Could New Borders Bring Peace to the Middle East? | History of the Middle East 1918-1922 - 14/21

At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and the Sharif of Mecca was given control of the kingdom of Hejaz. However, he felt betrayed and refused to sign the Treaty of Versa, saying he would not put his name on a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners, but he had threats closer to home when he clashed with the Iban Saudis. for control of the Aluma oasis. Sharif sent his son Abdullah with an army to confront the Saudis, but he was crushed in Taba, the Saudis were about to attack. He hit a jazz with 10,000 men and the Sharif was about to lose everything, but the British intervened and issued an ultimatum to iba sa in July 1919 demanding that he stop his advance iba sa for now forced, but later they would challenge the Sharif again to the battle.

To the south there was also a new state Yaya Muhammad Hamed Adin declared legal independence from the Ottomans when they collapsed and founded the kingdom of Yemen without much trouble nearby, the British eventually subdued the Muskat rebellion and Taimur Bin FAL would continue to rule under their influence until La 1930s, while in the north, the former Ottoman ally Jabal Shamar, led by the al-Rashid dynasty, was left alone for a time, but would soon be conquered by the Saudis as well. However, most of the attention at the Paris

peace

conference was focused on the Iraqi Levant. and the Caucasus, the Assyrians, the Zionists, the Arab nationalists, the Armenians, the Georgians, the Kurds, the Aeries, the Lebanese of the shli journey.

The Anan Republic and the mountainous Caucasus Republic attended, on top of that, the allies had different demands and even within these countries there were all kinds of disagreements. for example, within England there was the Anglo-Ottoman society that tried to pressure the government not to deprive Turkey of Asia Minor with Constantinople as its capital or there was also a movement in India known as calipat in which many Muslims tried to pressure the British. To protect the Ottoman Co Atanian Republic during the chaos of World War I. The sister had managed to gain ground in Libya, but in 1917 they agreed to make some kind of

peace

with the Italians, but there was another growing sect, the Abadis, to which Sulan Albani belonged, he had been exiled years before by the sultan, but was invited to return.

During the war, in an attempt to provoke rebellion among his fellow Berbers against the Europeans and the Turks, he was offered the hopeful title of governor of Tripolitania. Tunisia and Algeria would join forces with Ramadan Ashali and others to declare island independence. However, they had enormous ideological differences and when Ramadan died in 1920 they began to descend into Civil War to make some kind of peace. The Italian offered him to Idris, the leader of the Suusi autonomy in Serena in 1920, along with the stipend, but the Civil War in the new Republic continued and alberani. was sent into exile, they continued to fight and even offered Idris control of their state, and Idris accepted, but the Republic quickly fell and Idris fled into exile in Egypt, so he was saved, but still on paper he looked as the leader of Libya and was also lucky to escape, since soon after Musolini would come to power and launch a huge pacification campaign in Libya, but in general North Africa remained the same after the war in the Caucasus, although they appeared a whole series of nations, the Ottomans and their allies.

The Islamic army was forced to withdraw, allowing the British to occupy most major cities such as Baku. William M. Thompson reported that the fact is that in Aeron some Armenians are very disappointed that the British occupation is not an opportunity for revenge northwards from them. It was the Islamic mountain of the Republic and further north Denkin and his White Army soldiers were in control for a time. His army seemed poised for success until its advance on Moscow collapsed in November 1919, so at l

east

in this period the British did not have a major initial advance. Concerns about the Bolsheviks, the Armenians had also prepared for the Ottoman retreat and moved forward to take their claimed lands, however, they quickly came into contact with the Georgians and their German allies, who claimed that truck clashes occurred and, in the end , the Armenians were rejected.

They were also suffering due to the arrival of over 300,000 refugees and were therefore desperate for new lands, so when the Ottomans finally withdrew from Cars, the Armenians tried to move in, but the Turks helped create a new country. known as the Southwestern Caucasus Republic. It broke out quickly and the British were sent to occupy cars in April 1919 and a year later they would be handed over to Armenia. Oliver Wardrobe was also appointed commissioner of the South Caucasus and had to draw new

borders

but included Nakan as part of Armenia, so the Muslims under Jafar Guluk Khan rebelled and declared the Republic of Aris independent, starting yet another war, although the British would soon withdraw from the entire region and encouraged the Aaryans and Turks to aid the rebels within Armenia itself, from which the Armenians gained some support.

Anton Denkin and his White Army were largely left alone and once again thousands were massacred. There was also the matter of Nagaro Kabak. The British had allowed Kerov Bay Sultanov, on the ARE side, to become governor, but the Armenians within the region launched a rebellion against this decision. The massacres would take place again as the nations fought each other as General Andronik led. to Armenian troops in the destruction of Muslim villages. Karov would later launch his own massacres, especially in places like Shusa. In total, it is estimated that during these two years after the war, the region lost 20% of its population and hundreds of villages while all this was happening, although the Armenians sent a delegation to Paris to recover their historic lands, the mountainous Republic of Caucasus headed by tapa chv had also wanted to be recognized and a new Islamic nation.

