The Aurignacian Culture

For hundreds of thousands of years, the lands of Europe were home to a truly captivating Ice Age world. On the northern plains, endless herds of herbivores traversed the landscape. The caves fed their young while hyenas and wolves fought over their carcasses in the valleys and lowlands of the Bears Gorge themselves, moving south, as Ibck watched the solemn Neanderthals from above, had enjoyed these views. while her oipal bun stood out, but her world was changing. New slender people, with childlike faces and dark skin, brought with them a completely new approach to Tool. Having them throw their spears with levers and adorn themselves with sewn skins and shell and ivory beads without the Neanderthals knowing, their assimilation to the newcomer

culture

was imminent, leading to its eventual demise, migrants would continue to revolutionize the way humans lived. and they expressed welcome to the world of the Upper Paleolithic, a crucial era in prehistory in which our ancestors broke many barriers on their path to dominance.

The Upper Paleolithic advances occurred in much of the world, but with hundreds of years of research, Europeans The Upper Paleolithic is by far the best understood. This documentary will cover the first modern human

culture

of Europe, the Nation. It's part of a four-part series I'm creating. The next few videos will cover the Graciano, the Saluton and the Magdalenian, so without further ado. Ado allowed us to learn about these intrepid pioneers before the late 19th century, Paleolithic fossils and artifacts were primarily interpreted in a creationist model; However, the growing uniformitarian movement argued that the natural laws that exist today have always existed at all times in our universe, this naturally opened people's minds to the idea that fossil material can represent errors long before The biblical chronology of only a few thousand years suggests the discovery of Neanderthal remains and the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species opened people's minds to the idea that different species or forms of humans existed in the past.

The various discoveries of modern human remains associated with stone tools and extinct megap supported this hypothesis. In 1852, local worker John Baptist Bamason was looking through an emban m in front of a cave out of curiosity. He found some flint tools and became curious about the actual cave. He moved a sandstone slab and entered the cave. Here he found 17 human skeletons lying inside, as this was in a small French town before the advent of paleoanthropology. The bodies were quickly reburied at the site. Cemetery at the request of the mayor unfortunately these skeletons were never seen again, their graves could never be located and their age and origins remain unclear;

However, early excavations at the site in the early 1860s revealed a trove of bones worked with advanced stone tools. and fossilized human and animal antlers and bones, some mortuary remains come from the Chalcolithic, meaning the lost skeletons were probably from this period. The discovery of mammoth, rhinoceros and cave bear bones along with stone tools attested to their antiquity was a significant discovery. At the time, considering that most people had little or no knowledge about previous periods or history in general, excuse my French, but the cave would be called Cro Dorak or Orak's Cave after the nearby commune of Ornac, the The original Nation name would then be applied to the entire tool culture or industry that these tools represented, it would eventually be understood that this culture was the oldest and most widespread modern human culture in Europe and therefore very important to our understanding of the human history, the organizational nation is one of the four major European cultures of the Upper Paleolithic.

It lasted from about 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. To understand the nation of origin, we must first understand the original migrations of modern humans to Europe. This is a much debated topic with many unanswered questions, first we should briefly discuss the history. of the interactions between the Neanderthal and modern man The Neanderthal developed in Western Eurasia. Its distribution area extends from Western Europe to southern Siberia and the Middle East. The earliest Theander-like remains date from 500 to 400,000 years ago. However, our species evolved in Africa. The first Homo sapiens remains recovered are The 315,000-year-old remains from Jebel Ear Hood in Morocco, an overwhelming amount of evidence demonstrates that Africa is indeed our homeland, but even in the early migrations of the first Homo sapiens who left the African continent, physical remains prove that early modern humans inhabited some parts of the Middle East.

East, particularly the Levant, more than 100,000 years ago, genetics tell us that most of these populations would subsequently die out before a large expansion of modern humans anatomically and behaviorally that occurred approximately 70,000 years ago. This expansion spread rapidly from East Asia all the way. Australia already 65,000 years ago, although the dispersal to Europe took a little longer, in 2022 a study was published showing that modern humans were present in the area of ​​present-day France between 51 and 56,000 years ago, in the middle of a single tooth of a modern human that was distinctive. Stone tools called Neonian tools featured small projectile points that could have functioned as spearheads or even arrowheads.

Some researchers claim they were too small to be used on anything except arrowheads. If true, this would set back the use of bows and arrows in Europe to around 40,000 years ago, there is a possibility that they were used in atlas darts or even javelins. What adds intrigue to this site is the fact that these hunters were only here for a relatively short period before the Neanderthals with their clumsy sterian mouses. The tools carried back to the remains that grow into baboons may represent a failed migration by a population of modern humans - perhaps they were ambitious migrants to a hostile world they were unprepared for - but the question remains of where.

Neronian tools came. They derive from stone tools Traditions of the Near East and North Africa, the Near East in particular was home to the oldest known Upper Paleolithic culture called the Emirin. This tool industry created fine points with retouched bases. Large blades taken from the cores of the blades and large curved knives to understand. In the Upper Paleolithic, you need to understand lavaa technology versus blade core technology. The lavaa technique uses a core that has been prepared and when a flake is removed it serves as a finished tool with little need for retouching. This creation creates deadly large spearheads shaped like a large disc.

Flakes and a variety of other tools, this technique originated in Africa about 300,000 years ago, but would spread to the Neander Tals, who would refine it into Mayan technology, which to our understanding is more or less the same as, for On the other hand, blade core technology is often used. Cores from which long leaves were removed, as opposed to random scale leaves, are defined as twice as long as they are wide. These blades were immediately used as knives or reworked into pointed scrapers or a variety of other tools. The advantages of this technology are many. including longer cutting edges, long narrow points and more efficient use of stone cores.

Upper Paleolithic technology is also associated with the extensive use of bone and antler tools, perhaps in combination with atlal and technology, this is really what separates it from older Middle Paleolithic technologies for these reasons. Upper Paleolithic technology is often seen as a fairly significant advance. The origins of Upper Paleolithic technology appear to have developed in the Near East about 50,000 years ago from the aforementioned Amiran culture. This culture used both Maeran and Upper Paleolithic techniques, although it would eventually fully adapt the latter. This brings us to the first Upper Paleolithic culture in Europe, the Bohemian industry. This industry appeared at around the same time and appears to be linked to the Near East and, considering its geographical location, it is not very surprising that no hominid remains have been found alongside them. tools, but they are believed to have been made by modern humans, if so this would prove that a significant number of modern humans lived in Eastern Europe before we thought, although this culture may also represent a mixture of modern and general human technologies, Some of these Upper Paleolithic technologies may even have spread deep within Europe long before modern humans did.

A tradition known as the Paronian chatle existed between 44,500 and 36,000 years ago and appears to have been in the Eder tall tool tradition influenced by Upper Paleolithic technology. It still largely uses ancient Maeran technology, but also includes blade points, bone tools, and jewelry. These implements may have simply been exchanged with Neanderthals or perhaps the techniques were taught to them directly. A similar phenomenon may explain the uian tool tradition of Italy and Greece. What is clear is that Upper Paleolithic elements appeared around the same time as anatomically modern humans penetrated deeper into Europe. This brings us to the first signs of the original nation called Proto org Nation.

Proto-ornation technology focuses on the production of large straight leaves of its size. and the shape is indicative of long-distance projectiles, possibly like Dart atlatal points. The protal organ first appeared in southern Europe and the Levant, although it spread rapidly across much of the continent. It is important to note that an organ culture also persisted in the Levant during this When the Neander Tal were on the verge of extinction, 45 to 42,000 years ago, many of their communities remained intact with some influence from modern humans, although after 42,000 years ago remains became much scarcer. The extinction of the Neander TS is a very complicated topic.

