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All of PHYSICS PAPER 2 in 25 mins - GCSE Science Revision Mindmap AQA

Mar 08, 2024
Let's try to go over everything you need to know for the GCSE

physics

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- I'll be dealing with forces, momentum and moments, as well as waves and magnetic fields, and you can download the PDF version of this from Science Shorts Net so I can follow it. I have a space included and lenses on this because it's usually just for triple

science

people and there's quite a bit in there so it's on a separate mind map, if you want to go to that click the link in the description or on the card . In the end, first things first, there are two different types of measures or variables, there are scalars and vectors.
all of physics paper 2 in 25 mins   gcse science revision mindmap aqa
Scalars are variables that only have magnitude or size, which is just a number like mass, distance, speed and temperature, for example, vectors, on the other hand, have magnitude and direction. like displacement which is the vector version of distance, velocity which is the vector version of velocity, force and momentum, very often we deal with vectors that are in opposite directions, in that case one must be positive and the other negative and regardless of what type of vectors they are. We can always find the resultant or general vector of many vectors by adding them and we do this by simply placing them from top to bottom if they are on the same line as we just said, let's say we have something running at four meters. per second or the wind in the opposite direction is one meter per second, which means the resulting vector will be plus three meters per second.
all of physics paper 2 in 25 mins   gcse science revision mindmap aqa

More Interesting Facts About,

all of physics paper 2 in 25 mins gcse science revision mindmap aqa...

