of Wolf.

Ernst Scientific Center Bonn, Austria The scientist has been studying the behavior of Sami wolves for years to unravel the secret of the close relationship between humans and dogs. Dogs and people get along so well together because there is no animal that is more so. Similar to us in nature, wolves, people and wolves in small groups, beings that cooperate wonderfully within their groups within their clans, aggression is barely present within the group but is quite strong between groups and this basic orientation of the humans and. Wolves may have contributed to the fact that they were found 40, 45,000 years ago.

The wolf is not only the original source of the clients' social behavior but also the ancestor of their physical characteristics. Especially the sense organs are highly developed, his panoramic vision covers an area of ​​more than 250 degrees in the dark, he sees excellently and even the smallest insects that he knows from three meters away are the best developed, but the sense of hearing and the wolf's sense of smell can identify its prey even if it is far away or if it needs to be built. It also hears sounds in the ultrasonic range, a world completely hidden from the human ear.

Smell is the most important thing. Super hunter can even catch a scent for three days. This makes a great call possible. Mucous membrane in the upper nasal cavity. The wolf has a thin nose. The question of when and where the transition from wolf to y occurs. Concern among experts around the world The shape of the skull plays an important role. Prehistoric dogs have wider and shorter snouts. Their brain capsules are also wider than those of wolves. As a consequence of domestication, a 36,000-year-old Belgian skull is the oldest. dog in the world European era at school there is an even more exciting find the world famous cave in the south of France is one of the most important cultural sites of the Ice Age allows a unique insight into the living environment of that time The spectacular Representations of animals not only realistically represent the biodiversity of that time, but also speak about the beliefs of the people.

The animals they hunt are sacred to them because they feed on their meat. The discovery of 1994 Ancient footprints to which they belong. It is a boy of about eight years old. It cannot be said whether he fled the cave because of a storm, but the ground must have been wet. Some experts say that the boy was probably not alone and there could also be an animal in the Shoah cave. He stopped, whether it was a wolf or a dog, because his footprints were also found there. No one can say if the two actually met in the cave or if the animal visited the shelter later.

The child's footprints are there. Immediately near the animal's tracks. It could be a coincidence that the background remained forever and has been cleared up. The only certainty is that they both used the Chaussee cave at the same time about 26,000 years ago. Some researchers even believe the footprints came from a dog. not a single wolf and conclude that already in the Ice Age there was a close relationship between humans and dogs. However, this is not yet the first clear evidence of a personal bond between humans and dogs. The discovery from approximately 15,000 years ago in Bonn-Oberkassel. The grave does not provide the first clear evidence, only the remains of a couple but also the bones of a dog.

It is archaeological evidence of the fact that humans and dogs were taken together at this very early period and in the very context of the tomb a special relationship is established between The relationship between the two is expressed in an impulse in the development Man and dog Probably At the end of the last great ice age, with the extinction of the mammoth and other large animals, man needs other survival strategies. new homework. He becomes an ideal companion and hunting companion. The new prey animals are smaller and, above all, recover much more quickly. He himself feels it in the thick of the forests and leads it before the hunter's spear. and the gatherers became settled farmers and ranchers, the dog also developed.

Meanwhile, he has adapted to the point of letting the colonists feed him: the passionate one. Due to a small genetic mutation, it is even a carnivore. He develops the ability to metabolize the starch in cereals and, in addition to his work and duty, he assumes another function: he must protect the goats and sheep from the settlers. This is only possible without a strong hunting instinct. they completely gain the trust of the people and secure a permanent place in their community, a task that the wild wolf could never fulfill, but they have characteristics that the dog has long lost.

