LIFE OF JACQUETTA OF LUXEMBOURG | A real royal witch? The women who fought the Wars of the Roses

Hello history lovers and welcome or welcome back to the channel where every week I bring you new videos about all aspects of the past today in History Calling we return to my series on the

women

of the Wars of the Roses to look at Shakira of Luxembourg, Most famous as the mother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville Chakera, she had a

life

full of scandals, dangers and intrigue. Stay tuned to learn about her

royal

roots, her spectacular first marriage to a king's uncle, her incredibly scandalous second union with a humble knight, and how she became the queen's mother and how she navigated the Wars of the Roses, perhaps most fascinating of all.

We will also see the accusations made against her that she was an actual

royal

witch

who had forced Edward IV to marry her daughter Elizabeth using

witch

craft. Make sure you're here at the end to learn how these accusations of witchcraft persisted even after Jacquetta's death and were used to help overthrow her grandson from the throne before it came to that, though I'm delighted to be able to welcome the coup of history . for sponsoring another video on this channel, History Hit is like Netflix, but All History brings you the stories that have shaped our world through an award-winning podcast network and online History Channel.

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You can also get a fantastic 50 off your first three months when you use the code. Calling history at checkout once again. Thanks to History Hit for sponsoring this video and now let's listen. more about the

life

of jakera of Luxembourg thanks

jacquetta

was born around 1416 and although we do not know exactly where he came into the world, we do know that he came from a very impressive lineage, his father was Pierre of Luxembourg, who was among other things as Saint Paul Conversano and Brienne her mother was Margaret Balso or Debut, who was the daughter of the Duke of Andrea in Italy, one of her uncles was Louis of Luxembourg, who was the chancellor of France to Henry VI, who was then king of England and Therefore, Jacquetta of France was very well connected, almost nothing is known about her childhood, but she was the eldest of nine children and the historian Lucia Diaz Pasquale has reflected that she could have lived part of her life in ankien a sheet with details from Diaz's article Pasquale on Jakira.

By the way, in the description box, as it was one of the most useful secondary sources for this video, it's only at 1433 that we see Jakera start to come out of the Shadows. That year she married the paternal uncle of the recently widowed John Duke of Bedford. of Henry VI we know from the French chronicler Olga Ronde Monsterle that this marriage had been organized thanks to the efforts of his uncle Louis, who was an advisor to Duke John and who had obtained his French chancellorship thanks to the intercession of Bedford. The wedding took place on the 20th.

April at the Cathedral of Terawan and demonstroulay provides the following additional information, the wedding festivities were held at the Episcopal Palace of Terawan and because of the joy and happiness that the Duke felt in this marriage, the sad woman was Lively, beautiful and kind , I was around 17 years old. years and which might be difficult to remember, presented to the Church of Terrawan two magnificent bells of great value which he had sent with her from England at her own expense. This is the main source that gives us Jakera's approximate age and also hers. The only physical description we have of her was written years later, so keep in mind that it may not be strictly accurate.

A quick disclaimer also about the images in this video. We don't have any portraits or drawings of Jakera, so I'll use some generic ones. Images of elite

women

in England and France during this period to give you an idea of ​​the type of clothing she would have worn and the figure she would have cut. Jacquetta's marriage made her an aunt to Henry VI, the Duchess of Bedford and one to the Prime Minister. ladies in England such was their value on the marriage market that when Philip Duke of Burgundy, who was one of the most powerful political actors in Europe at the time, found out that it had been solemnized, he became angry with his father for getting rid of she. and Bedford having married her without her knowledge or advice, it probably didn't help that he was the brother of Bedford's first wife, Anne, who had died in November 1432.

We have no idea what she thought of her new husband, who had He was born in 1389, making him around 27 years her senior, and was around 40 at the time of the wedding. Just two months later, she accompanied her husband to England, where he obtained citizenship rights in July 1433. His first language was, of course, French, but yes. Pasquale suggests that she may have been taught some English in preparation for her marriage and we have some books that belong to her. We know this because she signed them as you can see here and they include texts in English that further support the idea that she must have learned some English in preparation for her marriage.