I covered it in depth in my documentary on Neanderthals, but I'll summarize it here. Modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted in Western Europe for approximately 12,200 years. Our evidence suggests that assimilation and hybridization took place. Modern human communities may have overtaken some groups, although we have no evidence of direct violence STs always had a small population, less than 10,000 of them lived in Europe and much of Western Asia, modern human immigrants probably had plenty of room to grow and with their different technology they probably even hunted and gathered differently than the Maeran communities. Whatever the final fate of the Neanderthals, they left behind their genetic legacy in these sapien populations.

The remains of Homo Sapien from the Levant before migration to Europe do not show Neanderthal characteristics. This can be seen in the 50-40,000 year old juvenile named Eggbert from Casar ail Lebanon, the boy displays rather grim modern human features, without a significant forehead and has a chin. Homo sapiens is the only human species that has a chin. Theander TS completely lacked that trait after the populations of the Levant moved to Europe. As we mentioned above, it would show many of the characteristics reminiscent of Neanderthals. Some sites throughout central and western Europe have shed light on the persistence of general characteristics in these populations.

All of these remains show features of mid-modern human war phonology. Paleolithic and Late Upper Paleolithic, although all have morphology associated with Neanderthals, all have globular-shaped skulls in contrast to Neanderthals, who had elongated skulls with a large oipal area at the back of the skull called the occipital bun. He also had small brow ridges and protruding chins, which are anatomically modern human traits. However, the 40,000-year-old oac1 differs from the others: the skull exhibits a large face and a large dentition with exceptionally large molars that contrast with modern human characteristics and oac1 is associated with even Neanderthals. Most interestingly, genetic testing found that oac1 had between 6 and 9% Neanderthal DNA, suggesting it had only four to six Neanderthal ancestors.generations before.

OAS 2, another individual from the same cave had approximately 6% Neanderthal DNA. Both individuals belong to similar groups. but they are not identical populations. OAS 1 is related to the Europeans of Ice AG, while OAS 2 has affinity to Native American and Asian populations. OAS 2 is most closely related to OAS 1, but after that it is most closely related to the 40,000-year-old tnu remains. and northern Chinese man this is because both populations descend from Eurasian basil ancestors originating in the Middle East this supports our current understanding of human dispersal Outside of Africa, neither OAS 1 nor two are genetically close to any modern human populations and they are quite indicative of this very diverse era in modern human genetics.

The cranial remains from the other two caves in Romania had globular skulls but also oipal buns, a Neanderthal characteristic. The remains of oazi and additional sites such as Baku, Cairo, usim and tun Yuan are Although these populations appear to have become extinct and replaced by additional waves of modern humans, the high level of neral DNA in some of these populations may have been detrimental to their success and could have been the reason they were replaced. This is possibly why most neeral genes were obtained from populations throughout the Upper Paleolithic. The populations that replaced them are known mainly from the Goad Caves of Belgium, but also at two sites in Russia known as Keni and Sunir.

These people descended from a single wave. They had less theoretical ancestry and some genetic affinity with all later Europeans. The caves of the Czech Republic ATT proved this, but they certainly had fewer expansions than before, although this explanation can be complicated. What you should take away from this is that the people in the prayer industry are anything but genetically homogeneous and change enormously over time, which is why the Proto and early prayer is said to have taken place between 43,000 and 37,000 years ago. years, while the ornamentation itself extends from 37,000 years ago until the culture declines. Some of you may be wondering why the term Cromag is not yet used, this is because the term is no longer frequently used in academia Cro Magan is the name of a rock shelter in France where remains dating back to only 27,000 years ago, long after humans had already been to Europe instead. term is used the term first modern European humans or E MH these populations not only differed greatly from modern Europeans, but they would have looked noticeably different.

Genetic studies indicate that these humans had darkly pigmented skin, hair and eyes, as well as unique bone structures. Genetic changes that occurred only in the last 11 to 19,000 years. This is interesting as Neanderthal gene sequencing showed that many Neanderthal populations had a gene that produced lighter skin and red hair, however, during interbreeding with modern humans we did not acquire this gene, the genetic component that gives to modern humans lighter skin in Europe evolved independently in our own lineage, these modern humans also had dark irises, as genetic analysis shows that selection for blue eye color is also The skeletal analysis of less than 20,000 years old also indicates that they were taller and more robust compared to later modern humans, although they were still much thinner than the very stocky Neanderthals.

Their facial features are similar, but not quite like modern Europeans, which some especially earlier populations had. Crano's facial features are similar to those of Neander Tals, even Crom Magnan 1 from 27,000 years ago had some of these Neander Talik features, as do some modern Europeans. The skull of Crow Magnan 1 is relatively similar to that of modern Europeans, but also features very unique features, including rectangular eye sockets. more resembling modern Africans than the circular eye sockets of modern Europeans, this is not to say, of course, that this individual would resemble modern Africans, but it did have a variety of traits completely different to modern populations.

This is an important point to make for many modern Africans. The facial features that we might associate with someone from a specific place or population had not yet developed at this time in the Paleolithic in general or the Naan were tall, thin, dark-skinned and dark-eyed, they were more robust than later modern humans , both in terms of physical constitution. height and skull, but thinner than Neanderthals, they had a combination of morphological features that are clearly anatomically modern human and aligned them with the previous Middle Paleo with Homo sapiens in Africa, such as the small superciliary ridges of the globular skull and chin, However, they retained Neanderthal traits to varying degrees due to their admixture with Neanderthal populations in the Near East as well as in Europe.

During their dispersal, the world these people inherited from their Neanderthal ancestors was very different from Europe. today during the organ the environment was cold, dry and mostly open much of europe was part of the largest mammoth pass the gigantic pass also known as tundra pass was once the largest biome in the world the landscape was relatively monotonous and became in a grassland in the warmer months much of this area was immediately available for habitation by organs. Although the colder strips near the glaciers were generally less populated during the organ culture of 43,000 to 26,000 years ago, the climate varied quite a bit and glaciers moved accordingly for most of this culture's existence.

Large glaciers dominated the Elps in much of the British Isles. In Scandinavia and a good part of northern Europe in general, various climatic fluctuations would cause populations to increase or decrease in these colder areas, while populations in warmer areas, such as the Mediterranean, would have remained relatively the same, although together With the growth of glaciers, sea level would decrease. and more land would be available near the coast some massive areas of land that were available to the people of the Orca Nation now lie beneath the waves these areas include the land of the dogs, the English Channel, much of the Adriatic Sea and the regions of the northern Black Sea, the lands of Europe and Western Asia were very sparsely populated During the ornamentation period, a 2005 study found that the population of Europe between 40 and 30,000 years ago was between 1,700 and 28,000 people with an average of 4,400.

A 2019 demographic analysis found that the average population There have only been about 1,500 people in Western and Central Europe between 42 and 33,000 years ago, which is an extremely small number of people for such a large area. It still makes me think about how amazing it would be to see the lands of Europe without any evidence. of civilization in the landscape there are very few trees and shrubs in the pass during this time, but the large volume of grass allowed many animals to thrive musk reindeer Sega Antelope horse passage bison woolly rhinoceros and woolly mammoth thrived in large herds and smaller bands stalking these animals were cave lions, scimitar cats, cave hyenas, wolves and other animals such as brown bears and cave bears, although much of Europe was dominated by the pass, the many mountains and the milder Mediterranean.

They contained more ecosystems. Ibex Shamy orox straight elephants megal deer Aeris Lepard giant jaguar and the drill found their home in the mountains and lowlands of southern Europe in such a competitive environment, where nations hunters had to rely on their ingenious variety of tools to survive, as mentioned earlier. The Upper Paleolithic was characterized by a Blade technology approach. It is extracted from a prepared core to create a wide variety of tools. A long blade can be used as a knife immediately after being struck from a core. Once small dull flakes can be removed from the edge to restore it, this blade can also be turned. into a useful end scraper by simply removing a few scales from its tip.