If we are dealing with 2D vectors then we need to go over them and follow them, hopefully they will be at right angles to each other and then we can use Pythagoras to find the resulting vector and that is just the vector that goes from the beginning to the end of all the vectors, up and down together and we can find vectors from angles, that's trigonometry, this is usually just for triple people and even then it doesn't come up much if you had a vector like this ten Newton here but you want to find a component that means how much goes vertical or horizontal, for example, then we can use trigonometry using right triangles or if you know my quick vector trick, then we can multiply it by the cosine of the angle or the sine of the angle, depending on which one we're trying to find.
all of physics paper 2 in 25 mins   gcse science revision mindmap aqa
I guess I don't know how to spell resultant. but anyway the components are always smaller than the result, since that means we're going to multiply by cos of the angle or sine of the angle and we have all kinds of different forces, aren't we pushing, lifting, friction, air resistance? , they are all what we call contact forces, then we have electrostatic and magnetic weight forces that are not contact, for example, the weight, by the way, is calculated by the mass in kilograms multiplied by the intensity of the gravitational field G 9.81 the work done is just a fancy name for the energy transferred by a force and that is equal to force times distance traveled so V is equal to FD you may know it as W but I like EE because They are just joules of energy, after all Hookes' law has to do with springs, therefore F is equal to ke, k is the spring constant or stiffness and E is the extension.
all of physics paper 2 in 25 mins   gcse science revision mindmap aqa
Don't forget that this can be a practice, so in that case just make sure your ruler is set with the zero aligned with the bottom of the spring, then we add a hundred grams, let's say it's usually just the hanger and then we measure the extension and then we increase the mass until say 500 grams and then we see what the extension is for each one and we have to make sure that our eye is aligned with the spring and the ruler and we have the ruler close to the spring also to reduce the parallax error let's move on to the movement, we have graphs of distance and time and the gradient gives you the speed if it is a straight diagonal line, we have a constant speed, in my case the gradient increases that means the speed increases, we draw a tons of speed graph of this well, we can see that the speed is constantly increasing.
The gradient of a velocity and time graph gives you acceleration, obviously I shouldn't have written V. I should have written one instead, don't worry, it's fixed in the mind map, but there's one more. What we can get is to find the area under the graph and that gives us the distance traveled or the displacement. Newton's laws of motion, there are three. The first law is that the motion of an object remains constant if there is no external force. I must say that it turns out an external force. force acting on it, in other words without force there is no acceleration, the second law is F equals MA, it tells you what happens when there is a resultant force, of course that means we have acceleration, just remember that if there is no resultant force, that doesn't necessarily mean that in something stationary like a parachutist at terminal velocity there is no resultant force because air resistance is equal and opposite to weight, but they are still going very fast at a constant speed, so the first and second law are opposite to each other, only one of can be true in a situation, but the third law is this for every action which means force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force, this is not the same as balanced forces , this is always true and always at play if you are falling. towards the earth, it doesn't matter what the air resistance is doing, the point is that the earth is pulling you towards it, but the third law says that you are actually also pulling on the earth, that is the difference between the third law and the first. for you and the second law is practical, what we do is we have a cart on a track and we have a pulley with a rope that connects it to some slotted masses that hang over the edge, we have some light gates that are then attached to say a data logger. that can calculate the acceleration for us and in this case it's best to start with the maximum mass and then remove the slotted masses, but we need to make sure we put the masses on the carriage when we're done with them.
Because? Because we need the the total mass of everything that is accelerated remains the same, not only is the car accelerated, it is also the masses themselves, so the independent variable is the weight of the slotted masses which is equal to mg, as we said, The dependent variable is acceleration which controls a few things here. make sure we have a constant total mass, like we said, the same distance between similar doors because you probably won't have a constant acceleration along a track, use the same car, that means it has the same mass and it also means it will have the same same friction with It is important to remember the wheels to make sure the cart passes through the second light gate before the masses hit the ground, otherwise it will stop accelerating and your results will now be fine.
Let's go on to state that these are Newton's different equations of motion. of the laws of motion, you don't need to remember them, they will always give them to you, so they are not vehicles here. U plus 80 s equals UT plus half T squared. Now if you have to use this one, and quite often you will usually be 0, that means UT disappears, so we end up with just s equals half a and T squared the other v squared equals u squared plus 2a s and s is equal to u plus B over 2 times T actually that last one is Basically distance is equal to average speed multiplied by time, so in a way speed is equal to distance over time and we use this to accelerate objects.
If things are going at a constant speed, we don't need to use SI VAT, but if things are speeding up or slowing down. Below we use Suvat's equations, so with any question that uses Suva we need to write out our variables. We need to write what they equal. Sometimes they won't give you real numbers. Sometimes they will tell you that it falls under gravity. In that case you know that a is 9.8 meters per second squared and if it is a fall then that means the initial velocity will be 0 s is displacement let's say here they give you 10 meters V is final velocity let's say we are not using that at all and we want to know the time, so I put a question mark next to it, so in this case I want to find an equation that doesn't have Veon and the only one is low and behold. is equal to UT plus half of T squared U is zero which means UT disappears which means s is equal to half of T squared now I need to rearrange it to find T and make it the subject by doing step a step up to s equals AG squared double everything, that means two s divided by a equals T squared and then we can just do square root to find T at the end so time equals square root of 2 s over a, this is intensified or not, if we have something that is thrown, it would be thrown sideways horizontally, like if something were thrown off a cliff, for example, we call it projectile motion and we have acceleration in this case, but only vertically, so it is demanded for a vertical movement, but we do not use it for horizontally, we only use speed equal to distance in time.