She learned it at some point, although her French would actually have been enough for her to function perfectly in court circles. Jacquetta seems to have done well in England and made an excellent impression, for in 1434 she was granted the great honor of receiving the Rubes of the Order of the Garter. Her marriage was to be short-lived, however, she returned to France also in 1434. and presumably with his wife in Bedford he died at Marion Castle on 15 September 1435 and was buried in the nearby Cathedral. She became a widow after only 17 months of marriage and about 19 years. Two things perhaps helped cushion the sadness, however, one was that Bedford had left her enough money to make her one of the richest women in England, the other was that she soon fell in love with someone else, given her wealth and status. , Jakera was not supposed to remarry without royal permission, something he was made to swear an oath to in February 1436, just five months after Bedford's death;

However, on March 23, 1437, that is exactly what she had done by marrying you. By royal standards, the penniless night of Sir Richard Woodville, who had served at her first husband's court, was an absolute scandal for the king's aunt to behave that way and the reason we know the marriage had that having occurred before March 23, 1437 is that Henry VI found the couple the enormous sum of 1,000 pounds that day to marry without their permission again we have a contemporary description of this marriage and its effects to demonstrate who wrote that the Duchess of Bedford was the earl's sister to sin Paul.

Her father had died in 1433, so her brother and I had this title. We married by inclination an English gentleman named Sir Richard Woodville. A very handsome and well-reflected young man, but in terms of birth he is inferior to her first husband, the Regent. This is a reference to Bedford having been arriving in France and herself Louis of Luxembourg Archbishop of Rion and her other relatives were very angry about this marriage but they could not help it, fortunately jakera's great wealth meant that she was able to pay the fine and The King does not seem to have punished her in any other way for her Dara, Bedford's money was still awarded to her that same year.

He had accomplished that rare feat for a woman of her rank and period. She had married for love, although she continued to use the title of Duchess of Bedford for the rest of her life, as was normal practice for women whose subsequent marriages were less prestigious than the previous ones, her great career and marriages also allowed her to have a complex coat of arms with 12 sections which you can see here and which contain references to Luxembourg. Brienne and Andrea, among others, although Jakara had had no children with her first husband, it soon became apparent that this must have been a problem on Bedford's part, since with Richard Woodville she was extremely productive, the couple had 14 children who we knew between about 1437 and 1458 and surprisingly almost all of them survived to adulthood.

The eldest was a daughter named Isabel about whom I already have two videos that I will leave linked below and, as we will see, over time she would dramatically alter the family's fortunes. Although not always for the better, the place of Woodville, Grafton comes to the state of Northamptonshire in 1440. Although Richard's military career meant that the couple spent considerable time in France during this decade and in September 1444, Jakera was godmother to the daughter of the Duke and Duchess of York at Rouon Cathedral, this couple were already parents to a young son named Edward and this child would eventually marry Jakeda's daughter in a union that was even more scandalous than that of Richard and Jacquela , but we'll get to that in First let's deal for a few minutes with another famous marriage also at the end of 1444 and acting in her capacity as a member of the royal family and therefore one of the highest-ranking noblewomen in England.

Jakera was one of those who escorted the young Margaret Evangelo whose aunt was also Jiquetta's sister on her slow progress to England before Margaret's marriage to Henry VI in April 1445. The two women would maintain cordial relations over the following years, with records showing that Margaret gave Jakarta expensive New Year gifts when the Duchess of Bedford was at court her husband Richard was also doing well being elevated to the rank of Baron of the Rivers in 1448 and becoming a Knight of the Garter in 1450. This elevation and Jakarta's European connections and relationship with the king were not enough to ensure dazzling marriages for his sons, however, and instead the younger Woodvilles began in the 1450s to make very respectable but intermediate with members of the English nobility.

The first of these was her daughter Elizabeth, who married John Gray (later Sir John Gray). I am not sure when exactly this wedding occurred, but according to later estimates given for the age of her eldest son, it was between 1450 and 1454, although Michael Hicks, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, places it at 1456, when Elizabeth was approximately 19 years old. Meanwhile, Jakarta continued to have more children, as we have seen, and she helped manage the family lands by signing property receipts when her husband was unavailable. Here you can see another example of her signature, although shortly after the Wars of the Roses began.

