Spektralanalyse • Der kosmische Code • von Aristoteles zur Stringtheorie (8) | Josef M. Gaßner

Welcome to the big bang, space and life, especially in our Aristotle series on string theory. In our attempt to understand the world, we are still local in the moment, that is, we have recognized things on our planet, perhaps even in our solar system, but this is a big step further. In such a world, it has not yet been achieved and that is what we will talk about today. From my point of view, that is a step that is even more important than the first step on the moon, a theoretical step that will show us what things are like in the confines of space behavior and whether the physics that we rhyme together here on this planet it also applies there and someone will play a role that would say that.

He comes across this story almost by accident and in the end on his tombstone there will be an approximation of how Khedira approached the stars. We are talking about news. Fraunhofer was born in Straubing, near here, in 1787 as the eleventh child of a family of glass mills and their parents died early so they sent us to Munich to do an apprenticeship and learn how to grind glass there and then one of these stories happens that really writes fate because it was very common for people now to live like a master and the whole building collapsed about him lived, this building collapsed and he survived in a mysterious way and with that it wasn't enough time, so Maximilian the Fourth really becomes an eyewitness to this whole story, so he stands there and thinks to himself, Hey, how can it be?

Maybe someone is so lucky and survives something like that and then what do you do as a voter? Let's see what you do. A team like that was with him and gave it to him and it was a group with 18 ducats and now suddenly he has initial capital. Joseph Fraunhofer first purchased his freedom from his training. The young spectators were there. You still had to buy your freedom if you wanted. Then I wanted to finish an apprenticeship and bought my own device and attended Sunday school when the story ended. I didn't look that far, but I just wanted to show that suddenly someone who is self-taught comes into play and what does this saying mean?

There is rarely anything bad There is probably nothing good about it and in extreme cases the house can collapse on your head and suddenly it is the greatest opportunity you have in life. He will now become Joseph Fraunhofer and will later receive an honorary doctorate and be knighted. Despite his achievements as Joseph von Fraunhofer, he increasingly worked in optics and later made observations of sunlight. This was motivated by Isaac Newton who had already started experimenting with light by completely darkening a room and bending the shutters and then he drilled a very small hole in the shutter and thus created a ray of light and in this beam of light I have drawn here you have a prism, which today is a glass prism and depending on the wavelengths the light is now refracted through this prism Blue light, therefore the very very short wavelengths are refracted more strongly and the red light of the long wavelengths is used less strongly and the light now spreads across the entire spectrum here, as Newton said, it already did and also a second prism in those, for example.

He held the red ray and discovered that it couldn't split any further and if he stayed on the blue ray down here then the blue one couldn't unfold again, so from this he deduced that the light was now really a particle. The curare corpus should have structure. , so, in his opinion, they were individual particles and could not have been divided further. Simply put, Joseph von Fraunhofer creates these stories with sunlight and now he has discovered something new. What's new is that he sees lines, he sees dark lines in this spectrum. These individual energies that you can see here correspond to the transitions of atoms, so if we have an atom and at some point we have an electron with it, then it can now circulate here. a narrow orbit or in a more distant orbit and these orbits have different energies.

More energy is needed outside and if the electron now moves from an orbit with more energy to an orbit further in with less energy, of course this energy difference has to disappear. somehow and so, for the sake of argument, now here is a photon with this energy difference, that is, these characteristic lines are still electrons because that means that if we see lines here, what happened then the sunlight is unfolded and it shows very characteristic lines, so because we have a red line here, maybe a blue line, of course, there are many more lines. Just as a representative, they are now missing here in this spectrum and, as I said, today we know that this energy naturally corresponds to a certain wavelength and if it is missing here then it means that there is something between this original light that had the full spectrum and the one that we receive here.

The process was where, for example, an atom with one electron used this energy to lift the electron to a higher orbit. . That's the other way around. So of course this energy is missing from the spectrum. That's the idea and that sounds discreet now, but with that I could. Now you open a door because that is the starlight that we were able to capture. in the telescopes and then two people came into play who supplied the fundamental piece: Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, who have now tested it in their local laboratory. To produce transitions, it is not specific, but they simply produce some flames with the Bunsen Burner with this characteristic color and now they have introduced different materials in this Bunsen burner, for example, you can see here on the left, if you put copper sulfate, you will get this characteristic green discoloration that, of course, you wanted to explain somehow. yourself what is happening or if you introduce sodium, for example, you will get this characteristic yellow coloration that you can now also meet in these public facilities, these sodium vapor lamps, these are the ones that produce this yellowish light.