It also appeared known as the North Caucasus Emirate, theoretically under the protection of the Ottoman sultan; However, all this would soon become redundant as the Bolsheviks moved south until they reached Aaban at the end of April. The following month, Armenian communists attempted to rise up to transform their country. in a Soviet Republic too and soon Turkey and Russia would join together to take over Georgia and Armenia, but the Turks had their own problems. The Allies occupied Istanbul and most of the country after the war. They also tried to

bring

those responsible for war crimes. on trial, including Halil Kut, who had fought against the British in Mesopotamia and participated in the Armenian genocide.

However, many of the top leaders such as Ena Pasha had fled and those who were exiled to Malta were released without punishment, this was largely because many of the documents were destroyed and with no real legal precedent, the trials were a disaster, meanwhile the Italians were determined to win the lands they had been promised and move troops to Antalia. The Greeks also gained support from Britain to occupy Ismia, then known as Smyrna, a couple of months later they had claimed that they were defending the Christians, but Venez Zilos was more concerned with claiming this land before the Italians and also advanced into lands. in the

east

, near Istanbul.

The Italian Foreign Minister, Tomaso Toon, met with the Greeks and they agreed to divide their zones of influence. on the Meander River, as part of this the Greeks also agreed to support an Italian invasion of Albania in exchange for EAS from the North; However, when Carlos Forer took control of Foreign Affairs in Italy, he renounced the treaty after revolutionaries in Albania expelled the Italians during La Vora. The war, so this entire region was not really agreed upon, but the arrival of the Europeans prompted thousands of Turks to join new groups such as the Caracol Society. They wanted to assassinate the sultan and shelter the foreigners, while in Anatolia, Mustafa Kamal or Ataturk rose to prominence. with other military leaders, including former Navy Minister Rolf Bay, and signed the Amazia agreement.

In this they stated that the Istanbul government cannot fulfill its responsibilities. Only through the effort and determination of the nation will National Independence be achieved. These leaders would continue to have more meetings in svas and erum to gain support, however a British diplomat known as Richard Webb said that up until the time of this Mna landing we were getting along quite well, but now things have changed quite a bit. The Greeks and the Turks are killing each other. Wholesale in Aiden vilet Mustafa Kamal is busy with Samson and so far refuses to come to heal the allies in Istanbul.

They were also increasingly concerned about the nationalist movement, so in March 1920 they launched raids on their headquarters and expelled them from the capital. Ataturk therefore decided to create a new nationalist. The following month, the parliament in Anchora was backed by a new army that was supported by volunteers from the Caucasus who formed the green army society led by chus etham, as he wrote, as chians we fought bravely in the name of God against the Russians and in the service of the calef we fought in the Balkans now the lands of Islam depend on us again, but on the other side were the forces of order of the sultan or the army of the caliphate, this also had chassan leaders like an armed Anzer Paser who believed that Ataturk was blasphemous by Working against the sultan, these two sides clashed at Ismet, but neither

could

make a breakthrough, so the British became more dedicated to helping the Greeks in the hope that they

could

defeat the nationalists.

They had managed to occupy Ismia relatively unopposed, as it is estimated that around half the population was Greek. anyway, while the rest has been disputed, but was largely divided between Jews, Armenians and Turks, now, although the Greeks began to round up Turkish civilians, shot many and threw some into the sea, then made their way towards cities like Aiden and generally proceeded to loot and destroy. Then, in the summer of 1920, the Turkish Homelands went on the offensive again and captured Usach, the Turks, although they also risked losing land in the east. Sharif Pasha and his Kurdish groups attended the conference in Paris and pushed for independence, although no one could agree. about what a Kurdish state would be like and what lands could be included and this issue, along with the Kurdish rebellions, would spread across the border into Iraq, but I will talk about that later for now, although in the Caucasus and Turkey the war really does not had ended and everything was destined to change with the signing of the Treaty of Sors in August 1920, but first in the Levant this entire region was placed under the Administration of occupied enemy territory and again no one really knew what to do, although many say that the system The Co agreement changed the Middle East at this early time was not even recognized and almost as soon as the war ended the allies began trying to weaken each other, for starters the Sharif's son Faal had led armies in the Levant and were ready to take over a huge state that included Jerusalem, Jordan, Lebanon and the like.

He largely placed this new state in Britain's sphere in the hope that it would counter French designs on Syria during the negotiations and to some extent also accepted the Balford Declaration of Turkish Intrigue. in Palestine it has aroused jealousy between the Jewish settlers and the local peasants, but mutual understanding of the objectives of the Arabs and the Jews will immediately erase the last trace of this ancient bitterness. This was all part of an agreement he signed with Chim Vicman the leader of the Zionist movement. However, 10 years later, Faal denied signing such an agreement and some say it could have been Lawrence who created the document.