Wolves are willing to share their food with lower-ranking animals. Despite their clear hierarchy, they are generous in their actions. They depend a lot on each other. In principle, they cannot manage their lives alone, so they are more successful if they simply cooperate and it is a basic requirement. because cooperation is tolerance. Dogs react very differently. The social behavior of customers towards other people has completely changed. Nero is the boss, Chiara is the lowest ranking. The experiment makes it clear. First comes morality. See how the euro at first does not find the food plate and the grain runs past, runs straight towards it when all of Hesse realizes the moment Miro goes there with reactions, it accumulates for a short time, it becomes big, too gets ready. the route and the Kia immediately reverses and from then on I look at it and it's left alone.

Domestication has its price. The dogs among themselves don't think about sharing what that basically tells us. We are talking about a dog-wolf comparison. that dogs are not very tolerant and that they don't need a partner, the others really don't, that means you don't have to be so tolerant, you can just say, okay, that's mine and that's it, now the cooperation of wolves is not it has done. The dog has been lost, he also owns it, he has simply chosen another partner and that. Is the person old or young, female or male? The main thing is that human beings have been influenced by it for thousands of years.

He listens to it and adapts. He unconditionally The dog has formed a bond with humans that is unique in the animal world and experienced in the kingdom of the pharaohs. The Egyptians not only built one of humanity's most glorious civilizations, they were also the ones who helped it. This dog achieved cult status more than 5,000 years ago. In everyday life, this four-legged friend is used and performs the usual surveillance tasks on the numerous construction sites in the country. At court and at home, as sources show, he also keeps it as a family dog. They call him by his name and love him deeply.

It is widely believed that he is one of the oldest dog breeds known in the world. He has a close and trusting relationship with his caregiver. 1 he is calm but attentive. Faced with outside danger, he immediately shows himself willing to make the attacker flee. Many thieves have learned their lesson if they believe that aces are hot on their heels. His qualities as his bodyguard are also what give him a prominent place in the Egyptian death cult. The dog belongs to the circle of the most powerful gods while Anubis watches over the deceased on his dangerous journey to the afterlife.

Only he decides whether the soul of the deceased is pure enough to be transported to paradisiacal realms or whether it ends up there. an intermediate world The cult of Anubis is in The beliefs of the Egyptians are so deep-rooted that they even shave their heads when their dog dies. The ritual is an expression of deep pain, but at the same time it also shows the feeling of it. appreciation for the mountain of the supreme soul to whom they offer the animal as a sacrifice to Anubis. It is also said that the dog's soul is safe. Driving through the kingdom of the dead.

Even older than the cult of Anubis, the art of the Egyptians of breeding certain types of animals. The hounds were a long-legged dog that ran strongly and were the ideal companion when hunting gazelles. Persian greyhounds are closely related to him. It is said that the Arab Bedouins were the first to breed them. They also call these space animals a gift. Allah. The race finally reaches Mesopotamia in Mesopotamia. Signs point to a storm, so a completely different type of dog prevails there. Not all cultures have the dogs they deserve. The forgotten power structures have changed. Rulers were installed because dominion over property and divine origin was legitimized and if you own things then you have to look at what you keep and maybe you can take from your neighbors what they have, so you need to bring walls here and the first harry of humanity.

It was almost certainly the hair and, in fact, one of the oldest genetic groups of dogs in the Lausanne theme, that is, war or man against man and against hunting. The Asymos are said to have gone to battle in ancient Persia and are the mother of many rulers' favorite. and lives in the royal courts in order to provide for them adequately, the regents regularly impose high additional taxes. No, the emperors of the Han Dynasty also love dogs, but they prefer small animals. The first Chinese were bred in the 4th century. BC A work is created in Athens that scientifically deals with the behavior of dogs.

It is the first treatise of its kind and the oldest written testimony on the breeding and training of dogs in cinema. Ikos also explains how friends should be used.four legs on the hunt. The guide was written by the Greek field Xenophon. He had a weakness for animals. He wrote that it had to be concise and clear, and that the dog's name had to be short. However, his own dog's name was anything but short. But that's between us, he promised a 2 percent place. According to Xenophon the Younger, who later supplemented his predecessor's treatise, he is even said to have given his animal a place in the bed, supposedly to strengthen the connection between dog and master, which the Greek's work requires the owner to observe. carefully and understand. the nature of dogs, their training tips are still very relevant today, which shows that the knowledge of the way we treat dogs is actually very old and we describe these animals in what way and in what way they should be these dogs. suitable for chasing rabbit, deer or wild boar and how exactly you teach them this reveals how much you think about these animals and how much empathy you already have for these creatures, so it is clearly more than that.