Parking lots, for example. Join in, you've probably seen this all before and depending on what's going on here, if you add silicon, you get a reddish color and now you can put this light back into a spectrum like this, meaning in a prism like this, and you look the spectrum and but then you get something new, then you have a characteristic color, the color corresponds again to a certain wavelength, you can write more about that here, so now we have a short wavelength here, We are in the range of 4,400 nanometers, it is quite high 500,600 and here at the top we are up to 780, let's say around 700 nanometers and if you start the race exactly the other way around with a color and you put colored light here, that If you have, for example, your vapor lamps of sodium, then you won't get this whole spectrum of lines, but we just move the line.

Now I take my lithium because it looks better with the red if you add silicon to the Rhine then I would. We don't get this spectrum, but if we get a more or less sharp sharp line, that's a major transition, of course. There are transitions in every transition because of course lithium has multiple electrons and now it can jump back and forth in different paths. In principle, we have different options, we have the full spectrum, and we understand it, especially if we have a heat source. The entire spectrum is delivered, so we have sharp lines that play a role when there is a characteristic energy at play, for example. a transition from one path to the other and then we have this scenario where it's the full spectrum without these lines, so it was obvious.

Between a source that supplies the full spectrum and us, some object, some atom that has taken this energy, then there is a lack of this in this line and that leads to a yes, what to call it in a cosmic bar

code

, that is to say to a line image in which all the information is correct because Kirchhoff and Bunsen have now created a characteristic fingerprint from these Lines. Now they have shown that a certain element has this particular line image as a characteristic fingerprint because you can see that here again very well in this image they now have hydrogen and helium represented as a fingerprint and now it's just a small step.

We're left with this mug shot that you now have that you can create locally in the lab so that you can go out and compare with the lines that you now have in the light of distant worlds and then see what elements are in the atmospheres of these stars, these are the ones that then remove these lines and then you have elements that are maybe in the clouds between these sources and them and then you can draw conclusions about what is really out there, so it was incredible to go out into the vastness of space and who without this spectral analysis, as the whole process would later be called, we would still be worrying about this physics that the three of us are working on here.

Overall, the scope of this story can't be overstated across the universe, so we already know what's there, that's a very important step and now it's just a matter of showing what's going on. Maybe outside we can get this information out of these lines and an Austrian will play a role, Christian Doppler. , who had recognized that lines change when they move as wavelengths and then when they move objects, that is, when they have a source and this. The source now sends some rays concentrically and they move the source, then they move once towards their own radiation and once towards the sense. from the other direction the radiation comes out and then they have a characteristic image and I would like to have an animation that shows this is now the source with these concentric circles and the distance between these circles would now be the wavelength and if the object now moves to the right, then the lines will obviously be compressed in front of the object because we are moving inwards and the lines will be behind the object separated and this creates a clear blue shift in front of the object and a red shift in the spectrum.

Behind the fountain. To the right, the lines become denser, so the wavelength is shorter. It turns blue. To the left, the waves get larger. We turn to red. Strictly speaking, everyone knows the effect of acoustics. A vehicle passes by you, ideally with blue lights on, it becomes even more obvious that the tone changes when this object passes by. They have this effect that you can see the tone changing again because of this compression and then again because of this stretching of this individual minimization and that's exactly what's happening here with the light and that's incredibly powerful because if you ask yourself the question, Is there something moving out there? so you always have this attitude is an object that is now rotating around something else, for example, that then moves towards you as an observer, so now you will have this shift towards blue, then it will be neutral and now it will move away from you again, so now you will see a shift towards red, then it will be neutral again and you will get a shift towards blue. and if you observe such an object spectroscopically, then you know that the object is moving outwards and then you can calculate what is happening there, then you get the Keppler stress and all these things so that this power can be used to find out what it is . and how they moved and if these sources move relative to each other, then these lines also widen a little bit because now there are several elements colliding with each other, so the energy is no longer as finely defined, so it gets lost a little bit here a little bit there then In principle, they all still have the same energy, but the lines become a little wider and some of them move back and forth in the formation.

Now you have information about what it is, what is the In the case that something moves here and influences each other, there is a lot of energy, there is a high temperature, that means we get information about the temperature from this line that expands; For example, you feel like we are gathering more and more information by trying not to read. taken from the newspaper These lines are the best example, the next time you go to the supermarket checkout you will remember that it is open Each product has a bar

code

like this and the cashier kindly takes it out through this barcode reader and then you enter the exact information, so now you have bought a liter of milk and you have the information that it now costs something other than 20 euros and that is ultra Highly heated homogenized with this in its fat content, all in these barcodes and that's exactly how it is here in this course is the exact information of what is happening there, so now we know what is there, how everything moves there, at what temperature Is it possible that with temperature we are still very limited to such small effects?

Now a man comes to our aid, that is, a man named Wien, namely Wilhelm Wien, who saw and knew that when he observed various stars or in general heat sources with different temperatures, then this image arose here, so you can see here on the left, the temperature is very, very high and gradually drops to the right, so if you think about what color most of the photons come from, we always have their spectrum is like this, but what color is the intensity, as they say, the highest, then you can see that the intensity isinitially higher here in the blue and then slowly loses to the red at lower temperatures, so the intensity is higher on the routes and you.