The Arab nationalists then met at the great Syrian Congress of June 1919. Curiously, the Fal government and the Congress were full of futures. Arab leaders such as Nuri Al Saed and Yashin Al hashimi of Iraq, Jamil Al USI of Syria and Ali rabi of Jordan, declared that there should be no separation from the southern part of Syria known as Palestine nor from the literal western zone that includes Lebanon from Syria. country and then called for complete independence and the rejection of Zionism, contradicting Faal, there was also another Congress meeting in Damascus composed only of Iraqis, they elected Fal's brother Abdullah as their new king, however the British pressured him so that he would reject this, which he was obliged to do.

As yetIt was up to them and the British were still divided over what to do with the country, with some like Gertrude Bell initially believing that the Iraqis would reject such a candidate and others like DJ Hogarth and the Arab Office determining that Abdullah was a pleasure-loving indolent. And the vicious Edward Montigue thought that Abdullah could be easily manipulated and allow the Raj to take full control, but for now, although he was Fal's older brother and had great ambitions, he had to reject the crown, the Syrian Congress in Damascus too It had another purpose. At the time, Woodro Wilson's points argued that nationalities had the right to self-determination and the King Crane commission traveled throughout the region to determine which groups lived there and how they should be divided.

They found that only 1% of Palestinians wanted independence, while more than 80% of them saw themselves as Syrians and wanted to unite with Syria under the Faal and of course about 72% opposed Zionism if was necessary. The majority in Syria supported an American mandate, while in Lebanon, however, more than 80% of Syrians and Jordanians sided with the French. had a much greater negative view of the French than the British, who only 15% in the entire region viewed negatively. This makes some sense since the French had long been linked to the Christians of Lebanon and some of these Christians They were afraid of being governed. controlled by the united Muslim state, so about 40% of Lebanese said they would like to see a greater independent Lebanon, while about the same number wanted to become part of Syria.

The French had already landed troops in Lakia at the end of the war and had tried to keep peace in a region that was generally divided, but they had dismissed the mostly sunny governors of Latakia and formed an alliance with the militias. alternatives in the field. However, these Alawites had already been involved in tribal conflicts against the Shia Ismailis, so in turn the Shias formed an alliance with the Maronites, the Alawite leader Salah Al Ali then declared his allegiance to the FAL and launched a rebellion. against the French. In fact, he managed to defeat the French in their Christian and Shiite allies and seized most of Jabal and Saria, his successes also led a Kurdish man known as Ibrahim Hanu to lead a revolt in Aleppo.

This city and the surrounding countryside was much more ethnically diverse than Damascus and had a large Kurdish, Turkish and Jassian population, so they were not as supportive of the Arab revolt, but Ibrahim Hanah, despite his Kurdish origins, was a founding member. of the Arab club and began to attack the French. They received support from Ataturk, who was determined to expel the French from Cissa, something that both the Turks and the French demanded. This region dates back to 1915, when newspapers such as the newsletter of the French Asia Committee called for buffer lands around Syria and the exploitation of its cotton and rice, and could always challenge the British in Egypt and Cyprus with large ports such as Meren. , which could also help them recover from the Great War in Paris there was also more anti-Turkish sentiment as Clemens, so he declared that massacre is a chronic ailment in Turkey, thus reducing the Ottomans to a state of rum It was very much a French ambition on paper, but only 20,000 men were sent to occupy the entire region and many of these men had served in North Africa and would continue to try to rule with an almost paternalistic attitude or contempt for the locals.

They often launched punitive raids against villagers or armed Armenians to do the same. Then in Morash it is said that Algerians and Armenians often attack locals. In one infamous example, an Armenian man removed the veils of a pair of Muslim women. Ataturk then moved a small group of troops south, less than 3,000 with antiquated weapons, as the countryside was filling with partisans, in early 1920 the people of the city rose up and drove out the French, although the French were able to fight their way through. Back in the city they were told to withdraw, this was a particularly bad decision as the now defeated Turks were open to seeking a ceasefire, but the mystery of who ordered the withdrawal and why still remains as the Turks took city, the Armenians were again attacked and this success encouraged the Turks to rise up at Ur, where the small French garrison surrendered in exchange for safe passage, but the Turks' Kurdish allies surrounded and massacred the French even though they The French attempted to reinforce their position and besieged Gaziantep until 1921, while in Adana the French and Armenians began committing atrocities against the Turks, forcing thousands of them to flee in July 1920, in an event known as the Incident. catch catch, during this french plebiscite they bombed refugees killing hundreds but all this only led to more people joining the nationalists while french leader millerand ruled a nation that largely wanted peace or simply believed in making peace with the turks would

bring

peace to Syria, the French were after all much more determined to maintain their claims on Syria, for even in late

1918

Clemens informally withdrew his claims on Mosul and recognized British control in Palestine in the hope of guaranteeing British support for their government in Syria, but the situation for them continued to worsen as the duge under Sultan Alatrash also declared for FAL and joined the international revolts in April 1920, the Sano conference resolved the problem there, the British, Italians and French divided the region into different mandates, in essence this was supposed. to be a temporary government until the people were ready for independence, but in reality this was a new concept and could mean anything from total government to influence over a nation.