A purely functional relationship between humans and pets How dogs and humans communicate with each other is one of the main questions of modern science. At the University of Portsmouth, behavioral researcher Dr Juliane Kaminski studies dogs' facial expressions. She says that facial expressions are an important means for animals. communicate Above all, we look at a movement that the dog shows very often and to which humans obviously react and that is a movement with which the dog raises its eyebrow and you can see it very well here in the photo, so it is an expression neutral facial and Here you can see very well how the dog raises its eyebrow and that is what we would call, so to speak, the dog's gaze, and to which we humans obviously react.

The friendly look probably even influenced the dog's evolutionary history. The dog recommended it. On the contrary, for further reproduction, dogs are able to understand human facial expressions. Touches and movements are additional cues for conversation. In an experiment, Harry comes across two identical cups. that the animal does not know from gestures and looks. The researcher points out the hiding place, Harry observes the look and the gesture with the finger, he receives exactly the information. Experiment number two this time the researcher avoids direct eye contact. with the farmer in the situation where the hand is also close to the cup and everything is very similar it looks but is not communicative it has meaning for the local without eye contact only with a gesture with the finger half of the test you were not able to locate the cup with food dogs can read our faces, no other animal can do it as well as them.

A skill that has become second nature to them over the millennia as Rome becomes the most beautiful capital of antiquity, high society discovers its passion for the small. Exotic hugs spread like never before among the guests. The favorites are full of luxury. They wear golden necklaces and to eat they only have the best goose liver, eggs, fish or peace of mind. But not all Romans are in the mood. Luxury also has a permanent place for hunting dogs. Greyhounds are popular, as are bloodhounds and bakers or the strong Mussa, which fearlessly attacks a wild boar, the moser, which is trained to attack, is also very popular for entertaining animals.

The animals are brave and are characterized by low sensitivity to pain. The Romans use them in the arena, where they have to fight with humans, lions and bears outside the pulsating metropolis, in the wide fields and pastures of farmers. Alert and guard dogs are essential. The Roman writer Colum Müller writes which man describes more clearly or with the same volume as a dog describes a wild animal, which servant loves his master more deeply, who shows himself to be a loyal and incorruptible companion. guardian, the farmer must first acquire this animal, since different groups of dogs have learned to tame their hunting instinct.

Sheepdogs are the shepherd's most important companions. Today there are many different breeds, but they are all similar in nature. Independence and resilience are among its strengths. They can effortlessly keep large flocks together, drive them and also appreciate the size and nature of the terrain. Sheepdogs are considered used, but in reality they have leadership qualities. The target wins. The breeding of hunting dogs is increasingly important. The great royal houses, which are the only ones that have hunting rights, offer lordly people. The greater the number of animals, the greater the reputation of their master. In a very short time a true hunting industry is created.

The dog becomes a status symbol of nobility and the demand that its valuable property be protected soon becomes man's best friend and is the subject of serious decrees. in Vario Roma is one of the oldest legal texts in Germany. A collection of Germanic tribal rights from the 8th century in 23 chapters becomes the meticulously written everyday law of Bavaria. Chapter 20 is titled about dogs and their buses. The text allows for a deepening. A vision of the medieval coexistence of two- and four-legged animals. In this chapter, which is dedicated solely to dogs, eight different breeds of dogs are already mentioned, which means that although there are no breeds yet, these customers have very. different functions and in these different functions they have different value for people.