Call it Changing Wishes. He could also calculate it cleanly then and now you just had to look in the light where the energy is coming from with the maximum intensity and then you could see that here again, very nice in this image and then you could see where it is. The maximum is simply read in the corresponding temperature and you can see it very well with these blue stars, it is definitely 10,000 kelvin and beyond that here on our planet we would have just under 5800 and that gradually drops and becomes colder and colder. objects are again very valuable information, so by the way, this also leads to this classification of stars and there is this incredibly chauvinistic statement that you would like to note again that the male world in the natural sciences has simply turned its nose.

Here for a long time In the front, the note for this was that the order of these spectral classes of stars was B-eleven. A girl kisses me after we said it was too misogynistic, we have a private note here in Munich without beer from the keg, I like Kormaz much better. The stars were divided into three classes and we got information about things that are out there at incredibly far distances, so that was the big step that I wanted to tell you about, that was the big step that the noses of this world and the next The key question , so to speak, that immediately arises is how far away are the objects now?

Can we quantify it in some way and there's just a procedure that you can always understand, it's a very simple story process, so if you use your thumb to focus on some object, now I look through this with my right eye and then you switch eyes, you close one and then this object that you've focused on obviously jumps back and forth, which has your eyes on the baseline because you look at it from different angles and the wider the baseline is, the clearer the effect and now you use this in the so-called triangulation. How can you use this most skillfully as a resident of A Planet?

Do you remember that you are with your planet? The sun rotates, so you have the sun here and then you're with your planet sometimes here and sometimes there in its orbit around the sun, yeah, and then you look from these different angles at different times. of the year on some distant object, of course, up here you have the fixed starry sky, any stars, constellations, something like that, and if now you focus specifically on an object that is somewhere in between, then it's a matter of one time. you see it, for example, here, let's say in winter, and then apparently you would see this object.

Because you look through it here from time to time, the apparent position of this object in the fixed starry sky is a little to the left here and If you do the same thing six months later, you split this object here from the other side and it is apparently in the starry sky fixed to the right. Seen from you, it's the same story as now with the lady and then you get the angle from which you are looking at this object here twice and of course you can calculate very well with angles, we are really good and now you can somehow.

We have something like this here, such an object would then make the baseline here and then you have the angle that you have drawn in the right angle a little bit well and then you see how much I have to open any angle here to be able to focus this object here and because it is very practical, this story was taken from a distance scale, so if it is exactly a degree that you can solve here with this triangulation, then you are talking about a park with some wins, it would be too close under 3.3 light, yes, and that is a very weak smos in the restaurant industry. a lot of distance information on passek pc but now it only takes a few hundred light years depending on how good the signal is, which can be shared, if so, if you have very good signals but then the pulses have to send a signal somewhere, then come a few thousand light years more work our Milky Way is 100 thousand light years, so the method is obviously not suitable for obtaining a real picture of this world, that's why they wanted to go further.

And now a young woman has come into play who will open the window into the world of Henrietta Leavitt. They had made it possible for me to use a new process beyond this triangulation, a process that is based on the fact that the radiation is missing with the distance of the effects, everyone can do it anyway Campfire If We are near the campfire a long time ago, a lot of heat and if you move away then the temperature decreases with the distance, more precisely, up to the square. I have already prepared this here, it is like drawing for a good cooking show.

When we are close to the fountain, then in front here is the star that we want to observe or the bonfire and then, if now you configure a surface at a certain distance and count how many photons arrive here on this screen and then go If you go twice as far, so here you have two new exciting screens where you want to collect exactly the same amount of photons, then this one has to be four times as big, three times the distance, nine times as square, connection and now extend this screen that is nothing more than looking through a telescope and counting the intensity so if we knew now how bright the sun is where it shines then we could calculate using this connection how far away it is of us, what is missing in the unknown in the whole Consideration is the question of how bright the star is in the place where it is, this so-called absolute luminosity and now it needs a brilliant idea that Henriette Liebe gave us.

At this moment we are in 1912 in the corner, up to this point in At that time one could no longer be sure, everything belongs to a large galaxy, since it is sometimes difficult to observe Andromeda. Today, this galaxy is often called the Andromeda Nebula because at that time we did not know exactly if it is part of our galaxy or is perhaps a new galaxy Magellanic Clouds all of these things that were now tangible, especially those with which the people wanted to have fun played an important role in love, that is, in the small Magellanic cloud, so we are about 209,000 light years away.