With this failure, the hope of gaining British support ended and he was forced to accept the French mandate initially. In exchange for the withdrawal of French troops to make matters even worse for the FAL during the peace conference in Paris, Patriarch Hoek of the Marites had been promoting the idea of ​​a greater independent Lebanon where just over half of the The population was Christian, but the famine that occurred during the war also led the patriarch to ask for more agricultural land to prevent something like this from happening again, but this decision brought even more Muslims to Lebanon.

General Gurode would declare the independence of Greater Lebanon in 1920, while Fal's advisors told him to reject the French. mandate, then Gurro issued an ultimatum to Faal ordering him to disband his armies. Faal agreed, but the people rioted in the streets and the war minister, Ysf al-Asma, refused to resign and then another ultimatum was issued to convince the Syrians that the French were determined to invade despite all. In the north, the French had already reinforced their position and recaptured a leppo without a fight, while the next day, on the outskirts of Damascus, al-Asma set out with an army to try to fight the French at the Battle of May Salon , a couple of thousand Syrians. fighting with swords they were crushed by an army of 12,000 French with armored vehicles and then flat Damascus fell and fesal fled to British lands grod supposedly went straight to Saladin's tomb and said wake up Saladin we have returned my pres here enshrines the victory of the cross over Cresant Shik Salah and Ibrahim Hanu then joined together to petition for their independence to be recognised, but Grod had largely managed to crush those rebellions in 1921, some attempted to continue their resistance such as Adam Kja, a Shia who attempted to assassinate Gurode when this failed. , he fled to Sultan Alatrash's house and continued attacking until he was captured Alatrash would then attack a French convoy in July

1922

, but when this failed he fled to TransJordan to continue fighting, so the French crushed the Arab state, but this left Jordan unclaimed, the British had supported the fal claim, but now the Zionists wanted it too and the lands around the man were also disputed as the Sherif of Mecca claimed them as part of the hijaz.

One British official who was particularly interested in the expansion of Palestine was Herbert Samuel, a Zionist and now Palestine's High Commissioner, the Morning Post, reported that his appointment as High Commissioner was considered by all but the Jews, as a serious mistake. Many saw it as a clear step towards the creation of a Jewish state and, despite immigration quotas, there was another large wave of Jewish immigrants. Known as the third liar, some of these newcomers had been part of the her halutz movement where they were trained in the skills necessary to create a self-sufficient community, all of this allowed the number of Jews to increase to 90,000, which were defended by the new Hazena. paramilitaries, however, this is still in comparison to the almost 600,000 Arabs that these two groups faced very early, such as during the Syrian uprising, when the Arabs asked to search the town of Tel High for French soldiers.

The Jews agreed, but misunderstandings led to a shootout and death. of a Jewish war hero known as Joseph Trumpeldor in Jerusalem, Palestinians also began organizing protests led by people like Amon al-husseini. His family had long held important positions within Jerusalem and during the war he raised a small army to fight for peace. British, but supported unification with Syria and attended many conferences held at that time alongside many Christians, such as in 199, where they stated that we consider Palestine nothing more than part of Arab Syria and that it has never been separated from it in any way. moment.

They argued against Zionism saying that the British broke their agreement with the Sharif of Mecca and following the logic of Arab Zionism they should claim Spain since they once conquered it and a high civilization developed there and that the British under the financial stress of the war had sold their country to Meanwhile, the Zionists, Zionist leaders began to argue from the beginning that a program was imminent, especially in March 1920, when Fesal had been crowned king of Syria and protests broke out in Palestine. The following month, the Nebim Musa Festival saw thousands of Muslims take to the streets for In a religious procession in the past, the Ottomans would deploy a huge army to keep the peace, but the British simply deployed a small police force.

What happened next has been disputed, but in the end crowds began looting the Jewish quarter shouting that Muhammad's religion was born with The Sword that the British army managed to restore some kind of order, while the Palin commission declared that both sides were to blame, this included some Zionists like Zv Yarinsky, whose impatience to achieve their ultimate goal and their indiscretion are largely responsible for this unhappy state of feeling this accusation. led many Zionists to believe that the British were also docile in the attack, but in reality the British at this point were still notably divided; some high-ranking British were anti-Semitic and some, like Colonel Richard Miner Targon, were anti-Semitic and Zionist, he charged.

