What Is Beyond Edge Of The Universe?

Space, the final frontier, a realm of infinite possibilities and mysteries that have baffled humanity for eons, from the vast voice that marks the cosmos to the very beginning of time, join us on a journey as we explore the enigmas of the

universe

. and we reflect on its future. We will travel back to the dawn of the

universe

, we will witness its evolution and contemplate the distant future, we will search the limits of the cosmos and we will wonder if there really is a limit to everything we know, in the vast expanse of the universe lies a profound mystery that eludes our understanding a mystery that stirs our imagination and challenges our understanding is the question of

what

lies beyond the universe as we travel through space we are faced with the realization that our vision is limited and imprisoned within the limits of our observable universe

what

there is Beyond these limits, a cosmic curtain that shrouds the secrets of existence remains a mystery.

The very concept of the Beyond becomes a philosophical problem. How can we understand the realm that lies beyond our perception? This is a challenge that goes beyond the limits of human thought. our curiosity and encouraging us to seek answers everything we see from the inside of a room to the most distant galaxies that can only be seen through enormous telescopes everything that can reflect or direct light towards us is the currently observable universe the radius of the visible universe is 46.5 billion light years however the age of the universe is only 13.8 billion years how to explain this discrepancy well it all comes down to the expansion of the universe as a result of this expansion the areas from which emits light are moving away from us and that is why we observe them at a great distance these 46.5 billion light years are the limit of our universe, even if the entire universe is infinite, modern cosmology does not know what may lie beyond of the observed limit, these limits or cosmological horizons are dictated by life itself.

We do not see the night sky completely full of stars because of the limits imposed by light, for example, light has a certain maximum distance from which it can reach observers on Earth, as if there were a spherical barrier around us, beyond which there are billions of stars. other distant stars and galaxies this is called Particle Horizon and Event Horizon however these two concepts differ from each other while the Particle Horizon establishes the distance from which light in the past reaches us now the Event Horizon is the distance from the present to an observer in the future, but beyond these horizons there is another limit: the Hubble horizon, if space objects are beyond this limit, it is impossible to see them even after billions of years, they are constantly moving away us at the speed of light, so it seems to us that the universe is limited although in reality it is only light itself that is limited, you are well aware that the light that reaches us from bright cosmic objects does not travels at an infinite speed, for example, the sun is 94 million miles from Earth in which case light would only take eight minutes to travel from it and the star Proxima Centauri is 4.2 light years from Earth in which case the light would also take about 4.2 Earth years so it turns out that we can only see events that happened a certain amount of time ago in the past, yes we can say that we look back in time when we look up at the sky at night to update our knowl

edge

about some extremely distant objects, such as the HD1 galaxy, which is 13.4 billion away.

Light years away, we would have to wait the same amount of time, as long as there are no obstacles like black holes in the path of the light. If we could examine this galaxy in detail, we would learn how it formed in the early stages of the galaxy. universe therefore the detection of light is important to study the evolution of the universe and it is thanks to this that we were able to develop the Big Bang Theory the consequences of the Big Bang could not fail to leave a trace such a trace was found by researchers in the 20th century XX that were studying the theories of the origin of the universe at that time, the astronomers Pinzius and Wilson captured with their radio telescopes a strange signal coming from everywhere and with the same intensity it turned out to be a remnant of the first light that appeared in the universe.

Cosmic microwave background radiation in the early stages of the Big Bang atoms could not form electrons and protons could not combine due to the extreme temperature photon radiation light particles were scattered by or absorbed by electrons so light could not travel very far through the universe. It was then like a dense fog, however, after 380,000 years everything began to cool, the first stable atoms appeared, so the cosmos became transparent and light It was able to propagate freely over long distances and it is this light with its temperature above negative absolute zero 454 degrees. Fahrenheit that we register as microwave radiation that can be seen in any direction from Earth at a distance of 13.8 billion light years, it is precisely because of this distance that scientists assume that the age of the universe is the same number of years , although as you already know, this may just be the limit of our vision, however, the CMB cannot be seen by human eyes.

The first light intensity is too low. This is due to the expansion of the universe which we will discuss later which causes light waves to stretch. and lose energy so they are barely visible and are in the microwave part of the spectrum, however, despite its low power, the LHC allows us to peer through the crack at the beginning of the universe as we know it, it is revealed the complete picture of the past. For scientists, it is thanks to the LHC that we now know about the Big Bang scenario and how the world developed from the Singularity to this very moment, so the map of the sky where you can see the temperature fluctuations of the Relic radiation It is a spotted pattern where the blue areas are below the average temperature in Orange.