Affecting the family, the Wars of the Roses were a multigenerational conflict rooted in the fact that various branches of the ruling family of the time, the Plantagenets, had rights to the English throne. To understand it properly we must start with King Edward III, who had five surviving sons, the eldest being another Edward, commonly known as the Black Prince, he predeceased his father and therefore after King Edward's death, the throne passed to the Black Prince's son, Richard II, in 1399, Richard, who was childless, was deposed by his first cousin Henry Bolingbrook, who was the son of King Edward's third son, John Haggard, Duke of Lancaster, Henry Bullingbrook he became Henry IV and Richard died or was assassinated shortly afterwards.

Henry IV then passed the throne from him to his eldest son, Henry V, who passed it to his only son, Henry VI, who was Jakarta's nephew. Thanks to her marriage to John Duke of Bedford, conflict arose due to the fact that Joan of Gaunt was the third son of King Edward, meaning that the descendants of her elder brother Lionel Eventorg of Clarence had a superior blood right to the throne in the 1440s and 1450s. These descendants were headed by Richard Duke of York, whom we already know and who was actually descended from Edward III twice, once on his mother's side of Lionel and again on his father's side of another of King Edward's sons, Edmund of Langley, Duke of York Lionel's descent is the reason he had better blood rights to the throne than the descendants of John of Gaunt, but Edmund's descent is the reason bywhich his title was Duke of York.

This is where the two opposing factions

fought

the Wars of the Roses. Where they come from, we have the descendants of John of Gaunt, who were known as the Lancasters because he was the Duke of Lancaster and we have the descendants of Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley, who were known as the Yorks because of the title of Duke of York. . The idea of ​​

roses

comes from the fact that one of the insignia sometimes used by the House of Lancaster was a red rose, while one of the insignia sometimes used by the House of York was a white rose having married the Duke of Bedford, Jacquetta was at this point. in his life firmly at Camp Lancaster and if his nephew Henry VI had been a strong monarch with a bevy of sons behind him, the Duke of York's claim to the throne might have gone nowhere, but in 1460 that was not the case. situation in which the country found itself.

Before we continue, if you are enjoying this content, please consider liking the video and subscribing to the channel by turning on the little notification bell after pressing Subscribe. The YouTube button will also notify you every time I upload content, you can also follow me on the social networks, which are linked in the description box. King Henry and Margaret had weighed Avonjour in 1445, but it was not until 1453 that their only son, Edward, Prince of Wales. Born in Jakarta, she was invited and presumably attended Margaret's church, which marked her return to public life a few weeks after the birth, but what should have been a happy moment was nothing, as the king had already suffered a complete mental breakdown and was in a He recovered from the catatonic state, but his obvious weakness caused poor fighting between his wife and the Duke of York, heir to the throne after Prince Edward, as they struggled to control the country through him.

York was twice appointed protector of the kingdom over Margaret and her relatives. between the couple deteriorated for the rest of the decade by the 1450s things had become violent the Lancastrians won the Battle of Blora Heath on 23 September 1459 only to be defeated on 12 October at Ludford Bridge near from Ludlow Castle after this York and his second son fled Ireland, while his eldest son, Edward, who was then the Earl of March, went to Calais together with York's brother-in-law, the Earl of Salisbury, and his nephew , the Earl of Warwick. This is the point where the Roses Wars began and arrived at Jakera's doorstep.

King Henry ordered Jiquetta's husband, Baron Rivers, and his son, Anthony Lord Scales, to raise a force to confront the Yorks at Calais, but on 15 January 1460, while preparing at Sandwich, they were surprised by the Yorkist forces in in the middle of the night and taken prisoner from their beds. The Gregory Chronicle says that Jakera was also there reporting that the Earl of Warwick came for a sandwich and there he took Lord Rivers with his lady, the Lady and Duchess of Bedford, and took him to Calais. However, a letter written by a man called William Botner later that month, which also describes these events, says that Shakira returned to Kent suggesting that she was not taken to France when her husband and son arrived there, they were booed by Lord's March Salisbury and Warwick, who marked his relatively humble birth, fortunately, however, emerged unscathed and after the Yorks recovered in England, won the Battle of Northampton in July 1460 and captured King Henry, Woodville's men were pardoned, freed and allied to swear allegiance to the Yorkist cause in October 1460.