Colonel W Taylor on meeting al-Husseini to attack Jews allegedly told Husseini that if riots of sufficient violence occurred in Jerusalem at Easter, both General BS and General Allenby would advocate abandoning the Jewish home, without However, Minet Haen was a known liar and his diary claims that he saved Grand Duchess Tatiana from Russia and that he may have killed Hitler before the war, but he is correct in saying that Waters Taylor was an anti-Semite as he published a book that details the supreme ascendancy of the Jews in England today. At this time, the British also attempted to prevent Jews from forming their own militias;

His soldiers withdrew from the area for a time when the violence began and al-Husseini and other leaders were pardoned, while Yapa Insky, on the other hand, was sentenced to yes in prison, so Yapo Insky would say that the Palestinian authorities they are acting in a way that clearly tells the Arabs that compliance with the Bal is not necessary for the declaration; The British would actually consider him and many Zionists to have too close ties to the Bolsheviks and therefore more of a threat to their government. Binsky would begin seeking an alliance with Musolini later in London, although Churchill believed the Jews would bring prosperity to the region, turning it into a land flowing with milk and honey in which victims of all races and religions would suffer.

They will find a rest from their sufferings, so once again the whole idea was still open to debate. The British were also having problems in Iraq. Here the British Raj had taken temporary control, but towards the end of the war itThey had faced rebellions in Najaf and their The agreements with France gave them full control of Mosul and therefore a large Kurdish and Assyrian population that the Russians had already promised to declare to the Assyrians and it is here that Freedun Atura wrote a Manifesto hoping for a Marxist state in Syria, but Russia abandoned After the war and subsequent genocides, their Homeland was completely transformed.

The Agapetes continued to push for independence, while William Wigram published a book called Our Most Intelligent Ally. In it he said: Can Britain now that it is responsible for order in the country afford to neglect such a valuable and military asset as this nation has proven to be, but despite its wishes nothing came of this, the Kurds too Although historically divided, they had a growing sense of nationalism, the British appointed a Sufi Shake known as Mahmud Bazanji to rule over Duok and ideally rule the entire region, this would allow the Kurdish lands to remain under British influence and liberate them. of any real obligation.

However, Banji united the tribes and declared independence in May 1919, the British quickly subdued this rebellion and exiled him, but he would soon return. So once again the debate over Northern Iraq was left more or less open for further discussion and no one really knew what to do with the South or Britain had been granted the Mandate, but there were still discussions about what this really meant. . However, in 1919 Jafar Abu Al Tamam formed the Guardians of Independence party and declared that they should unite the ranks of the Irais in their various communities and sects and invest all possible efforts to put an end to all divisive factors in the religion and the beliefs.

In June 1920, the British attempted to arrest them. A tribal leader named Shalan Abu Aljun did this because he supposedly did not pay any debts, but in reality he bypassed the Za Lim tribe and was a member of the new nationalist movement, although his tribesmen quickly broke him out of prison and the Whole incident sparked a major rebellion throughout Iraq. The nature of this revolt has been questioned. Abas Kadim, for example, argued that this was a fiercely domineering Shiite revolt. Abid Alzak al-Hassani said that the different sects put aside their differences to fight for united nationalism, while Hannah Batu calls it a revolt against British reforms and policies rather than a nationalist uprising.

One of the leaders of the revolt, although Mushin Abu Tabik would later call it a sacred revolution and its highest goal was to give rise to an Iraqi state. He also said that I raised with my own hands the first Iraqi flag on the city hall building, but this raises even more problems since we do not know what flag it was, perhaps it was a flag with Arab colors, but these colors were chosen by the family of the Sharif of Mecca or the Hashemites and were largely sunny, perhaps it was a completely new flag to represent Iraq, but we do know that the rebels flew the Ottoman flag when they took Kakin, it seems that much of Iraqi nationalism just came in. in his Memoirs decades later, so perhaps no one was really fighting for a nation that was essentially only a few months old, but all of that is still open to debate and I must say that there were both Sunni and Shia representatives who called for independence, while Ayatollah al-Sharazi issued a fatwa in Persia saying that it is the duty of the Iraqis to demand their rights, but if the English prevent them from obtaining their rights, they are allowed to use defensive force.