The only thing that is the same between horizontal and vertical is time, so sometimes you will be asked to find out time using suvat and then put it into the horizontal equation. to find how far it goes just be careful, the speed at which something falls horizontally off a cliff is not the initial speed U for vertical, so know that U is still zero in this case because it just moves sideways as moving away from the cliff, the impulse is equal to mV. Some people use the symbol P for impulse. You can think of momentum as how hard it is to stop an object.
Total momentum is always conserved, meaning that the total momentum in any collision or something is equal to the total momentum outside. Be careful, momentum is a vector so we need to take into account the pros and cons depending on which direction the object is moving, so here is a cannon and this is it before anything happens, there is no momentum , meaning that once it is fired, the cannonball moves. way and the cannon recoils in the other direction, this still cannot be any general impulse, how is it possible? Well, it's because they have momentum that is equal and opposite, therefore they add up to zero, so in this specific case we can say that mass times the speed of the gun is equal to mass times the speed of the bullet. cannon, the unit is kilogram meters per second, so let's say the cannonball has a momentum of plus 10 kilograms meters per second, which means the cannonball has to have minus 10, of course, a cannon in March. have a much greater mass, so their speed will be much lower than that of the cannibals.
Force and momentum are very closely related and according to this equation force is equal to momentum or rather the change in momentum, so I just put MV here to divide. for time, that means that a greater force results in a faster change of momentum, conversely, a faster change of momentum needs a greater force and this leads very well to braking distance. The braking distance is equal to the thinking distance plus the braking distance because when you want to stop your car, you have to lose all your momentum at the end thanks to the friction and the brake pads and between the wheels on the road, we We see at 60 miles an hour, if you lose momentum for a long time, then you really don't.
You feel a huge force but if you hit the clamp you will lose all your momentum in a very short time, dividing it by a very small time gives you a huge force and you know from experience the braking distance depends on the road condition or the tires. You're thinking that distance depends on things like distractions, your tiredness, drugs, alcohol, the most important factor, of course, is speed. If your speed doubles then you're thinking the distance doubles, but your braking distance doesn't double, it quadruples and this is because you have four. times more kinetic energy because EK is equal to 1/2 MV squared.
Moments are turning forces so a moment also known as torque is equal to force times distance but that distance is the distance from the force to the pivot so here is just one example of a pivot rocker In the middle we have a weight at one end which is our force of 10 Newtons and it is a distance of half a meter and a pivot, which means that the moment is 10 times 0.5, that is 5 Newton meters for a object or system like this seesaw is in equilibrium which means not rotating at least not starting to rotate the sum of the clockwise moments must be equal to the sum of the counterclockwise moments This weight is a clockwise moment because if the seesaw was allowed to swing then it would rotate clockwise no.
To balance it we need a weight on the other side but let's say I only have one weight of 20 Newton, where should it be placed correctly? It needs to be placed twice as close to the pivot and the other weight because we need its Momentum needs to also be equal to 5 Newton meters, so 20 times 0.25 that gives us that 5 Newton meters pressure. Hopefully, you're up to speed with pressure on solids equaling force divided by area pressurein a gas, it is something different from what usually arises only in particles, but the pressure in liquids is something special, often this is only four times the unit of pressure is Newtons per square meter, which is also known as Pascal, but if we talk about liquids like the hydraulic system, it is a liquid inside sealed pipes. with pistons etc. then what we find is that the pressure is the same everywhere, let's say the area of ​​the piston on the left is 0.1 square meters and it is pushed with 50 Newtons, but the piston on the right it has half that area, so how do you do it?
We find out the force with which the second piston is pushed. We know that the pressure is the same everywhere, so we can say that the force divided by the area for the first piston is equal to the force divided by the area for the second piston, so by plugging in the numbers, find that the force is going to be double, so it's a hundred Newtons, let's move on to the waves. Waves are smart because they transfer energy without transferring matter, in other words, without transferring things, it's just that the energy passes through. There were two main types of transverse waves. and longitudinal transverse waves are the classic waves where the oscillations are perpendicular, that is, 90 degrees to the direction of energy transfer, in other words, the direction in which the wave is going;
Examples of this are light or any electromagnetic wave, waves in water and a rope and also seismic waves. Here is a diagram: the wave goes to the right but the particles go up. and downward, longitudinal waves, on the other hand, oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer, such as sound or seismic waves. P means primary S means secondary. It's harder to draw longer shapes but here are some lines to represent particles if the wave goes to the right the particles oscillate from left to right so we end up with places where the particles are close together we call them compressions and areas where they are The more separated we call them, the rarer factions.
Free seismic waves are faster than seismic waves. S waves, that's why they are primary and secondary, and because the Earth has a cast iron core, only P waves can pass through it and S no, so here in the UK we probably wouldn't feel the aftershock of an earthquake that originated in let's say Australia either way, however it can be represented as a waveform. It just so happens that transverse waves look like waveforms themselves, so on the y-axis we have displacement, which is how far the particles are from their equilibrium or original position. We have amplitude, which is the maximum displacement of the wave and the distance from one p to the next or the length of a complete wave is called here the wavelength now that is only the case if the x axis is the distance if the x axis is time so the distance between a peak in the network also has to be a time and this is called the time period we give the wavelength the Greek letter lambda and the time period capital T the definition of frequency It is the number of complete waves that pass a point every second.
It has the symbol F, of course, and the unit is Hertz. Frequency and wavelength are linked through the wave equation, which is V equals F lambda. Some people like C instead of V, but wave speed equals frequency times wavelength, very often you will be given a waveform like this. and you can find the time period and then it will ask you to find the frequency, you don't need anything else. The frequency is equal to 1 divided by the time period. They are reciprocal of each other, so there are two possible practices here. It's a rifle tank, we just have a bucket that goes up and down and makes waves in shallow water.