The Duke of York managed to get Parliament to approve an active agreement which said that he would inherit the throne after the death of King Henry in place of Prince Edward, but as happened so many times in the Wars of the Roses, he soon suffered the worst possible setback from Queen Fortune Margaret. He gained Scottish support for his cause and at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460 the duke was killed. His son Lord March succeeded him as head of the House of York and on 17 February 1461 yet another battle called the Second Battle of Sindh Albans occurred, it was on this day that the Woodville family suffered their first loss to Elizabeth's husband, Sir John Gray, with whom she and I had two young sons,

fought

on the Lancastrian side and was killed, the Lancastrians won the battle, however, and Margaret then marched.

When London retook the capital, the city closed its doors against her, although she feared the looting that her army could commit, and Mayor Richard Lee sent a delegation to negotiate with her who should be one of the members of this group, but Shakira. of Luxembourg, a woman who knew Margaret personally, was related to her, and remained one of the most important ladies in the country. In the end, as Edward approached, Margaret abandoned her plans to enter the city and retreated north for a fortnight, leading the 18-year-old former Earl of March. Edward IV was proclaimed King, the Battle of Titan followed on March 29 and was a disaster for the Lancastrian royals as well as Jacquetta's family, King Henry, Queen Margaret and the Prince of Wales had to flee to Scotland. and she cut off her husband and son despite having apparently reached an agreement with the Yorks after their imprisonment in Calais they were captured fighting by the Lancastrians and imprisoned again this time in the Tower of London fortunately they escaped alive once again being released and pardoned in July Diaz Pasquale reading in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography wonders whether this might have been due to Jakarta's continental links to the Burgundian family, who were allies of Edward IV.

Her sister Margaret would actually later become Duchess of Burgundy, but we can be sure of this one way or another depending on who you think she might also have been around this time when Edward first saw and fell in love with the eldest daughter. from Jakarta, Elizabeth Gray, who had moved back to her parents' home in Grafton with her children. I'm not going to go into the details of The Origins of Her Affair here, but if you watch my first video on Isabel's life, I discuss what the sources have to say about it in more detail.

What matters is that in 1464 the traditional date given is May 1, although it is a later date. In fact, it seems more likely that over the summer these two entered into a marriage that was even more shocking than that of Jakera and Richard Woodville and also included the bride's mother in the drama, although Elizabeth and Edward's marriage remained secretly, something that is generally said. What the sources agree on is that one of the few people who was there was Jakera, the chronicler Robert Fabian tells us that after this wedding in front of only five witnesses, Jakira included the couple, consummated the marriage before Edward had to leave, he continued. visiting his new wife in the following months, although Anjaquera helped smuggle Elizabeth into his bed without anyone else finding out.

Fabian, of course, was writing decades later, his book, the New Chronicles of England and France, was originally published in 1516, three years after his death, so some of the details may be wrong, the marriage was announced in September and March to the horror of Edward's advisors, who wanted him to form a strategic foreign alliance, not marry a Lancastrian widow seven years his senior, with a new royal journal and a large family to support, and however, Woodville. It must have been a moment of great rejoicing. The Duchess of Bedford was now the mother of the Yorkist queen and she would show no further favor to the Lancaster side;

The union would ultimately bring great disasters for the family, however, including accusations of witchcraft against At first, Jakera, although it seemed that there was nothing that could stop Woodville's rise, Decatur was granted some money from Dara that he owed since A long time ago. Her husband was created Earl of Rivers in 1466 and her other children began to make some very advantageous marriages. Perhaps the most surprising was the union. between her teenage son John and the wealthy Catherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, who was Edward IV's maternal aunt and was in her 60s at the time, Jakera also remained close to her royal daughter and attended key events in Edward's life. the queen, such as her coronation and her visits to the church afterwards. the birth of his first daughter, Princess Elizabeth of York, in 1466 and we have records of his dinner with the king and queen at the mayor of London's house in 1466 or 67.