The rebellion spread to cities such as Najaf, Cala Samara and Fua, and could have threatened British rule, however the British still had local allies, so Baghdad and Bazra never fell. The rebels also began to alienate many by looting and dividing once again along tribal lines. British reinforcements along with their Assyrian allies in particular began to push back the rebels in many villages, which refused to surrender were subject to aerial bombardment, but this was a costly affair; In fact, it was so costly that the British wanted to walk away and install a puppet ruler in his place, as Churchill said it was an immense expense for the military establishments and development work so far. exceeding any possibility of return and Palestine, said that Palestine Venture is the most difficult to abandon and the one that will certainly never produce any material benefits, but maintaining Churchill there has been the accusation that Churchill used deadly gas on the Iraqis to put down the rebels Nome Chumsky and others often quote Churchill as saying: "I am strongly in favor of the use of poison gas against uncivilized tribes, but they often ignore the passage beforehand; it is sheer affectation to lacerate a man with the poisonous fragment of an explosive projectile". and Boggle for making his eyes water with tear gas, so although he is clearly racist he is here talking about tear gas and there is no indication that chemical weapons have been used, but to explain the situation so far no one has governed Jordan or Iraq and The British wanted to get away, so the British believed that the solution for the entire Middle East was the Sharifian solution or in other words, they would take the children of the Sharif of Mecca and place them on different thrones.

Lawrence of Arabia had proposed it before, but he drew very strange boundaries, such as Won Zed taking over a small, mostly desert Arab state in eastern Syria. Armenia would be given a lot of land and Palestine would be left open again, but in the

middle

the map simply fades away when it comes to However, in the Kurdish and Assyrian lands, as the French had expelled Faal from Syria, this no longer it was possible. However, I will return to the Sharifian solution later, since in August 1920 the SAS Treaty was signed. Many show this treaty as a partition of Turkey, but this is not exactly true, the Ottomans had to accept foreign control over their national budget in order to pay off their huge international loans, they imposed restrictions on their armed forces and the culprits of genocide would be handed over, however the latter never really happened, but in terms of land, France would get some of southern Turkey and the Greeks would receive the east in Ismia, although they would need to hold a feud and all the Kurdish lands were supposed to hold referendums.

There was also an international zone around the Strait. but this was not intended to be free of Turkey but simply to be open to all nations, there were no major calls for the partition of the rest of Turkey in several cases, in fact he even said that the French and Italian governments would withdraw their troops from the respective areas. where its special interests are recognized, so most of the maps showing the partition of the Empire come from the tripartite agreement that develops areas of interest, but, according to the words of this agreement, we are eager to help Turkey develop its resources and avoid international rivalries that have obstructed these objectives in the past in case the Turkish government or the Turkestan government wanted to obtain external help from the local administration or the police of the areas in which France's special interests are respectively recognized and Italy or in other words if the Turkish or Kurdish governments wanted help in a certain region these regions would be divided between the Italians or the French, perhaps one could argue that this would initiate the eventual annexation but that would just be speculation , since everyone agreed to withdraw their troops. and the Italians would even help the Turkish army.

It's hard to believe that this was a stated target at this time, perhaps it was in 1915 or 16, but not 1920, with the exception of French Cissa, so it is more likely that this can be compared to what it actually was. prevailed before the war, when the Germans won concessions around the Baghdad railway and the French kept Lebanon and Syria, a nation that was ready to gain land, although it was Armenia, here the Americans were mandated to help guide the country towards stability, but when Wilson brought the idea to Congress the idea was defeated and Armenia was left alone, the Turks had already been looking to expand into Armenia for months and Lenin even began supporting Adat Turk to, in his words, fight against imperialist governments, ironically although both would coordinate invasions of other countries.

In September they realized the opportunity that Armenia had been left alone, the Turks attacked and moved to KHS, meanwhile the Bolsheviks held the East Baku People's Congress and there decided that they should work together with the Turkish nationalists to spread communism in the region. The Red Army then moved into Yavan relatively unopposed and Armenia became a Soviet Republic. After this, the Bolsheviks moved to Georan in early 1921 and the newborn orders were established. However, the Armenians managed to obtain a degree of revenge through Operation Nemesis. The revolutionary groups successfully murdered many. However, high-ranking people, including Talat Pasha in Berlin and Jamal Pasha in tii in Pasha, escaped and began working with Turkish rebels in Central Asia against the Soviets.

However, there was still the problem of Greek troops in the west and they launched another offensive into the depths. Anatolia to force the Turks to finally accept the treaty, but the Turks simply backed down and never engaged them in battle from the beginning. Greece was plunged into a political crisis when King Alexander was killed by a monkey bite. The Greek population, now tired of the war, united to oppose Venezuela and the continuation of the war in the next elections they even voted to bring back King Constantine, the deposed pro-German monarch, the resulting political factionalism it leaked into the army's higher command;

However, they were still better equipped than the Turks and in early 1921 I tried to continue, but at that time we were stopped. Many of the allies were beginning to look to make peace and renegotiate the Treaty of the Seas, so they held a conference in London with representatives from Istanbul and even anchors. The Turks were again incredibly lucky. as many of the allies apparently did everything they could to weaken each other, for example Britain supported the sultan but the Italians were providing oil and weapons to the nationalists. It is difficult to pinpoint why they supported Ataturk as they initially wanted a colony in Turkey but his generals were told to avoid confrontation at all costs perhaps they simply observed the French defeats at Cissa and did not want to get involved perhaps they knew that a big war would ruin their nation maybe they wanted to make the nationalists a future part of their sphere of influence or maybe they just want to spite their allies, it's pretty hard to say that the French in Cissa were also in a weak position with men limited.