Microliths were another important stone technology used by these people. Microliths are simply small flakes of stone extracted from a core that can then be reworked into a variety of shapes for different tasks. some undoubtedly formed composite weapons and tools many could be inserted into the edge of the middle to form a knife when the blades became dull they could simply be replaced entirely spearheads made of bone or ivory may have been sheathed with these sharpened blades smaller projectiles such as As darts or arrows would have been perfect for microliths, other various tasks, such as plant gathering for woodworking and meat processing, could also have been performed with these tools, even by simply stopping a microlith in a small half.

A small Swiss army knife from the Paleolithic and another would have been created from wood. The advantage of microliths is that they are very small and weigh very little. They can be carried in large quantities or you can simply carry a core and remove a few when you need a sharp edge. It really is an ingenious way to use stone tools. One aspect of microliths is that they are quite easy to take, meaning that people can be taught to take a nap much faster than, for example, a large bifacial leaf or even just large stone blades.

One of the most important tools in his stone tool kit was his Burns. Buren is a stone tool with a pronounced edge, perfect for working dense materials such as wood, bone, ivory and especially antler, with a constant blow. The blade can carve small ribbons of material that the original nation was one of the world's first cultures in. They widely used bone antlers and fire tools with them, they made many fantastic weapon tools and even works of art. Working bone is not an easy task, even with a burn. The bone must first be cut from its origin or the collected antler was especially used by ornamented people, probably because they were thrown every year en masse by their prey, reindeer can of course also be collected directly from the reindeer when hunted, a Once obtained, Aus materials were usually split to split them further, this can be done by soaking them in water before making an incision and inserting a wedge to split them, these wedges were also made of bone and are found at ornamentation sites.

This section could then be polished with an abrasive stone or shaped with the help of a burn. The most famous ocus tools made during the organization are their bones. The points, many of these, especially in Western Europe, were long and narrow with a divided base. This is a very peculiar design that is not seen anywhere else in the world. Normally, when you have a point, you create a notch in the wood, but these people created a notch in The point of carving materials is difficult in the first place, but making a notch in the bottom is especially difficult, so what could be the reason for all this problem?

Well, Europe's climate was very different during the Upper Paleolithic, as mentioned above, it was dominated by The Giant Step of this environment was essentially a grassland with very few trees and frigid winters with few trees to go around. Hunters from original nations would have had little access to good raw materials for their spears. This may have been the reason that led to the invention of split base points. Cutting a notch in the shaft of a wooden spear is an easy way to split it in two. Many people don't realize how difficult it is to find a straight tree. in the forest, cut it and then shape it into a spear, all with stone tools creating a notch in the tip of the bone the half could simply be a pointed stick when thrown or pushed at an animal the tip can break but the possibility of The axle breaking is very unlikely in a landscape where antlers are abundant and wood is scarce.

The design makes a lot of sense in southern and eastern Europe. Split base tips are not as common and taper base tips prevail. This is, of course, because these regions were relatively warmer and trees were more common. Other studies on bone points and stone blades are diagnostic of high velocity impact this is consistent with the use of projectile weapons,possibly javelins, darts or even arrows, this raises interesting questions about these hunters, what weapons they used, they probably used spears for self-defense or to finish off animals, what was driving their smallest stone and bone tips, although some They are quite small and may have been arrowheads, many are too large for this function.

Little evidence of the use of atlales has been discovered so early, but it is quite possible that they were using them. One study found that impact fractures at 32 points. of France from 31,000 years ago were probably propelled with side darts, even if this technology was widespread, it is still likely that they employed a wide range of other weapons, such as harpoon fishing implements, spears, throwing sticks or even the bow and arrow. 125 points from 31,000 years ago from Slania can attest to this: the points were considerably smaller than other prayer bone points and some were only 4 cm or 1.5 inches long.

Experiments on reconstructions of these points support the idea that they could have functioned as arrowheads. Evidence of bow technology from 45,000 years ago was found in Sri Lanka and evidence from South Africa is around 60 to 70,000 years old. It is certainly possible that the technology was being used in Europe at the time, although the atlal may have been more common. They have the benefit of heavier projectiles, easier creation and maintenance, we can find more evidence of atlal use on strange bone tools with holes, these so-called staffs were originally thought to have been some kind of personal decoration for powerful individuals, perhaps Many of them had very interesting engravings, however, the hole present in many of these tools may have been used to straighten the lateral shafts of the darts.

Relatively similar artifacts are common in cultures that use ladles, although the markings on these artifacts do not necessarily support this conclusion. one of the so-called staffs discovered in the entire F cave had three holes. This device would have been perfect for creating ropes. The rope would have opened up a world of possibilities for these people. Fishing nets, traps, bows, clothing and equipment. The rope or cordage was even made by Some of these canes may have been used to make ropes, while others could have been used to straighten darts or even as tent stakes. Another interesting aspect of these artifacts are the holes drilled in them.

This was probably done with a stone drill, perhaps by hand or with a bow or pump drill. Other bone artifacts made by these people focus on the creation of clothing. Long bone. Le swaf or leather smoothing are prominently featured on their sites. These tools are used to rub leather, making it more flexible and waterproof. All the bones found at many of its sites were used to make holes in the leather to allow the cord to pass through, although eyed bone needles are much better at this task and can push the cord through an already hole. existing or make a completely new one.

Eye bone needles are an important invention that allows you to make tight-fitting clothing. It appears that tall Neanderthals lack this technology, which would have limited their resistance to cold. To be clear, they are still wearing clothing and may have covered their entire body, although without being tight-fitting, these clothing would have been less efficient, especially for mobility. The invention of the needle allowed for the creation of much better footwear and the creation of pockets and segmented bags for carrying things, although we did not. I knew exactly what organ clothing would have looked like, it was certainly well made and may have used a variety of different animal skins.

Their clothing may have resembled some of the clothing made by indigenous people in northern Eurasia and North America, some of which are highly decorated and quite fashionable, their clothing may have been extremely insulating and elaborately decorated speaking. of clothing, I want to take a break from this video to talk about my new website nor2. I am very excited to announce that I will be selling clothing and eventually handmade products in my store. All clothing is high quality and professionally printed and embroidered. I recommend key merchandising, embroidered or printed. It looks great. I will make more designs for the other entries in the series and other designs you might like in the future.

I will even sell handmade artifacts like this Recreation of the Famous UT Axe if you want to support the channel directly, this is the best. way to do it I have waited a long time to sell products for this channel until I could do it well and I am very proud of the final product, so now back to the video, it is clear from the remains of the organization that they were able to exploit their environment in many ways. Some ways their technology could be altered or adapted to complete specific tasks even seasonally there is no typical ornamentation lifestyle some bands may have focused on orox in the spring and fish in the fall others followed herds of rain deer and occasionally captured a mammoth.

With this in mind, we must look at a smaller scale to understand what some of these bands were doing more than 30,000 years ago. The nation's people appear to have typically targeted medium and small game before anatomically modern humans arrived in Europe. Neals focused primarily on large ulets, such as rhinoceros and orox bison, but once modern humans arrived, these assemblages leaned heavily toward reindeer and other medium-sized game animals, this was generally seen as the result. of different hunting strategies employed by modern humans as opposed to the Neanders. Now that we realize that this change was largely due to the global cooling that occurred as the culture of prayer spread and eventually dominated Europe, it seems that reindeer were the typical target because they were the most common animals in the landscape in 177% of French organ sites.

More than 90% of funnel-shaped reindeer remains would have been abundant in the growing terraced environment of much of Western Europe; In more mountainous and mountainous areas, species such as the Red Deer Road deer and wild boar appear to have been replaced by mountain species such as the Ibex and Ibex. Shamy in c fumani, located in the foothills of the Italian Elps, excavations have shown what animals these proto-prayer hunters ate. The most abundant remains were Ibex with 39%, Red Deer with 21% and Shamy with 17%. Ro deer, orox and megaloceros made up approximately 8% of their remains, although orox and megaloceros are not as common, their much larger biomass makes them an important part of the ornamentation diet in this cave.