For example, we already talk about Hovawart, so he lives on the farm and takes care of the farm. If they kill him, then that costs money. , the perpetrator is suffocated by the light in triple digits and a hunter who leads the hunting pack has to pay a fine of twelve shillings. This means that these dogs had very different values ​​for their people. This makes sense because the training required different levels of effort for the precious dogs. However, the good society does not meet with the approval of all contemporaries. It is said, for example, that at the same time this document was written, Saint Korbinian was upset about this. the fact that dogs were allowed at the table at the duke's court, meaning that they were fed at the table.

And of course the farmers and serfs don't like this at all either because they pay like z. They often barely have enough. survive on their own, but have to do hard labor instead of working in their fields. The duties of the rural population also include the care and care of their four-legged friends, but they do not receive any wages for this, food comes from their own reserves. Actually, they themselves urgently need lamps, but on the food plates of noble animals, most families are worse off than any noble, and common people are starving. The feudal lord has the law on his side and shamelessly exploits it.

Feudal society reveals its social coldness Centuries pass before farmers dare to rebel against the nobility. The Church of the Middle Ages has long criticized dogs. The Bible already says that they are terrifying and worthless. There are one or two well-intentioned criticisms, but. There is a quote from Hildegard von Bingen that says: Give people a dog and they will be cured. The famous nun was convinced that the dog heals wounds and ulcers when she puts her tongue on it. It is common in the bourgeoisie. Four-legged friends have already been forgotten. Since then they represent loyalty in marriage and fertility.

Members of European royal courts also like to be represented with their favorites as a sign of their power and as a promise of their power. loyalty to the people at Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam Prussian King Frederick II likes to take his time with his beloved wind chimes in the city. His animals are his closest confidants. It is said that old Fritz once said bitterly. In any case, they are better people. The older the regent gets, the more often he plays. With his wind chimes he returns to Sanssouci, the place free of worries, an animal dies, he solemnly announces not far from the family crypt. only speaking from the internet, but that a great benefit of dogs is that they pose a social threat to us and therefore support us socially every day.

Protecting our stars means being companions who are not as judgmental and judgmental as other people who even love us. when we walk around in pajamas when we are no longer beautiful and young or when perhaps we are not good at mental calculations in the frozen expanses of Siberia. Samu knew how to represent a good couple for everyone in a special way. He protects the reindeer, pulls the sleigh and guards the nomads' tents. The Samoyeds of him are indispensable for the Nenets. They live closely with him. They are part of the family without their dogs. They survive in inhospitable nature.

They join together to erase the last white dots on the map. Man reaches dog Roald Amundsen trusts dogs in Greenland The Norwegian polar explorer meticulously prepared his expedition to Antarctica. night in the race to the South Pole against British competitor Robert Falcon Scott, dog teams prove to be the right choice. Scott, who relies on ponies and snowmobiles, is left behind. The winner is Roald Amundsen, even aside from the investigative adventures. at the end of the world they are booming in the cities of Europe dog teams dog carts are the little man's carriage dogs are much cheaper and easier to maintain than expensive horses they do not need a stable or oats or electricity They are the horses of simple farmers and peddlers, undemanding, obedient and loyal until death in the First World War, they were specifically sent to the front as helpers.

They worked as reporting rounds, locating bodies and wounded and helping doctors. Unfortunately, today 100 are still open in the middle of the war, forgetting that the Americans who had just withdrawn from Afghanistan also have compact things that they had there, so they are not used to detect explosives, but to detect explosives. Being strong in combat with mission dogs, for example, they can be very, very fast and efficient when it comes to clearing outposts at night. That was not the case 15,000 years ago. The story is no different than some of the lines of cooperation between. People are still surprisingly similar.

In the First World War, four-legged friends accompanied soldiers as pets as emotional support against the horror of bloody battles. At that time, soldier Adolf Hitler also discovered his affection for dogs and kept it. Even in the years when World War II broke out, the blonde was Hitler's favorite. It is said that he also tried to erase his will. Behavioral researcher Adamek Los is testing how strong the bond between dog and owner is. the dog reacts when his direct reference person leaves him with a stranger the result is surprising and clear as soon as his close reference person leaves the room the dog wants to go after her he reacts like a small child abandoned by his mother he seems very worried The starting point of domestication was the presence of dogs.