Franklin Buor attempted to demand concessions in exchange for withdrawal, but in the end he was unwilling to pay more. Occupation, the French also withdrew after the next treaty with the French, the Anchor Treaty. Ataturk said that the fact that one of the most powerful states that had signed the several Treaty, that is, France had reached a separate agreement with us, proceeded to the whole world that the treaty was simply a rag; However, some, including French historian Marcel H, claim that the Breadth Treaty was primarily to embarrass the British, as the French could now position themselves as champions of Turkish nationalism to challenge the British and their Arab nationalists who continue to threaten their position in Syria British such as Lord Keron saw the whole affair as a betrayal.

Many Syrians were angry that their claimed lands were being ceded and French right-wingers saw it as a capitulation. However, overall, the majority of the French public was apathetic regardless. The Greeks continued to warn Kaya Esa Shahir, forcing the Turks to retreat again to the Sakay River, but his delays in pursuing the Turks allowed Atat Turk to regroup. The two sides clashed at Sakaya for a couple of weeks until the weakened Greeks withdrew and a stalemate ensued, we will leave this through the Greco-Turkish War for now and return to the Sharifian solution starting with Jordan, the place that was left in a political desert.

Here the British sent Herbert Samuel to meet the Val Salt leaders in July. 1920 and declared that Jordan would not become part of Palestine. They also promised that they would help in the creation of local governments. For example, they gave Rashed iin Duram control of Jabal Ajun in September of that year. In Um Kayis, the locals demanded an Arab prince to take power to stop the sale of land to theJews and a national army financed by the British one man's capital was still made up of many Chians and one of them s al-Muti would change the whole situation in early 1920 he asked the Sharie of Mecca to send one of his children to take control.

Abdullah accepted the offer and arrived in person with a few hundred men. The British offered no resistance to his movements and took charge of a man. Instead, Churchill took him to Cairo to discuss the situation once. But here he was told to stop his campaign before reaching French Syria, then he would also greatly improve his own chances of personal reconciliation with the French, which could even lead to him being appointed Emir of Syria in Damascus, so the British still supported him. Meanwhile, FAL was in London discussing the future of Palestine, but the British put forward the argument that it was only promised to the vilette of Syria, not Jerusalem, in early 1921.

Lawrence wrote to Churchill saying that Faal had agreed to abandon all his father's claims to Palestine, in exchange for this he was offered the Throne of Iraq, but this has once again been disputed. However, Faal traveled back to the Middle East and for the first time to Iraq, where he was crowned King in In August 1921 there were opponents to this plan such as Talib al-Nakib, an old nationalist who wanted power for himself, but was held a referendum and 96% of voters supported Faal being named King, but this number suggests some kind of foul play and voters If he had been given another contender for the throne, perhaps the number would be lower, but the Sharifian solution had put Falan in power in Iraq and Abdullah in control of Trans-Jordan.

Abdullah in particular would continue to try to unite with Syria for decades, even controversially agreeing to the partition of Syria. Palestine to claim more land for itself in the hijaz, although the Shari still refused to recognize any peace treaty believing it had been betrayed, but would not rule for much longer as the Saudis would take over Mecca and the British as well. They largely abandoned Egypt. At the time, at least on paper, the country had been under military occupation during the war with Hussein Kamal, the first as a puppet ruler when he died. The first took power, but he was unpopular and the country suffered during the war like more than a million.

Egyptians were used in labor calls on the front lines that some began to call slavery and Russell Paser, the British commander in Cairo, was concerned about drug epidemics in the country. Sad Zaglul and his Wafford party led a delegation to Paris calling for a formal end to British rule. The British then tried to stop the movement by sending it to Malta, but this only caused riots. All elements of Egyptian society participated by attacking the houses on the railway lines and even the British soldiers, Zaglul, were released to try to stop the revolutionaries, but he simply took control of the city. movement was commissioned another investigation to determine the cause of the unrest and Lord Milner reported that protectorate status should end.

The British even offered Zaglul the throne in hopes of maintaining some form of oversight over the country. However, this was rejected so he went into exile once again. this time to the seels, where he was joined by an exiled Somali leader, Muhammad Ali Shia Edmund Alen, Egypt's governor continued to repress protesters in one case and executed 16 rioters, but argued for Egyptian independence, even threatening with resigning over the issue. In early

1922

, Fad became the new king of an independent Egypt but an independent Egypt that was still under British influence and shared administration over Sudan and the end of the war also saw the end of British rule in Afghanistan, here Habibullah Khan had remained loyal to the British and refused to join the Central Powers, however many in his court believed this to be treason and some in his own family were much more open to the idea of ​​fighting the British.