These animals, whole or quartered, were taken to the cave where they were then consumed from an economic point of view. From the point of view, hunting large animals or groups of animals makes more sense than hunting small or medium-sized animals at two major organization sites in France and southern Germany. There is evidence of the slaughter and slaughter of small herds of horses. These sites are similar to two other sites found. Far east of Russia, a site known as ceni provides evidence that the slaughter of entire herds or May bands may have been an important form of food procurement, perhaps analogous to the hunting of bison herds on the American plains. from North.

May bands may have around 20 individuals in them possibly providing an organization band with food for more than a month. Killing an entire band of horses in a single event would have been a considerable challenge involving complex strategy and communication, although we have only discovered four sites showing this type of hunting. strategy this is a significant number due to the incompleteness of the fossil record Mammoth remains are found at some prayer sites and one site even preserves evidence that they were hunted directly at the costen site 14 in modern Russia an ivory tip was found embedded in a mammoth rib has been dated to about 35,000 years ago, the way the projectile broke up once it hit the rib suggests it was propelled by a spear thrower, although the oldest evidence we have of mammoth hunting by our species is from about 45,000 years ago in Siberia.

This evidence does not come from the Nation org. It demonstrates that people with Upper Paleolithic technology would have been able to hunt mammoths during the later Gravettian period. The descendants of the org Nation would continue to exploit these animals and other cultures further east also targeted mammoths. and other large animals such as the woy rhinoceros or the straight elephant would have provided these people with an immense amount of raw materials and sustenance in a world where fat is the key to survival, mammoths would certainly have been sought after, whether they were scavenged or they will hunt them directly with their skins.

They could provide complete shelters and their tusks and bones could be turned into tools. Be sure to watch the next video in this series where we will talk more in depth about mammoth hunting, although these hunters may have had their mouths watering at the thought of a mammoth, smaller animals found on many non-profit sites. They say they may have hunted these animals quite frequently, grouse and rabbits, common dark prey along with a variety of other furry creatures, these animals may have been caught with snares or snares, although throwing sticks may have also worked, these animals may have done it.

Even hunted by women and children, these critters may have been useful for their raw materials, such as bird bones for needles, raccoon skins for mittens, and beer for hats. Evidence of exploitation of marine resources dating back to the Organ period has been found, as well as at the Riparo Moi site on the coast of Leguán. 500 remains of muscles and limpets have been found. 200 shells were found in a site in Greece and many in Goram Cave in Jalar in the Atlantic region sites in northern Spain show an abundance of shellfish remains ELO rock shelter has a total of 237 remains of marine mollusks and remains of a variety of other species in El Castillo cave.

A sperm wheel tooth was found, but no signs of anthropogenic handle have been found on it. It is possible that the object simply washed ashore and was brought up. They returned to the shelter because they found it interesting. They could also have been part of a washed-up whale carcass that exploded. It is interesting that they saw the similarities between this tooth and the teeth of other Maman carnivores at Castanet Rock. shelter was found the handle of a harp seal. Remains of seabirds and sea urchins have also been found at some sites in the Mediterranean, although some groups of organizations may have never seen the sea, others may have been quite familiar with it, especially in the Mediterranean or the people of the Nation. seems to have done it.

They spent a lot of time in constructed shelters rather than in cave mouths, as many Neanderthals do. The TS caves were certainly very important to their people and were used as shelter, but these were very mobile people who had to carry shelter with them as they traveled from expansive times. Caves are not everywhere. In some of their remains we can see how far they were brought from their place of origin. Quality shells and flint were often brought more than 100 km from their origin, while obsidian from the Carpathian Mountains in Hungary went all the way. the Danu River, 300 km to the west, like the Neer tals before them, would have spent relatively little time at each site, no more than 2 months and often only a few days or a week, they had to transport all their equipment with them, including food.

Supplies, sleeping bags and shelters or shelter construction materials. Postholes have been found in their SES, but they appear to have only support structures to block the wind rather than a full shelter; Still, relatively simple shelters would not leave much of a trace in the fossil record. and it can be assumed that we have only found the smallest fraction of these sites. The evidence of hearths has allowed us to reconstruct some of its open-air sites. Hearths were often made in the shape of a triangle. Sometimes certain activities were centered around certain stoves. made in one hearth, the bones were ground in another and cooked in the third.

Some fires were surrounded with limestone blocks to retain heat and some were dug into the ground. While others were covered with clay around these fires, game was intensely processed, many bones were broken to reach the marrow, and senu and antlers were extensively collected. It was around these fires that fox and deer teeth would have been made into jewelery and items might have been painted with red ochre. Just having a fire today is a bonding moment. cook food and workcrafts the same would have been true for the praying people just imagine a star filled night in the pristine wilderness of the Ice Age the elves these people certainly had the opportunity to see amazing things shelters able to survive in the coldest parts of Es it may have been built in winter, although caves may have been favored for this purpose.

Walls covering cave entrances may have been used along with a fire to keep the cave warm. Camping may have been more common during the warmer months, when simple sleeping bags or tents would have been used. sufficient for outdoor floors, living areas and hard areas are often covered with red ocher, the reason is unknown, it may have been for an aesthetic purpose or due to the use of the substance for other purposes. Rock shelters that are not caves, but generally Simply hanging rocks were often used to block wind, rain and snow, game animals were preferably carried charcoal or pieces to the shelter, although when large animals or entire herds were slaughtered temporary killing fields would have been built, one can only imagine how terrifying that would have been.

Having been defending a corpse from the beasts of the Ice Age, we must briefly mention what predators lived in its environment and what prey they attacked. Homo theum, also known as the simitar cat, had coexisted with our species since our humble origins in the heart of Africa. appear to have adapted to endurance racing in open environments, such as mammoth passage, they primarily targeted the vulnerable offspring of large mammals, such as mammoths, cave hyenas, an animal that has eaten many species, from erectus Until the Ander tals, it was mainly addressed to horses and occasionally to gait. bison, but they were usually outnumbered by bison and other large herbivores by the most fearsome creatures of the European Ice Age, cave lions.

Cave lions were enormous beasts that weighed more than some of the largest tigers, around 340 kg or 750 lb that they prayed about. anything they could move with their claws and sinking teeth. Deer, bison, and musx were common prey, as were young mammoths, woolly rhinos, and even cave bear cubs. They also frequently ate reindeer, meaning they were in direct competition with the ornamentation hunters of the Nai culture. They often made representations of lions, as we will see later. Leopards and jaguars also lived in Europe during the Late Isine, but were less common than other predators. Cave bears were perhaps the most dominant carnivore of the European Ice Age, weighing up to one kg or 2,200 lb.

Although fearsome and certainly deadly, they appear to have been primarily aerial, but humans may have had terrifying encounters with these animals while venturing into caves or wandering through the wild. Some hunters may have even entered caves to target these animals. A cave bear skull from 35,000 years ago. from Siberia was found with a puncture probably from the tip of a stone spear, although these hunters were unadorned, similar strategies may have been used. Other bears, such as the huraan brown bear and the paso bear, would also have encountered these people during the warmer months, the ancestors of modern bears.

Gray wolves were larger and would have been efficient pack hunters in the pass, some of these wolves may have been quite friendly to human hunters. During the ornamentation period, wolves may have begun the domestication process more than 30,000 years ago, placing this friendship within the ornamentation era. The extent of this relationship is unknown. Wolves and humans would have hunted and spent time together, but full-time codependency may have taken longer to develop some physical remains of early dogs. It may overlap with the organ period, although this is a hotly debated topic for a dog like Cranium. Found in the Goyet Caves dating back to 31.6180 years ago it was initially thought to have been a domesticated dog although mitochondrial DNA suggests it was part of an extinct lateral branch this dog may represent a failed attempt to domesticate a dog as The canid population genetics of modern and ancient dogs suggests that actual domesticated dogs did not appear until about 20,000 years ago, although this should probably be expanded when considering how long domestication may have taken.