The Lancastrians had not left, of course , but Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in 1465 and it did not appear that Margaret Evancho and her son were gaining any serious support during their exile on the continent; They were not the main problem as the decade progressed, but it was King Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, and his cousin. Richard, Earl of Warwick, who would become the biggest thorn in the monarch's side and, by extension, his wife and mother-in-law, by 1469 the king's relationship with Clarence and Warwick had seriously deteriorated and one of the main problems was Edward's refusal to allow Duke George to marry Warwick's daughter Isabelle, if you watch my linked videos Below, on the lives of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York and Elizabeth Woodville, they have more details on this.

The couple took Elizabeth to France in July 1469 and married her to Clarence against the orders of her brother. she then returned and participated in a rebellion against Edward's rule in northern England, just before the Battle of Edgecoat on 24 July, according to some sources it occurred on the 26th, they published a Manifesto naming the Dowager Duchess of Bedford as one of them. of bad influences on the king and a woman of great greed along with her husband and her son John, this was bad news for Jakara, but things quickly became much worse. Edward was defeated at Edgecoat and taken prisoner, ending up here at Warwick Castle for a time where his brother and cousin hope to use him as a puppet king, then Jake had her husband and son John pursued by Clarence and Warwick's men. , captured in a cheap stew, taken to Kenilworth Castle near Coventry and executed there on 12 August without trial.

Nye's attention turned to Jakera herself that same month she was taken to Warwick Castle and accused of witchcraft. Her accusation was leveled against her by one Thomas Week, a man described in the original sources as a squire and who was one of Warwick's men in a later rules document. of parliament addressed to King Edward and written in a somewhat complicated Old English, we hear what happened next when we quote that caused her to be brought to a common noise and denunciation of witchcraft in much of this her kingdom, stating that she should having used witchcraft. and sorcery to the extent that SED week brought to Warwick the last time he was his Sovereign Lord for the Lords' divers and then, his present being, a lead image made as a man-at-arms, some Historians have supposed that it is a reference to Lord Warwick that it contains the length of a man's finger and is broken in the air, that is the middle and is secured with a wire, saying that it was made by your said oratrice, which is jakera for use with the sad witchcraft and sorcery where she ninun for her nibi ever saw it, God knows and during this third week for the

real

ization of her malicious intention above, she said she begged John Dongio, our parish secretary of Stoke Brewing in the county of Northampton, to tell her that there were two other images made by her said oratrice one for you Sovereign Lord and one for our Sovereign Lady the Queen the use of images of her daughter and her son-in-law would have implied that she had had something to do in their scandalous and in many quarters very unpopular marriage, but there is no evidence that this accusation was anything more than a political smear campaign orchestrated by Warwick and Clarence using weak as a kind of intermediate Goo so that they would not get their hands dirty Both of them had already made clear their hatred towards The Duchess and her family and Jakera as a rich and well-connected woman who had influence with the king and the queen was an enemy worth making fun of, they had already shown that they had no problem in members of the queen's family were killed and we cannot underestimate the danger her mother was in.

She was a firm believer in witchcraft at the time and could start fires. In fact, the rules of parliament clearly stated that Wake wanted to endanger not only Jakarta's reputation but also destroy his person, although it can be determined whether a woman of his rank would ever have been executed. However, watch my video about the first witch burning in Ireland, which took place in the previous century, to see how badly witchcraft accusations could end. It's linked on the screen and below for you, Jakara, despite the extremely stressful situation she found herself in and the fact that she had just lost her husband and one of her children she stood up for herself under the most difficult of circumstances. terrible She called on Richard Lee, a man who had been mayor of London when he had negotiated with Margaret for Angie in 1461 to ask for help from her and received it from her.

However, she

real

lysaved the fact that the country was falling apart without Edward at the helm and Warwick and Clarence ended up having to free him in the fall. Once he was free, the charges against her mother-in-law were of course dropped and she was formally found innocent in January 1470 when Wake attempted to backtrack on her evidence and the supporting statement he had asked of her. to John Donger. He really he wasn't sure how to pronounce that it seems like danger wasn't coming, as we'll see in a minute. This was not the end of the witchcraft accusations and, in fact, they would continue to haunt Jacquetta's family and her memory for many years.