This included his ruler's brother Naz and one of his sons, Amanulla. In early 1919, Habibullah Khan was murdered in his tent by one of his own pages, who ordered the murder, although it remains a mystery as Habibullah did not name a successor. It was believed that his eldest son, Inay Atula, would succeed him; However, he rejected the throne and supported his uncle Naz Rula in the cabal, although Amula quickly staged a coup and arrested Naz Rula, accusing him of murdering his now-in-power father. Manula quickly set about trying to make Afghanistan a completely independent state and, hopefully, Hope reclaimed some of the lost territories from her.

He was also quite fortunate as the big game had reopened and the Russians were once again looking to expand southward. The Soviets met with Amanola to discuss the possibilities of an alliance as part of the Calm project and would also meet with the remnants of the Indian provisional government under the trap of Mahendra P who had remained in Kabul, although no real agreement was reached. , Amula was still determined to attack a weakened British Empire, especially at this time when Indian calls for independence were growing stronger, as in Punjab in particular, where the infamous Ritar massacre took place in April 1919. here.

Reginal Dia surrounded the protesters and killed about 1,500 of them. The British government condemned DWI with ast saying that it was one of the worst and most terrible outrages in our entire

history

, so the Afghans crossed the border in May 1919 and captured B, however, their army was still in a state poor and the British with their local allies quickly drove them back to the border. However, the British were unable to advance much beyond the mountains, so they simply bombarded the Afghan positions, resulting in a stalemate and eventually peace. it was just done and Afghanistan was given the freedom to conduct its own diplomacy;

However, they were still dependent on British aid and internationally, the British would force countries to recognize their authority in Afghanistan, but in Cabul Amula he was seen as a hero and consolidated his country's control over the war. He had encouraged the tribes in Wiir Asan to rebel and British campaigns against them would continue until 1920. Furthermore, the great game began to be revived within Persia and in the north. Murza Kuchuk Khan was still leading the movements in the jungle. The motives of this group, although have been debated as They could have sought independence, perhaps a communist state or were simply Persian nationalists, but in May 1920 the Soviets sent ships to Anzali in the Caspian Sea.

Initially they were only there to try to pursue Denin's forces, but they quickly began to close in on Kuk, many there. including EST alakandusta, the seconds in command were already communists and the bolsheviks agreed to grant them their autonomy, so in 1920 the jungle movement became the Persian Soviet Republic, chuk, however, did not implement the most radical communist reforms, like the redistribution of lands that this course divides. within his party and instead of facing a conflict with the communists, he abandoned the left and froze to death in the mountains. Esola took power along with Soviet advisors and angered the majority of the population by infringing on their centuries-old property rights and that was when rumors began to circulate. that the Bolsheviks were equipping a small force to advance towards Tan, while the British still had an ally in the south at Kestan and the Anglo-Persian agreement was set to place the rest of the country under British influence, the British would take control of all the oil. fields training and supplying the Persian army building railways and much more, many of course refused to accept this as Muhammad Kabani, a Shia cleric and supporter of the constitutional movement, rebelled and took control of breze creating a state he called Aadan or the Land of Freedom, however, only lasted until 1920.

The treaty was also denounced by the Iranian Parliament and was never fully implemented. The British now, although they heard the rumours, feared Bevic's expansion much more, so General Ironside gave a young Persian commander control of a battalion. de kaks was resip pavi and was seen as a capable commander and in the words of general iide would resolve many difficulties and allow us to leave in peace and honor or in other words would prevent the bolsheviks from expanding and allow the british to withdraw . Then, inside, I clarified some of the conditions he imposed on Resa, such as one: I told him not to hit us from behind with weapons and ammunition.

We provide him with such action that will result in his death. Two, you must promise not to OU with the King after his death. arrival in Tyan, however, Ironside's true role in all future events has been questioned, however, with just over 3,000 men, Resa Palavi marched to Tyan in 1921 with the promise that he would not remove the Shah from power, but simply demanded that Zia Alin be appointed prime minister. minister together quickly signed a Treaty of Friendship with the Soviets to secure their northern

borders

in exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet support for the jungle movement the Persians promised that neither the White Army nor the British could use Persia as a base to invade Russia but the new prime minister would not last long, he quickly made many enemies by declaring that all residents of the city of tyan must remain silent, all newspapers and printing presses, all shops selling wine and liquor, as well as theaters, would be closed, cinemas and clubs. where gambling takes place must be closed, on top of that, he tried to make big changes in the nation, angering many religious leaders and landowners, and Persia would be very close to disintegration once again.