I will save the topic of dog domestication for the next video in the series on Graciano. One of the reasons why prayer is considered such an important moment in human history is because of the cultural elements that we have found at its sites, The organizing sites were some of the first that made us realize that these people were not simply brutal cave people, but compassionate individuals with a capacity for aesthetic appreciation. It was originally thought that art and symbolism emerged in Europe before anywhere else, but we now know this to be false. Sites in Africa dating back almost 100,000 years show that these people were experimenting with pigments and making abstract carvings at other sites similar in time to the great orcs Nation Works show that the wave that left Africa about 70,000 years ago was already capable of modern human behaviors, including art.

This notion is supported by even older suoi rock art. Indonesia and contemporary works of art dated to Namibia, the basic ability and understanding of the representational arc was already present in our species a long time ago, but the organization was a time when this behavior was encouraged and flourished. Some often overlooked evidence that we must recognize regarding its symbolic behavior was the use of pigments can be made from several things, but the most common were red ocher charcoal and maganese oxide. These pigments have been found at many of their sites and were of course used to make their paintings, but beyond this, more enigmatic uses may have been important.

Red ocher is often seen as a medicine in contemporary indigenous societies. It may also have functioned as an insect repellent, sunscreen, body paint, or clothing dye, although body paint may seem trivial or useless to many indigenous societies. It is sacred, regardless of the Aboriginal tribe in Australia. People are not allowed to paint themselves for no reason or simply paint their own designs. Body painting is a strict process that follows many guidelines. This is due to the belief that the paintings represent spirits. of their ancestors, whom they of course hold in high esteem. Hopefully this example can understand that something as simple as a piece of red ocher in a European cave could have functioned as a very important aspect of ornamental society and from its direct remains we can see that many items were painted.

We will cover some of them later. Jewelry is another aspect of material culture that is often underestimated by anthropologists in the Paleolithic. It is considered a very important indicator of social and spiritual cultural elements in ancient times and even modernity. People's jewelry can have a very significant effect on their lives in modern times. Think about how important wedding rings are between two people. Even the act of giving your partner a piece of jewelry on certain occasions can be very important in historically uniting many forms of amulets. bracelets, earrings and more have even had spiritual or quite practical powers.

Jewelry was said to provide its wearers with protection from evil forces or give them greater strength, wit, or other characteristics. When talking about jewelry from prehistoric periods, we must recognize that these objects may have had very significant meaning. and serious meaning organ sites are filled with jewelry of many types bones antlers Ivory stone and shells were commonly used to make beads or pendants shell beads were common among Mediterranean sites various shells were often brought inland from the coast A wide variety of shells were used and holes were drilled or broken in them, presumably to allow some type of rope to tie them together, bone was another common material.

Animal teeth are found in numerous places. Holes were usually drilled in the root to produce a bead or pendant. Many different animal teeth were used. particularly carnivore teeth, the canine teeth of the wolf and fox were commonly used, while the bear and cave lion were also used occasionally. The use of such powerful animal weapons may immediately make you imagine their significance, perhaps a wolf's tooth was believed to provide resistance to a hunter, while a cave bear's could impart strength. Large teeth of herbivores such as those of horses or Bice were also used to some extent and often reindeer canines were used, on rare occasions even human teeth were used.

Spring human teeth have been found in four French sites. It is unknown whether these teeth fell out naturally, although it is likely that they were taken from dead individuals, as they made jewelry from teeth and a variety of animals, it is not surprising that the remains of humans were sometimes chosen in Southern European jewelry made from teeth was less common as shells were used more frequently, although some artists endeavored to create imitation horse teeth from antlers and bones, which may suggest that these artists were willing to go to great lengths to create These important items are found in Swabia, a small region in southern Germany.

Many ivory objects have been found. Four caves in the area may have served as mammoth ivory workshops. Beads were more or less systematically mass produced. The fangs were divided and then shaped into rods. They were cut into blanks of similar size, then a hole was cut and finely polished into a bead. Many of them had double perforations. They may have functioned as a type of drawstring fastener to tighten clothing or simply as jewelry. These types of beads are relatively unique to the region of France. Ivory basket-shaped beads were used, while in Belgium rings were common, this may suggest different cultural or even linguistic groups within the broader prayer culture. .

In modern Hun-gatherer societies, different styles of ornamentation are associated with linguistic groups unique to the Swabian region. Many masterfully crafted figures have been found in six caves in southern Germany. Many figurines, jewelry and even musical instruments have been discovered. The excavation of the Vogal herd cave recovered more than a dozen ivory figures. All shapes are unique and a good number of them clearly represent the known. about six of them represent mammoths, five appear to be felids, a graceful horse, a bear, bison and what could be a human being, most of these animals are quite dangerous animals and certainly physically powerful, some of the objects appear to have been transported for a long time. time and were handled frequently, this may support that they were relatively practical items rather than just used for ceremonies, as some have speculated that most of them are portable and would have been easy to transport.

They show a high degree of shapes with precise anatomical aspects as well as seemingly stylized aspects. Marks and plot lines and a variety of figures may have had symbolic meaning or are simply part of the design. These marks could even tell us what these animals would have looked like in reality. In life the markings on this lion's head could represent a mane, while the spots on this cat appear to have been seen. The felids of the Vogal pack are exclusive from other figures, as they show different behaviors. Your AF is tense. Some of their mouths are open and all of their ears are erect. the animals appear to be alert and cautious, the possibly aggressive fed examples contrast with the other animals found in the cave, particularly the mammoths, the mammoths appear quite neutral in their expression, furthermore the mammoth always appears to be reserved in closed postures, while The felids are represented open with their elongated arms. long body and limbs, this is a theme seen in many of these figures.

Herbivores are generally seen as closed and neutral, while carnivores are more open and display different behaviors. The horse, being herbivorous, is the only animal that breaks this trend with its long, extended neck. the limbs show a fairly extroverted shape the behavior demonstrated is very similar to introductions specific aggression possibly a stallion thatimpresses females this behavior is common in the modern presolski horse one of the last truly wild horse species and the closest living representation of Ice Age horses representations of these animals in different positions suggest that people of the ornamentation saw certain animals in their environment beyond their economic value;

Their world was not only a collection of various resources that could be used for their survival, but their perception of their environment was full of complex relationships between the living and living beings. The symbolic nature of this idea is affirmed when we look at artworks of human-animal hybrids. Several figures have been found that appear to have human and animal features, but none more significant than the figure of lven mench or in English, the figure of the lion man. This figure was also found. in the Swabian region and perhaps the oldest prayer figurine, it was carved from a mammoth tusk with flint tools compared to other ornamentation figurines, it is made with the same skill considering it may be one of the figurines older, it is interesting that this level of skill was present so early, given that B bone projectile points were already commonly used at the time, it may be that bone working skills were widespread, but what was being developing was artistic skill.

The Lion Man is quite large compared to other figures and is quite well preserved afterwards. It was reconstructed with additional material in 2013, all limbs and facial elements can be clearly seen, although pieces are still missing. The material around the pelvis is quite incomplete, which sparked debates about whether the figure was actually a female European lioness and cave lions appear to have had little or no Mains, so no determination could be made with the relatively complete lion head, there was also the possibility that the human part of the figure could be male, while the head could be that of a lioness, regardless of the fact that it is currently impossible to determine the sex A similar but less complete figure was discovered and smaller in the nearby entire Fels Cave, suggesting that these people were part of a relatively homogeneous culture.