What we do is measure the length of 10 waves and divide them by 10 to get the wavelength and the equipment you operate will give you the frequency. the dipper and so we can find the speed of the water waves during the vehicles F lambda all we do is change the frequency and measure the wavelength again what we need to find is that F multiplied by lambda gives you the same number each time showing you the The speed of the waterways is constant, but that is as long as the same depth of water is maintained, so it is a control variable.
The alternative is to measure the wavelength of a standing wave on a piece of string. What we do is connect an oscillator to a stub. of thread passing over a pulley and then down to some slotted masses hanging over the bench, as long as the frequency is correct, a standing wave is being generated and you don't really need to know this, but this is because the wave that goes towards the pulley is reflected and these two waves traveling in opposite directions interfere with each other and form this super wave. You'll probably try to get a loop, so you really only have half a wavelength here, so the wavelength is twice the length of The piece of string that goes from the pulley to the frequency of the oscillator again is usually given by the signal generator that operates the oscillator and then we can use the wave equation to get the speed again.
The control variables are the type and thickness of the rope and also the mass. hanging at the end here is the e/m or electromagnetic spectrum radio waves microwaves infrared radiation visible light ultraviolet rays gamma rays high brightness radio waves have the longest wavelength gamma rays have the shortest wavelength which means that gamma rays also have the highest frequency and that means they also have the most energy, that's why gamma rays are the most dangerous, that's why we use them to sterilize equipment or, for example, radiotherapy, radio waves are They use them for communications, TV, radio, Wi-Fi, bluetooth, mobile signals, microwaves, of course, we can use them to heat food, by the way, they are absorbed by water and fat molecules.
Ultraviolet comes from the sun and can cause skin cancer. That's why we wear sunscreen and you know we can use x-rays to scan what's inside our bodies. A pleasant reflection. and easy light and other forms reflect off materials at the same angle as their angle of incidence, that is the angle at which refraction reaches them, on the other hand, when light enters a new medium, that only means a new material, it will change speed and light will travel faster. in air or in a vacuum, but if it changes speed it can also change direction, so the general rule is that if light goes faster, then it moves away from normal, bends more slowly towards the water, so Since this is a practice, get a class or a block of methacrylate that we draw. a normal is a line that is 90 degrees from the surface and from there we measure all our angles, so here the light comes in and the angle between it and the normal is the angle of incidence I and then we can see that it has changed. passing direction and that is our angle of refraction.
Ah, we can do this once or we can change the angle of incidence and measure the angle of refraction each time and what we will find is that the sine I divided by the sine R must be constant each time. and this number gives us something called the refractive index. We generally give that little letter n which will always be bigger than one and tells you how much slower light goes in a material compared to air or a vacuum, so the alternative equation is refractive index equals. speed in vacuum divided by the speed in the medium if you have many results then we can draw a graph sine I on the axis and sine R on the x axis and the gradient gives us the refractive index n infrared absorption matte black Materials are better for absorb and emit infrared and we can carry out this practice.
What we do is get some boiling tubes and wrap them in matte black, matte white and glossy materials. We have a bong in each one and we have a thermometer coming out of the top. What you really want is boiling water inside these tubes. With the thermometer bulb in the water, we have an infrared lamp that is at the same distance from all of them, we turn it on and after about five minutes we record what the temperature is. for each one and we will see that matte black has the highest temperature. Well, magnetic fields. Here you have your standard bar magnet with a north pole and a south pole.
We can draw magnetic field lines around it. If you want to see them, we can use small compasses. or iron filings and they will line up along those lines. The filled lines show the direction of the force at an imaginary North Pole near the magnet, meaning away from the North Pole and, worse still, away from the South Pole. I have it quite clear. just to the left their field lines never intersect and never break, so you can see these field lines coming out, they will eventually turn back around, so we know they will also be inside the magnet, but we usually don't.
Draw them if the lines are closer together, that means you have a stronger field, so naturally they are closer together near the poles of the magnet. If we have two equal poles, that means north or north or south and south, then the fuel lines will be crushed. and then fly west because they can't touch each other if we have a north pole and a south pole, then the field lines go from one to the other because they go from north to south. The intensity of the magnetic field is given or its proper name is the magnetic flux density. the symbol capital B and the unit is capital T for Tesla, we can measure the strength of a field using the motor effect which is a wire where the current flowing will experience a force if it is in the magnetic fields and the equation for this is f The The force of the bill is equal to the intensity of the field multiplied by the current multiplied by the length of the wire in the field and we can measure the force by placing the magnets resting on an overhead scale.
When we turn on the circuit we will see a change in mass if we multiply that by G. then that gives us the force, however if we want to know the direction of the force we need to use Fleming's left hand rule so freeze fingers like a gun. The FBI thumb is force, the first finger is the field, the second finger is current and they are all at 90 degrees to each other, so all you have to do is put your fingers like this, don't move them, just rotate your wrist to align them so in my diagram or somehow pick a difficult one here so my thumb ends up pointing down the force on the wire will be less if we have a current in a coil also known as a solenoid then we have made an electromagnet if you have a larger current or more turns in the coil we have a stronger field and if you put an iron core in the middle like a nail that makes it stronger for the motor effect it is used for motors and surprisingly a simple motor can look like this, we have a coil of wire where current flows through it and we have a north pole and a south pole or two magnets slide the coil must be connected to the circuit through a split ring commutator this is to make sure that the current change every half turn this was not there so the call would just be vertical and then stop but by turning it make sure it keeps running to make the motor go faster we can have a stronger magnetic field a higher PD or current and more turns in the coil and in reality motors have hundreds of turns, a generator or a dynamo is almost like the opposite of a motor, we turn it and it generates currents.
We can say that a current is induced. Here are our magnets again and here is a coil. We don't need a switch this time, although it just means we pull AC, but it's fine to do so. the dynamo has a higher output again we can have a stronger field or more turns in the coil and naturally we can spin it faster and a speaker is effectively a reverse for the motor we have a coil surrounding a magnet that magnet It is connected to the

