Time Is Broken, According To This New Theory

In March 1949, British astronomer Fred Hoyle appeared on a BBC radio program talking about various theories of the universe. Hoya believed in the steady state model of the universe, meaning that the universe had no beginning or end, it always was and always will be, but a new model had been gaining popularity for a couple of decades, one in which the universe had a beginning that started from an infinitesimal point and expanded outward from there and continues to expand to

this

day and when he talked to the interviewer about

this

idea, he somehow referred to it as the Big Bang idea and the name was remained.

Yes, ironically the Big Bang was named by someone who doesn't believe in the Big Bang and one of the reasons Hoyle and many other people at the

time

didn't believe it. Taking this idea seriously was because one of the people who was behind this Big Bang idea was an astronomer and mathematician named George Lament. More on him in a second. Astronomers knew the universe was expanding as early as 1912, when Vesto Slifer first measured the Doppler shift. of a spiral galaxy that suggested it was moving away from us, later scientists such as Alexander Friedman and Edwin Hubbell refined this idea and found more evidence that the Universe was expanding, but it was not until 1931 that Lament became the first person in something like that.

Look at that and say now wait a second, if the universe is expanding that means it used to be smaller than it is today and if you go back far enough to the beginning that means it would have shrunk to an infinitely smaller size. A small dot that means the universe had a beginning. This all sounds quite reasonable. The problem is that Jars Lamette looked like this. He was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest. And yes, this whole idea that the Universe had a beginning. It started with a bang. matter and energy from nothing sound is suspiciously biblical, let there be light and all that, over

time

, as our telescopes have become more and more powerful, we have been able to see further and further back in time, to the first galaxies, and we lament.

He has been proven increasingly right, but in reality the general acceptance of the Big Bang

theory

is surprisingly new. It wasn't until the 1980s that it was truly accepted by scientists, but even so the Big Bang is complicated and many theories have been proposed. to explain it, many of which I have covered on this channel and there are still people who think that maybe there is a steady state explanation for the universe. One such explanation is called the causal set

theory

of the universe, and it's pretty mathematically sound anyway. and it could explain many other perplexing questions about reality, so let's talk about it well, so I'll start by issuing my standard disclaimer for videos that talk about big cosmological questions, especially those that rely on advanced mathematics to make sense.

Joe Scott is neither a mathematician nor a scientist, he is simply a science communicator with a giant forehead who finds these topics interesting. Consider this video as a starting point to delve deeper into this topic through much more reliable sources than some guy who I graduated from a state university with a degree in radio and television film, as always the links are below as well which, like all these great cosmological mystery topics, it all begins with the division between quantum mechanics and general relativity. You are smart and you already know it. I'll be brief, but quantum mechanics basically describes fundamental forces, the behavior of particles like atoms, electrons, almost everything in the molecular and submolecular realms, while general relativity underlies our understanding of spacetime and gravity.

Treat gravity as a curvature in spacetime created by mass. But general relativity in quantum mechanics operates by very different rules and physicists have been trying to bring these two theories together for decades. There are four fundamental forces of the universe and those are gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force, and gravity is just one of these forces that is not carried by a particle, at least not one that we have found yet. , so scientists have been searching for a theory of quantum gravity to solve this problem, especially around singularities like black holes, because that's where general relativity pretty much breaks down. and another Singularity that Tara general relativity is new, the Big Bang, so yes, discovering quantum gravity is discovering nothing less than the beginning of the universe and, over the years, physicists have tried this in various ways. ways, one of which is rope. theory which is the idea that reality consists of infinitesimal vibrating strings that are smaller than atoms, electrons, quarks, anything you can actually imagine, and

according

to string theory, when the strings vibrate, they twist and they fold, produce effects in various dimensions and then we interpret it as everything from particle physics to gravity many have quantum loop gravity this is a theory that deals with the quantum properties of space-time in other words in this theory space-time is quantized or constructed from discrete fragments, as you imagine approaching space-time