The presence of theanthropic representations of human felids is extremely significant, especially considering that these are some of the oldest known examples. of portable art, interpreting a figure of this type is quite difficult, although many hypotheses can be suggested. A popular interpretation of the figure is that it is evidence of shamanism. Shamanism is a widespread religious practice, especially among hunter-gatherer societies. A study that tested 33 groups of contemporary hunting cultures. On four continents he discovered that 70% of people believed in shamanism. The practice involves shamans interacting with the spiritual world, often through altered states of consciousness. The goal of shamanism is usually to get ancestral spirits or spiritual energies to interact with the physical world and obtain benefits. access to shared knowledge can be used to heal individuals offer advice give answers or help humans in any way imaginable Shamanism often acts as a mechanism to reinforce social norms and social bonds Shamans themselves act as spiritual healers ERS and workers social events that may have offered physical and emotional healing to these groups, which in turn helped the survival of the entire group.

Shamanism is often strongly rooted in the natural world, with plants and animals often being a common theme. Shamans from cultures around the world often dress in animal skins and animal heads to gain spiritual power from these beings. The Lion Man figure could represent a shaman dressed as a lion or a real idealized human lion hybrid. ; He stands in a relatively neutral manner, although he may be on the tips of his toes, suggesting that he may have been dancing as a shaman. Could the figure also be related to animism? The belief that animals, objects, and even words possess a spiritual Essence.

Everything possesses some degree of this Essence and there may be no distinction from the spiritual or physical world. Some studies have suggested that animism may be the oldest trait of religion. Given that religion is such a widespread phenomenon in human societies, these early notions of animism were probably present in our ancestors before they left Africa. . The belief in a future life. It is possible that it arose after this, and shamanism naturally followed the figure of Lon Man. It is possible that he did not do it. It has been directly related to shamanism, but it is quite likely that it was related to animism.

The creation of this figure would have required many hours of careful carving. Ivory is a very dense material and the size of this figure does not make a modern replica any easier. was created and it was discovered that simply removing the tusk from the probacidian skull took around 10 hours with stone tools, the basic modeling took around 200 hours, while the complete creation required around 320 hours of skilled work. The work done on this figure is an important aspect of its importance: it was not a small toy made on a lazy afternoon; It took weeks, if not months, to complete.

Why did hunter-gatherers, who apparently had busy lives finding food difficult, spent so much time carving a seemingly meaningless figure, clearly this forearm? This large figure was much more than the representation of a lion: it was a connection with a world unreachable during the day, a bridge to a spiritual land that governed everything, for these people this object could have been as essential as the spikes with which they used their spears or the clothes that kept them warm another figure that deserves the same attention as that of the lion man would be the Venus of all Fels this figure or perhaps better known as a necklace was also discovered discovered in Swabia is the figure of oldest true Venus discovered and is the only one of the period or Nation, it is also the oldest undisputed example of a human being in figurative art.

Venus figures generally depict corpulent women, often with large breasts and distinctive volvas, while their other features are mostly absent. Many of these figures are found in later Europe. periods and undoubtedly had a significant meaning for these cultures in figurines from later periods, a correlation has even been established between the obesity of these figurines in relation to the glacial fronts, the closer to the glacial fronts the more obese the figurines were made, this perhaps indicates that obesity might have been valued in some of these Ice Age cultures. Being obese in any hunting group in society is difficult and it may have been important to pack on some fat before a harsh winter.

Other ivory figures were found in entire Fells, as well as a small waterfowl. This figurine is very unique from the Paleolithic. Another figurine, the head of an animal often considered a horse, turned out to be a bear. With the recent discovery of its corresponding body, another rather phallic object was also found throughout Fels, but we'll get to that. We will get to that later, continuing with the theme of Venus, that of H Fels is not the only one of the time, another statuette discovered in Austria is also considered a Venus, the Galgenberg Venus dates back to about 36,000 years ago, which makes it contemporary with the work of Todo FS this small female statue has a rather elegant shape and is made of a bright green serpentine rock.

I was lucky enough to be able to see this figure along with the famous Venus of Willendorf in the natural history museum in Vienna, although I consider it to be quite small. To be one of the most beautiful works of the Upper Paleolithic, the woman depicted is in an upright posture with one hand on her hip and the other. Towards the sky, the posture could indicate a dance movement, a trans state or even a woman worshiping what stands out. chest It may indicate that this representation is naked, if so it affirms that its namesake is a Venus.

The Galgenberg Venus can be compared to another possibly older piece of wearable art that was also discovered. In Swabia, in the G and Clo Cave, a small rectangular plate of mammoth ivory was carved into a strange shape due to the arms apparently extended, it has been called the worshiper or the worshiper, unfortunately the plaque is rather poorly preserved, although a humanoid figure can be identified. Seen, it is possible that the figure was actually a human-animal hybrid, although we cannot say this in any way. It has some similarities with Galgenberg's Venus. On the back of the relief there are a total of 88 notches arranged in several groups.

This number correlates with the number of days in three lunar cycles and also approximately the same number of days when the Jew Beetle star disappeared from view each year the 9-month period in which Orion was visible in the sky coincides with the duration of human pregnancy the moment from conception to the reappearance of the constellation could have been a method of ensuring that a newborn could survive a tough winner, although this interpretation may be because researchers are investigating it too much, it is not absurd to suggest that these people had a connection with the constellations that shine in their lives.

In the nights of the Ice Age, the evidence is by no means a fact, but it is worth exploring these types of interpretations by returning to Fels as a whole, a polished phallic stone with an engraved ring around its tip is found among the oldest representations of male genitalia ever discovered. It has some wear associated with Flint's nap, although its natural size and shape also indicate that it may have been used for other purposes. Similar objects from later periods show no signs of the Flint nap, so it is likely to have had multiple uses; dates back to around 28,000 years, which is around 10,000 years younger than the complete Venus of Fels, could these objects have some kind of cultural connection?

It is difficult to say that other objects have been found in organ layers and appear more frequently in post-Fus cultures of the The shelter of Blanchard Rock was made from an orox orbis and horncore another tip of a Fus made from linstone was also found in France It is possible that these objects were related to a fertility cult present in their culture. It is also possible that they had a simpler form and more utilitarian function, although these elements are generally kept out of sight and are not usually talked about publicly in Today, this type of modesty is a fairly recent cultural development.

If you are familiar with Roman art or culture, you may know that fallacies are very common. symbol I was able to visit Pompeii last year and was surprised to discover that fallacies are literally everywhere on road walls, above doors, and in bread ovens. The fallacies found in the layers of ornamentation appear to represent circumcised subjects, although many can perceive this procedure. As a relatively recent invention, it was practiced by many unconnected ancient societies, including the Incas, the Aztecs, the ancient Egyptians, the Southeastern Islanders, and the Australian aborigines. In a film by Australian filmmaker Malcolm Douglas, he documented a ritual carried out by an Aboriginal tribe for years that young children are taught about.

The many myths and beliefs of their tribe are then painted with a ritual design and, after hours of singing and dancing, they are held by their relatives while the procedure is performed. Fortunately, in this example it was done with a razor blade, but it was done years ago. with a sharp shell after the procedure that only men can see, they made to go to the men's camp and many taboos are imposed on them for weeks after everything is said and done, their previous state, which was the same as the one they are now It elevates a woman to a much more dominant position as a man.

Circumcision is clearly used in this society as a coming-of-age ceremony. We know that it has been practiced in several hunting societies for similar reasons and is widespread in the modern world, some representations in prayer. and in later periods they suggest that this procedure may have been performed in Upper Paleolithic Europe, although our evidence is circumstantial. Bone flutes are another form of evidence that these people had a developed culture. Eight flutes have been found in three different caves in Germany and France along with ornamentations. Most of the tools were made from already hollow bird bones. Two were made of much harder ivory.