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cone of the speaker signal enters the coil and causes the magnet to move back and forth, which moves the cone generating sound waves.
A microphone is like the opposite of a speaker. We have a diaphragm that moves with sound waves that moves the magnet inside. the coil and that induces a current in the wires which then goes to your recorder or whatever, usually just for triple transformers, they are a very important part of National Grid. We have an iron core with a wire cause on each side with the primary coil and the secondary coil and they usually have different numbers of turns in the coils so we have one that has turns in the primary coil and then two turns in the secondary coil.
The core in the middle is made of soft iron and it's layered or laminated like Well, and to make sure that as little energy as possible is lost inside the core, and this is because we don't actually want any current inside the core, but we will accidentally end up with a little bit and therefore overlapping it. reduce those currents if the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil, that means it will have a higher voltage or higher PD than the primary coil, so we can save thatthe ratio of the number of turns is equal to the ratio of the voltages so n1 divided by n2 is equal to v1 divided by v2 and you will usually be asked to figure out v2 so see if you can rearrange it if it is one hundred percent efficient, then that means that the power in is equal to the power out, so we can say that I multiplied by V for the primary coil is equal to I multiplied by V for the secondary coil, so once If you have found v2 in the first equation, sometimes you will be asked to find out the current in the secondary string and also transformers are used to increase the outside voltage. of a power station to reduce the energy lost as heat on the National Grid due to the resistance of the overhead cables because if we increase the voltage that means we have lower currents in the cables and then of course we reduce it outside Our 230 volt home transformers only work with AC, that is because the AC enters the primary core as an alternating current, which generates a changing or fluctuating magnetic field in the core.
Don't forget that there should be no current in the core itself that changes the magnetic field. The field then induces a current in the secondary coil, if it were DC it would create a magnetic field but it wouldn't change so nothing would happen in the secondary coil so that's it, if you think I've missed something then pop . Leave it in a comment below and I'll add it to the PDF. If you want to go into more detail about this stuff, check out my playlist which will walk you through it a little bit more slowly. If this helped you, please leave. a like and good luck for your exams

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