according

to Quantum loot gravity would not be a smooth motion, it would stutter from one space-time pixel to another, time would not move continuously, would work in small, rapid ticks of a discrete clock and this new theory expands on this idea and yes, it is In this theory it is called causal set theory, something like the quantum gravity loop, space-time consists of discrete elements, but these are called events that are related to each other through causal relationships, which means that basically one event causes the next to happen and then the next and the next and So if you can imagine a collection of points on a sheet of paper and then each point represents an event in space-time, the lines that connect them represent the causal relationships between those two points and if that event causes another event, then another line will be formed. and so on, and this kind of network of connections between events is known as a causal structure now, of course, if you're talking about the smallest discrete fragments of space-time, you have to measure them with the smallest measurements that we know. and that is the length and time of the table, so with causal set theory the length and time of the table represent the smallest possible distances and times between spatiotemporal events, but you get the idea anyway In causal set theory, spacetime is granular, but what does that mean? that means that singularities cannot happen because chunks of space-time cannot get infinitely closer if there are no singularities, that means that there was no big bang, the universe has always existed and time does not have a beginning, a stable state, baby, now there's One important thing we need to remember about this theory is that we have no evidence, we haven't found evidence for these smaller causal units that are called causes, by the way, it's like string theory.

You know, we have never found the strings, but mathematics is the same with causal set theory, it is a mathematical construct and there are two things I can tell you about mathematics and causal set theory, one, it works, two, it is very close. above my head, so let me explain it with a bunch of words that I found but I don't understand it well, so causal set theory at its core is based on a mathematical concept called partial order relation. This is used to describe a set of events that have a cause and effect relationship with each other.

Causal set theory It is based on partial order relation by defining a set of axioms that are rules about how everything works. They basically define the essential properties of the causal structure I talked about above, so one of these axioms is a requirement that the partial order relation be acyclic, this means that there cannot be any loops between the causal relations between events. , another axiom requires that the partial order relation has to be locally finite, which ensures that the causal structure is not too dense or sparse, there is obviously a lot more to it, but yes, it is partial-based mathematics. relationship of order, but if you want to talk about the elements of the causal set itself, the causes, we can consult an article by Syracuse University professor emeritus Rafael Sorkin, who describes kazettes as specific events that carry information that a quote says for some X Y pairs of elements not for all we have the information that X comes before y or another case where time for some events that we know take place. after certain other events, he goes on to explain that the word causal appears because we say that one event is subsequent to another event if the latter can exert a causal influence on the former.

Another way of describing it was established by Professor Samadhi Surya in the journal Living reviews and relativity says that causal set theory is deeply rooted in the Lorenzian character of space-time, where the poet of causal structure plays a major role. Importantly, the assumption of fundamental discreteness in CST does not violate local Lorenzen variants in the Continuous Approximation, wait a second, now what that means, as I understand it, is that causal set theory works with Lorenzian geometry . This is what uses light cones to describe the geometry of light traveling through spacetime. You could say that light cones are for Lorenz geometry. what a circle is Euclidean geometry, this means that kazettes can be mapped into Lorenzian light cones and the good thing about that is that using this mapping we can study the implications of the discreteness of spacetime and how particles behave at high energies of the properties of black holes. so there's a reason why this whole approach is popular among some physicists, that's why there was an article written in CST called if time had no beginning and in it the authors talk about how to explain physics before the Big Bang we have to turn to quantum gravity which we haven't fully figured out yet, but they argue that using a causal ensemble approach solves that it doesn't have to explain the singularity because there is no singularity, this of course raises the question of how there can be passage of time.

If there is no good start, they suggest that time can be explained in CST through the process of space-time growth or, as the paper's co-author Bruno binto told biological sciences in 2021, a large part of the philosophy of the causal set is that the passage of time is something physical that should not be attributed to some kind of emergent illusion or something happening inside our brain that makes us think that time passes, this passage is itself a manifestation of Physical Theory, so in a causal set. In theory, a causal set will grow one atom at a time and get bigger and bigger, but what about all those observations I talked about at the beginning of this video that point to there being a big bang in a universal expansion?