These flutes were split, hollowed and rejoined and then finger holes were carved. The most complete flute discovered wasmade from a vulture bone and was 20 cm long with five fingers. holes these instruments could have been used in a variety of ways, simple melodies to pass the time around the fire or more elaborate interpretations such as AIDS and rituals to put people in a trans state. I really wish I could go back in time and see how and when objects that appear to have been bone whistles were used, they have also been found in Orak. They are made from deer toe bones and have a hole drilled into them.

They could have been whistles used for hunting, but interestingly the Inuit created identical objects. purce fangs except for the creation of small effigies or dolls some other strange objects have been found that can be interpreted symbolically fossils have been found from the time of the Bellon knes dinosaurs in their sights these conical objects do not seem to have had a very practical purpose, Although Neanderthals also had them on their sites for some reason, a well-preserved bison skull from an open-air site in France may have symbolic or ritual connotations. The skull once belonged to an elderly male who was killed by ornament hunters.

The strange preservations suggest that the skull may have been kept and preserved as a kind of trophy. The abundance of bison in organ art may attest to the use of this item as symbolic. The context of the deposition suggests that he may have been hung on a pole. of some sort that has now been integrated, we've covered basically all the evidence of portable art we've found dating to the organ period, but fortunately it's just the tip of its symbolic Iceberg. Communal monuments, as we know, were not present in the European Upper Paleolithic. rather, the caves were the center of community meetings and projects.

The caves undoubtedly had significant meaning for these people. They were holes in the Earth itself that could save lives or end them. Humans were not the only animals that used caves. The cave bear, the cave hyena and the cave lion. They found refuge within their protective walls, but these animals could be hunted as we know humans at various times. The connection these animals had to these shared spaces may have contributed to their importance to the nation or people. The mighty bear was susceptible to cold winds just like the human hunter, the proud lions, desired clues to devour their prey in a world of wandering nomads.

The caves would have been important checkpoints between what would have seemed an endless sea of ​​tundra. It is possible that, indeed, different family groups would have stayed in the same cave when their roots. These chance encounters may have been the origin of new births, the trade of tools and the development of new cultural elements. These revus may have been planned between multiple bands to celebrate cultural or spiritual events. These fruitful times may have been times when elaborate paintings were made. On the walls of these sacred places, the masterpiece of national art org comes from the Chave cave in the south of France, even before entering the ice cave.

AG The hunters would have seen the comb of the arch, a 160 ft or 49 m high natural arch that would have looked similar more than 40,000 years ago, just a short walk away is the entrance to the cave. The cave is approximately 820 feet or 250 m long at some points it is 56 m or 17 feet high and some chambers are 230 feet or 70 m wide throughout the expansive cave. 420 images have been discovered before covering the content of these images Let us first enjoy these works without interpretation. The talent shown in some of these depictions is truly extraordinary. The most beautiful paintings, such as lions or horses, were almost certainly done by specialists.

These artists may have played powerful roles in their culture, such as perhaps being shamans or healers, although don't let those terms give you the idea that we know which sex made these paintings; In fact, both sexes may have worked in the Firit Cave, a 2013 study of finger lengths and templates of Upper Paleolithic hands found in France and Spain determined that the majority were female hands, overturning the belief. widespread belief that this art forum was primarily a male activity. Charcoal fragments suggest that torches and campfires were lit relatively close to the panels. Smokeless wood, such as pine, was used so as not to produce a lot of smoke.

A variety of pigments were used in the caves, such as ocher and charcoal. Of the 420 images, more than 70 lions and 70 mammoths can be found. 12 other species found on the walls of the cave include horses, rhinos, bison, bears, orox, leopards, an owl, megaloceros and ibeck of the animal representations, lions being some of the most notable. 16 lions are depicted side by side in what appears to be a hunting scene. The lions are alert and painted with exceptional anatomical detail, the artist must have seen lions relatively up close often enough to paint such a scene. The lions face seven bison and more herbivores, including a large-footed mammoth.

To the left of this panel are depictions of many rhinos, strangely many longhorns. They are painted side by side, this may have been to show a herd standing side by side or to show some type of movement. These rhinos also have a black band around their midsection. Other similar examples have been found in the cave possibly suggesting this strange pattern. They adorn their fur and life, to their left there are some lions and a reindeer with their back to the rhinos. To the right of this entire panel is a very interesting representation of Venus, the painting of the lower half of a human woman sitting next to a bison and a lion in a hanging stone formation, the pubic triangle is clearly represented with a clear volva and legs that are very reminiscent of the figures of Venus.

The lion and bison on top may represent a hybrid creature or possibly the connection between a human and symbolic spirit, whichever the case may be. It is fascinating that no human representation can be found in the entire cave except the lower half of a woman's body. This example attests to the importance of symbolism in their culture. Another striking panel consists of Oro horses and two fighting rhinos. It's not just these horses. some of the most beautiful in rock art, but this depiction of rhinos is extremely unique, scattered around the cave are many other works of art, this depiction of two lions.

It may depict a male and female lion mating with a cave bear and a small field painting and red ocher stand. side by side, the spots on the panther probably suggest this is what its fur looked like in Life or the spots on this animal, which may be a bear or a hyena, may represent thicker fur, let me know at the comments below, right? I think it's a bear or a hyena. I'm not so sure. The outlines of two bears, probably cave bears, based on the slope of their foreheads, are quite aesthetically pleasing. A large dot panel found on a wall was painted with a person's palm.

The pattern suggests that it may represent a mammoth, although it is difficult to say that an owl and a horse were engraved on the cave wall with a unique technique, but it is still similar to the other representations. A drawing that was later overlaid with a sketch of a deer looks like a volcano spewing lava. Volcanoes were active in the region at the time. This might be the oldest known work we have of a volan volcano or eruption. The handprints found in the cave are the only signatures of individuals. This particular handprint stands out. It was done by placing the hand down. and as pigment was blown on it, it was blown onto the black outline of a mammoth.

What could be the meaning of this Mark? A sign of worship to the mighty Mammoth. A desire to gain powers from the Spirit of the Mammoth. We will never know when rock art is typically depicted. In pop culture, hunting scenes are often the first thing that comes to mind. The hunters surround a beast full of spears. In reality, the art of most prehistoric periods lacked actual scenes of humans hunting animals, even on the other side of the world where rock and rock art was common. It was made about 40,000 years ago, the first things depicted were animals, but there are still no hunting scenes.

The lack of representations of such an important aspect of these people's lives is possibly because hunting was sacred and depicting it may have gone against social taboos. I think people greatly underestimate him. How strict many of these hunter-gatherer societies really are, almost everything is governed by taboo and tradition, the practice of hunting may have followed strict rules, this would not be surprising considering that hunting often requires a bit of luck, which which allows superstition to run rampant in the same way. you can wear a specific jersey for your team to win on Sunday. These people may have taken social precautions that had to be followed in order for their prey to surrender.

In fact, this was a belief held by some Native American tribes that animals. They would actually give themselves up rather than the hunter taking them. This can open your mind to the truly complex relationships that humans had with the animals of the past. They were not simply resources to be exploited nor were they completely symbolic creatures. Almost no deer or reindeer are found in chave although they made up an important part of their diet, instead they were dominated by powerful animals that were not even necessarily hunted frequently or at all, the last thing I found in this cave that I find particularly fascinating was this naked skull sitting on a pedestal located in a chamber obscura the white skull quickly catches your attention this same skull remained here for over 27,000 years, possibly over 32,000, the most significant events in our history occurred when this relic remained sealed behind the rock and soil around it of another 50 skulls and a variety of animal remains. are found in the cave its generally unknown origin the cave is a testament to the human imagination even almost 40,000 years ago these people felt the need to venture into the depths of the Earth to unleash their relentless thoughts of stealthy lions and in my opinion, the graceful horses on cave walls are some of the most beautiful art ever created by our species and almost certainly some of the best art of the Upper Paleolithic, although there are other aspects of prayer cave art in France just 200 miles away.