Edward may have regained control in the spring of 1470, but thanks to the continued machinations of Warwick and Clarence. whom he publicly forgave for their betrayal, the worst was yet to come, still determined to freeze the king, the couple made another attempt at the throne and when that field they left for France, once there, Warwick joined forces with Margaret to Manju and helped affect the restoration of the imprisoned Henry VI Edward, who had been in northern England when Warwick's forces took London, was forced to flee to mainland Europe in October and his heavily pregnant queen, three daughters and Her Jaker mother-in-law had to take refuge in a shrine in Westminster Abbey there around the first of November, different sources give slightly different dates.

Jakarta must have witnessed the birth of Elizabeth's first royal son, another Edward who would later be known as one of the tar princes. The second government of Ry VI did not last long. Clarence decided that perhaps he was better off with his brother after all and defected back to Edward in April 1471, the Yorkist king retook the throne from him and Warwick died in battle. Jakera, her daughter and her grandsons were freed from Sanctuary Margaret Evangel and her son were defeated and the Lancastrian prince of Wales was murdered and Henry VI died shortly afterwards in the tar under decidedly suspicious circumstances.

Watch my videos on The Princess and the Tar, the Life of Queen Margaret, and the Suspicious Death of Henry VI for more details. They are all linked.Next, for you, there were many more ups and downs in the Wars of the Roses that were yet to come, but Jakara would not live to see them. On 30 May 1472, the headmistress, the Duchess of Bedford, died at the age of 56. The evidence suggests that she did leave. her a will, but this has not survived us and nor do we know where she was buried. Normally, this would be where a biographical video would end.

However, in Jakheta's case there was still one final twist 11 years later, in 1483, King Edward. IV died and his younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, took the throne from his nephew Edward V, the grandson Jakarta had seen born in the shrine back in 1470. Edward V and his younger brother disappeared into the Tower of London to never to be seen again and the new Richard III explained his actions by stating that the marriage between Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville was invalid and that their children were illegitimate, making him the legal heir. His brother George Dick of Clarence had been executed in 1478 and his children were prohibited from inheriting this disability was explained in part because the marriage was supposedly bigamous and in part he resurrected the claims of witchcraft against Jakara and extended them also to his daughter to claim that Edward had not entered into the union of his own free will, an act of parliament enacted in 1484 for the purpose of solving the crime. upon the new king he put the accusations in writing saying that the said intended marriage between King Edward and Elizabeth Gray was made of great presumption without the knowledge and ascendancy of the Lords of this land and also by sorcery and witchcraft committed by the said Elizabeth. and his mother, jakera, duchess of Bedford, since the common opinion of the people and the public voice and theme is that in all this land there was now no more evidence of witchcraft in 1483 than there was in 1469 and I doubt that Richard or their Parliament took a survey before they claimed that it was the common opinion of the people that the Duchess and her daughter had used magic, but Ian here was not going to be truthful, the accusations were made once again to help secure Richard's control on the throne by any means possible would have been horrified at the posthumous slander directed against her and her daughter and I cannot imagine she would be happier with 21st century depictions of her life such as those provided by the book and the television show .

The White Queen, in which she is shown as a real witch with real magical powers who actually brings about her daughter's second marriage using sorcery, although she might be happy to know that although her real grandchildren are lost to history, her Granddaughter Elizabeth of York eventually became Queen Consort of Henry VII and through her, her Jacquetta's descendants still sit on the throne of England or rather the United Kingdom to this day. I hope you enjoyed this journey back to the Wars of the Roses, as always, many thanks to My wonderful sponsors whose support helps make these videos possible.

If you want to become a patron and get some historic call perks, check out the Patreon link in the description box below. I've also received questions from some of you about how to create one. do not donate if this is something you would prefer to do for some reason. YouTube also has a thank you button below the videos with preset amounts that will allow you to do so. This allows you to post a brightly colored, customizable comment and get a unique animation. at the top of the video and I would like to take this opportunity to thank you once again for your support, which is all from me this week, but please let me know in the comments below what you think about the witchcraft accusations made against Jakira and If you want to hear more about the words of the Roses, try one of these videos below, whatever you choose, enjoy it and until next time keep learning.