Well, his explanation is Basically, from time to time in this infinite expanse of space-time, random fluctuations and energy could merge into an explosion of energy and matter, something like a rogue wave in the ocean, that is, if you could see Infinity in this vast expanse. About Infinite Space and Time you simply see universes bubbling in this Infinite Ocean of quantum foam of space-time, but due to the speed of light none of them could catch up with any other and none of us would ever know that any of these Other universes were there as a sort of steady-state version of the Multiverse.

Now this all sounds crazy, but I mean, every theory about the beginning of the universe sounds crazy. This isn't the first theory I've heard about the idea of ​​Quantum Foam of space-time bubbling up into universes. I mean, you could go back to my video on The Prodigy theory of the universe where, um, the big bangs explained are a separable piece of a quantum membrane breaking and hitting another quantum membrane like a wet towel. how they explain it like it's a wet towel hitting another Universe in the face, seriously yeah, and almost every explanation about the beginning of the universe, the Mantra still seems to give us a miracle and we'll take it from there, so no No I know, maybe it's not so strange that the most accepted theory so far was created by a Roman Catholic priest, but right now, as I said, this is all mathematics, everything still needs to be proven experimentally and, as far as I know, of all So there are no experiments in We're working on proving this yet, so we'll see, the links are below.below for anyone who wants to dig deeper into this or maybe really understands this better than I do, but you guys tell me what that means to you. being in a universe with no beginning or end, you know, it makes you feel part of something infinite, it doesn't matter because you have to get up and go to work tomorrow anyway, talk about it in the comments, by the way, there is an advantage. to a steady state universe and that is the fact that in an infinite and endless Universe you would have more time to prepare delicious and healthy meals with today's sponsor hellofresh since your life expectancy would remain the same but you would be able to live more if you were to eat healthier, which would be good for you with hellofresh, they have a new fresh and fit menu that is low in calories and fat, very rich in flavor or maybe you are busy and don't have time for a big production in the kitchen Well, don't worry, there are Quick and Fresh Recipes that can be prepared in just 15 minutes and there are plenty of summer options that are great for people to turn on some music at a backyard barbecue.

It's a good time unless you live where I live and mosquitoes are everywhere. place, but you know, the food will still be great, guys, it's literally restaurant quality food delivered right to your door, saving you time because you don't have to trudge through the supermarket to find the items you need, they're there , super fresh, pre-portioned so there is less food waste and the recipes are super simple, it also saves you money because again you are not buying food you don't eat and it is 25 cheaper. than ordering takeout from a restaurant and when I say the food is super fresh it's because it comes directly from Farmers as locally as possible so it's not shipped across the country before it gets to you.

Summer is really the best time to try this. Because the day gets a little longer, you can take some time for yourself, prepare delicious food, often with flavors you've never tried before, and just take a breather, it's nice. If you go to hellofresh.com and use the code Joe scott50 at checkout, you'll get 50 off your first order and that includes free shipping and by the way, these meals are no joke. I usually get two meals of each, so it really helps and really saves you money. It's definitely worth it. Try it one more time, that's the order code from hellofresh.com.

Joe has 50 with half off and free shipping. In addition to the links below, please like and share this video if you liked it and if it's your first time here, maybe you'll watch it. Google thinks you might like this video or find some of the others that might be in the sidebar if you're watching it in your browser that has my face on it, check them out and if you like it you're not subscribed. I invite you to subscribe. I'll be back with videos every Monday, some of them won't break your brain as much as this one, so don't be scared, don't be scared, but that's all for today, come out. there and have a revealing rest of the week, stay safe, happy 4th of July to those celebrating and we'll see you next Monday, love you, take care.