An engraving of a Volva dating back more than 37,000 years has been found. It is part of a block that fell from the ceiling at this time, meaning it is older than this date, but probably dates to the prayer due to the theme depicted in Gr. The stone slabs of Fumane with Imes from which essentially our stick figures have been found, are in very poor condition, but one appears to represent a half-man, half-animal figure possibly wearing a mask on another is a strange circle symbol while that others may be animals in the In the Castle cave, some of the oldest paintings in the world were found in 2012, a red disk dates back to 40,800 years, while a handprint is around 37,000 years old.

Other paintings in this cave, such as this bison, may also belong to later years of the Organ Occupation in the Kib Booya cave in Romania, we find some of the oldest paintings in Central Europe. The cave had several black drawings of horses, bison, bears and rhinos. One point I want to mention about some of these relatively simple drawings is how difficult it actually is. To make one, they may have practiced in sand on bark, as the aborigines used to use, or possibly hid, going to the Alamira Cave, many beautiful images made by the Magdalenian culture have been found, but a 2012 study found that some of the images actually dated back to more than 36,000 years ago, the outline of a horse and a mace-shaped symbol dating from this period.

This is interesting because it means that future Magdalenian artists, almost 20,000 years later, would be painting alongside much older works, which makes one wonder if these people had any idea how much older the works of this organization were. It amazes me to think that some hunter painted a horse in this cave and 20,000 years later, another group of hunter gatherers with a relatively similar lifestyle decided to create some of their own art. In a world so different from these people, in just 66 years we went from the first powered flight to man's landing on the moon. We are so accustomed to innovation that many cannot even understand how long we depended on the sharp edges of stone to sustain us.fed I often hear people online argue that if humans have been around for 300,000 years, why hasn't there been any advanced civilization in the deep past?

This is a reasonable question, but it is born from our own ethnocentrism, which means that we are applying our own ethnocentrism. values ​​and worldview for people who didn't know something like getting a better product every year, most of these people's technology was taught to them strictly by adults, things worked as they should and innovation was often unnecessary, breakthroughs occurred more important such as the development of new flint nap techniques or the introduction of the bow and arrow, but these inventions were objects of chance, people generally did not venture outside of tradition with so few people and many focused on subsistence , these opportunities were rare and innovation moved at a snail's pace, yet these people lived extraordinary lives of vigorous tradition and expressed human nature to its fullest extent.

Another important aspect of this culture was the possible ceremonies or gatherings that they had in both the German region of Swabia and the French region of Dorone that appear to have had aggregation sites that may have had multiple bands. They meet annually to celebrate important events or simply to enjoy each other's company. Hunter-gatherer groups generally only consist of a few families or about two dozen individuals. These groups are usually linked with more distant relatives to form a larger population of around 100 people. at sites in swabia and dorone it appears that this number of people visited occasionally these events may have been an important time for socializing sharing knowledge teaching mutual skills and reinforcing cultural understandings the existence of many artistic elements such as figurines musical instruments and other shamanistic elements may indicate that ceremonies or rituals were carried out.

They may have been linked to the seasons. Some animal deity or the passage of important members during prayer. Barium was not a common fair practice. One site is an exception at the Qua Morin site in a complex burial ritual was documented in Spain. The site contains four burials, although positive casts of the bodies were preserved instead of skeletal remains. This makes the evidence a bit enigmatic, although it still needs to be investigated further. One of them was the best preserved of these burials. lying on his side in an extended position, his head and feet were completely removed from the body, a small ulich was placed curled up over the torso and head, perhaps a deer or a red deer, other unidentifiable organic grave goods were also placed next to the head. like a quartzite sheet, a smaller animal was placed on the legs, then the hole was filled and smeared with red ocher and then set on fire.

Such a particular burial is interesting considering that this is one of the only evidences of burial of the prayer. It is important to note that this comes from the end of the sentence, suggesting that the burial practice originated near the transition to Gravettian culture, which would fully develop the practice at this site. It may support the idea that the burial took place at the end of the prayer during this time. most people were probably not buried and for most of the prayer burial may have been completely absent. This is not to say that these people did not participate in fair activities, just that the customs they might have followed left no evidence in the Sky archaeological record.

Burials are still common in Tibet, which is the practice of leaving human corpses in the open to allow scavengers and the elements to carry away the body. Similar fair practices may have been carried out by these people. Another aspect of humanity that cannot be overlooked is our violent tendencies. Stereotypical notions of the Stone Age often include relentless violence between bands of hungry hunter-gatherers. Equally biased notions often describe tribes gathered by hunters as completely peaceful and egalitarian; Of course, neither of these ideas is entirely true and each indigenous society exists on a spectrum between constant violence and lasting peace.

From our direct evidence, it appears that hunter-gatherer societies in the Upper Paleolithic were considerably more peaceful than later violent Neolithic societies. This can be adequately explained by the size of the population. Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers generally had very small population sizes, since As I mentioned earlier, what limited these populations was not competition between groups but rather the fight for survival in the first place. There were certainly plenty of animals to go around, although conflicts over prime hunting grounds may have occasionally occurred. There is also no evidence of any conflict like this. we have only one example of violence: a skull from the SE Cavina cave in Romania was clearly struck with a club-like instrument several times, resulting in the death of one victim.

The skull fractures are not consistent with a fall or injury due to ceiling debris, the location of the fractures suggest that the blow came from a face-to-face confrontation or perhaps the victim was kneeling in an execution manner. Overall, the evidence is consistent with severe interpersonal violence, meaning that these individuals probably knew each other and belonged to the same group, of course, we cannot rule out intrapersonal violence. The authors of the article state that an interpersonal conflict is the best supported hypothesis, whatever the case. This evidence shows that homicide was among the behavioral repertoire of the Nation's people.

This is not too surprising. Due to the existence of this behavior throughout human history, even deeper into the Middle and even Lower Paleolithic, violence certainly occurred at times of prayer, although we do not know the context of this violence or the extent, in any case. , we must remember that they were people like us and had a conscience, violence would have been a traumatic experience, although it may have had a place in the world of the OR Nation. The people of the org Nation were highly specialized hunter-gatherers, like many others of the time, they followed highly mobile animals and gathered what everyone could while making captive art along the way as the Millennia continued, the changing environment allowed The people of the Middle Nation became less mobile as flora and fauna became more locally available, this worked well until declining climatic and environmental conditions caused Europe to become much colder and drier from About 33,000 years ago the organ culture would decline in population and distribution in the East, a new culture was forming and this culture was able to adapt to the new challenging conditions that had been the coldest Europe since modern times.

Humans arrived, the Orgn culture would survive in isolated regions for a few more thousand years, but the Gracians mostly replaced them about 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian people were genetically descended from the people of the Org nation, but primarily from eastern populations. The culture would mean the end of many lineages of populations living throughout Western and Southern Europe, as well as a decline in anderol DNA. Although it is unfortunate that we lost these populations, some of their descendants would thrive and modern Europeans have faint reminders. From these people in their DNA, the culture of prayer emerged and thrived in an extremely challenging world full of changes with its new innovative technology and imaginative symbolic elements that were able to spread widely and replace the revered Neander TS.

They were the pioneers of upper Europe. Paleolithic and should be remembered as very significant. This is just the first episode of a series I'm doing on the European Upper Paleolithic. Next we will cover the even more innovative Gravettian culture that learned to thrive during an extremely cold period. Then we will cover the Saluton and Epigravetian culture and finally the Magdalenian, if you like long documentaries about ancient people, watch videos about the Fome, the Clovis people or any of the videos I made about ancient human species, don't forget to watch #2 . For sweet clothes I have a good number of options there and I'm sure you'll love them.

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