If there had not been men, there would have been no dogs. Dogs are their social companions. If we remove the dog from the human environment, it is no longer a group. Natural situation for the dog I think that without people the domestic dog does not get along well, that is his nature. But people also cannot live without their dog, but who suits whom: Dachs

hund

or Doberman, Spitz or Shepherd, and sometimes people too. and animals look alike, sometimes dogs reflect the character of their owner. Alexander the Great brings with him powerful monsters from Persia. The beloved Rottweilers of Konrad Adenauer, Frank Sinatra and Ronald Reagan, only have in common their passion for the King Charles Spaniel, the Kern poodle.

It is said that on the trail of Arthur Schopenhauer and capping it was Picasso's longest and happiest relationship and is not complete without it. The Queen's corgis are allowed to run freely around Buckingham Palace and she personally chooses Christmas gifts for herself or herself. From the most powerful women or men as companions to intellectual artists or celebrities, her dogs are very close to the pulse of the times. If dogs could talk, they would have a lot to say. Above all, about its design. Modern breed breeding broke out in the 19th century, dog breeds developed as a fashion, so if you somehow compare cars from 1890 to now, the real square ones, etc., have also changed.

They are bigger. and flat and they have a hatchback and that is the expression of the two animals in the dogs is the expression in the basement of the natural history museum in Bern there are almost 3000 shearers the largest collection of dog skulls in the world is back sometimes It has to be people's unbridled creative desire for what they do. This can also be done in small breeds, the power is still small, large ones are even bigger, they can no longer walk, and long-haired breeds are still out longer. In general, it can be said that the dog breeds that no longer have a direct function are the ones that have changed the most: their ambition.

Hebreeder has created creatures like the English bulldog. The once agile dogs were turned into wrinkled giants through strict selection. The collection of skulls shows how the races have developed rapidly. We now have 4,500 dog breeds. Before that, it was just a potpourri, which is why farm dogs, butcher dogs, round-bottomed hunting dogs, that's what they were all called, or that's what they were more or less like. It is not yet established that a dog with a certified pedigree and an extravagant appearance increases the confidence of the bourgeoisie in dog shows. For popular leisure around the world, if we look at the current legacy, there is not much that reminds us of its ancestors: the Wolf back to the roots is the motto in Norway.

Emil Inauen wants to return to the origins. He does not breed purebred dogs, but rather mixed breeds for the professional sled dog trainer. What is important to him is the function and nature of the dog in the past. there were no guidelines, it was purely a workhorse and it's really just about performance, quality and survival, also for people but also for the dog, so the companion of the dog was important and not somehow about appearance and These dogs are those of Alaska. In reality, the husky goes more in the direction in which you clearly say that he is looking for animals that also fit his character.

Alaskan huskies are closer to the clock and are again independent, stable and ready at a moment's notice. They work together with people, mutual trust is the basis. for a good human-animal relationship, you also teach your children and that positive training is the sure path to success, everything comes from affection, everything I ask of dogs if possible I love and praise and trust everything what I do. pressure that sometimes works depending on the situation but not for long a life without your huskies is possible for those in us but useless a dog can survive without people but that is not his nature has left its mark on him like no other another animal in the world Its ancestor, the gray wolf, has not been seen in Germany for more than 100 years.

Only now is he slowly recovering. Man has almost exterminated this timid animal, but without the wolf it would never have existed. Four-legged friends have been man's constant companions as hunting companions, as herding dogs or as a status symbol for the powerful and rich. His gaze reaches the heart. They are ready to adapt. speechless. They are loyal until death. They are how we ask ourselves. Social creatures are a gift of evolution. They are the oldest pets in human history and are practically our best friends.