She had observed a whole series of such variable stars - stars whose brightness fluctuates periodically - exactly how this happens - we already had our own video of variable stars - I would like to delve here again and understand the effect in more detail for us Now it is important that there is stars that pulse and love recognized a connection between this periodicity, that is, how much time passes between two such bright points and the actual luminosity and that, of course, is the trick because you can observe this fluctuation here in the telescope. Then you calculate how bright the object is. is where it is and then you take the square residuals and then you know how by the way the process is called standard candles because now you have an identical candle that you have at different distances.

Of course, you still have to calibrate in order to set it up, that is, you take any object that is a constant star that is preferably within the range of your triangulation, then you use the triangulation to determine the distance and calibrate this process with the variable stars. That was, of course, the big step forward. Without these stories today we would not have the opportunity to give a pure impression of this universe. We will see later how, for example, Edwin Hubble benefited significantly from this and how all of his observations only made sense from this new Henry will do that.

It is a sad story in science since, as is often the case, there are also tragic heroes there and especially women who had extremely difficult times in this male-dominated natural science, so in her particular case she really went very far, That's a hell of a lot further from what she really was. It is fortunate for the musician that she is studying music today, but she has a congenital hearing defect and that eventually led to almost complete deafness and then she had to find a source of income out of necessity and that was when she reminded him, hey, a I once had a high school in one, I studied music and I took astronomy, so I'm trying to find a place to stay there and at Harvard they had installed great observations. "In Peru photographic plates were made. 1000 photographic plates with observations that had to be evaluated and people were just placed there.

One of them is Henriette who does this evaluation and it was legendary how exactly we look at these things and evaluate them, that this It may also have something to do with their decreasing height, that maybe the optics were getting sharper and the ability to observe was getting better and better and there's just this connection. To this day you've noticed that this standard The determination of the distance is not called a delivered standard but an accumulation standard. Then you realize how little this achievement was valued back then and it went so far that it had to take a long time until it was valued even in the area of ​​the possible status. at some point he said to himself, hey, man, Henrici Wittwer, but now he's going to apply for a Nobel Prize and then he asked again what he was doing because that's what he was doing, so first we looked at what, so We talked, when Henry got fit Henriette Live had already died, so a few years after her death she would have been selected by the committee to receive the Nobel Prize and this also shows the tragedy in the life of this important scientist.

Meet many interesting scientists in our series. Such tragic events are often associated with this 5 spontaneously Lise Meitner and Emmy Noether and yet we will get to more about all these things at the right time, so this new procedure has come a long way, there was finally more clarity , there are several galaxies and the world is much, much bigger than we thought and a step further because a star like that, okay, they are bright, this one changed places, they are very bright, but they are still just stars, that It means that at some point they are so far away that we are too.

Even those who no longer see this also need a limit and to take a step further out there, a man comes into play, a young man who was originally an Inter who had no school education and then his talent somehow became evident and then wanted to promote it and they wanted to bring it to England after London and how do you do that at that time? There was a ferry crossing and it took 18 days for this crossing to South Hampton and on this one a boy arrived there. The man sat down because he was bored, so he quickly wrote history of physics on the journey from Madras to Saas Hemmen without any observations.

The data is gathered and a general calculation is made of how a white dwarf, that is, this stellar corpse at the end of an average star, would behave. Seen in terms of mass, a white dwarf is created. Our Sun will also go in that direction. That's exactly what happens, and if a white dwarf like this gets more and more mass because, for example, it has a companion star that can move away from mass, then that's what happens, something strange with it, then a transition at some point because the object is like that. What is closely linked is that it is actually almost purely dominated by quantum mechanics and therefore at some point a transition occurs again to classical physics starting from a certain magnitude and during this transition the so-called Iranian effects occur, that is, things that are strongly reinforced and this leads to a big explosion of this structure and it is often recognized that this big explosion means that we have a very, very bright object and if a young scientist manages to calculate this without any observation data then it means that it is universally valid in the universe, this concept like this A white dwarf becomes the so-called supernova 1a and becomes a structure that can shine for a short period of time more than an entire galaxy with hundreds of billions of suns.

This, of course, is a lottery for everyone who has tried. You get standard candles and you clearly define how much energy is released there on the site, then you clearly have this story and using the square drop you calculate how far these objects are from you. There were other distance determinations you could use, for example based on the rotations of galaxies you could determine a relationship between the luminosity and this energy that was bound there, so you could set up your own video just to determine the distance in astronomy, but the basic principle is always the same, you need a standard candle and Then do the math.

Given how far this object is from you, in this passage through the world we met the entire series of personalities of today. We begin with the inscription on the tomb of Joseph von Fraunhofer. Maybe we'll also put one in The End, which I personally find very moving because, from my point of view, you better understand the priorities of a living being in terms of what it's really about, the really important things in life, i.e. , Count Robert Bunsen, whose contribution I also heard todayscientist. As a scientist he was great and as a teacher he was even more so.

He was great as a person and friend.