The areas are above. These spots allow scientists to study the evolution of stars and galaxies, as density changes, also called seeds of structure formation, have formed the hot and cold spots of the SMR, as well as the larger spots that cover a . Angular degrees in the sky have become one of the tests of the flat model of the universe. The smaller points, in turn, have revealed a wealth of data about the composition and age of the cosmos, so the study of the temperature characteristics of the SMB has become another test. of the existence of dark matter and energy in 2003 a group of astronomers led by d.n spurgele discovered that the amount of dark matter and dark energy exceeds ordinary matter several times according to the latest measurements the amount of dark matter is 26.8 percent of dark energy is 68.3 percent Finally, the CMB also revealed to scientists the approximate expansion rate of the universe of 42 miles per hour per megaparsec, so the CMB provides modern science with a wide range of information about the early and current universe and, in particular, helps to understand what the future holds.

It turns out that both the smv and the space horizon limit what we can see from Earth. Now let's take a closer look at what space horizons are and whether we can still look beyond them. We have already mentioned that the cosmic particle. The Horizon is an imaginary line that forms a boundary for the visible Universe and sets a certain distance from which light released in the past can travel to the Observer, so if other cosmic objects are far from the Horizon, we cannot see them now. , however, our Horizon particle is not. Static for long periods, the light still travels its gigantic path and we begin to notice more and more objects, albeit with the help of special equipment.

However, we will never see what lies beyond this Horizon, but what if I told you that there are ways around this limitation? Because of our space interest, we cannot see stars 100 billion light years away directly, but some properties of our universe provide a solution. Meet the neutrino, a small ambiguous fundamental particle whose mass can be close to zero, but it is special not only for this. It has almost no interaction with matter, that is, it can safely travel a huge distance at almost the speed of light, since neutrinos are formed as a result of many cosmic phenomena, such as nuclear processes and stars.

They are supernova explosions. They can carry data on one of these. processes to Earth despite a distance of hundreds of billions of light years, in addition, during their journey they can transform into particles with even lower energy. Precisely due to the elusiveness of neutrinos, scientists have made efforts to detect them, however, the subsequent development of ultra-sensitive detectors will allow better detection of neutrinos and thus in the future thanks to these small particles we will be able to learn what it is like. Beyond the Cosmic Horizon, in addition to neutrinos, gravitational waves will help us explore the universe beyond our vision, these time waves arise from the acceleration of massive objects such as black holes and neutron stars or the rotation of two stars relative to each other as As a result of such energetic processes, such waves travel in all directions at the speed of light, destroying less massive objects and slightly increasing the distance between them, but when they reach Earth they no longer have their previous power and do not represent a threat, although they are just as difficult to see, so these wave remnants tell scientists not only what exactly happened outside the visible universe but also at what distance, for example, in In 2016, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology recorded the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth using gravitational waves like neutrinos, they are our guide beyond our limited universe and the development of technology to capture them is the key to our knowl

edge

of the entire universe, but no matter how quickly develop our efforts to learn the secrets of the cosmos, we are hampered by a serious factor: we may forget about the direct observation of stars and galaxies in the invisible Cosmos for now due to the expansion of the universe later.

With the big bang the expansion of the universe did not stop, although it slowed down considerably, due to this all objects in space move away from each other and every 3.26 light years this expansion accelerates under the influence of dark matter that It is widespread abroad. space the Horizon particle is expanding together with the universe, therefore, the larger the Horizon becomes, the more objects that were beyond appear on our star maps, in particular all the stars and galaxies that we observe now will never leave the boundaries of visible space, although in the distant future we will see space objects that are currently close to us and, in particular, the SMB, which are very distant and less bright points in the night sky;

However, due to the same expansion, many objects abroad will move away so quickly that we will never be able to detect them. the light they have emitted, the expansion affects another Horizon, the Space Event Horizon, establishes a limit for any emitted signal Beyond which none of them will reach the receiver currently, the radius of this limit is 16 billion years light, so even if a galaxy is in a Particle Horizon, but beyond the Event Horizon we will never be able to interact with it. The signal emitted, for example, from the Earth at this time, will become longer and longer until it reaches frequencies that were not yet able to capture and the object it emitted. the signal will move away from Earth therefore we will not be able to make ourselves known to possible extraterrestrial life if it is too far away, also in the distant future even the galaxies with which we can communicate may become unreachable for us because the expansion is shaping the The size of this Horizon long before reached about 60 billion light years but now it is only 16 billion light years in the future this distance will become smaller in this case we will remain in our space bubble without the possibility of communication and scientific development is an additional wall to this bubble will be another Horizon the Hubble Horizon this limit is a theoretical point at a distance of 14.5 billion light years from us Beyond which the speed of space objects exceeds the speed of light , that is, the farther the light The emitting object is from the horizon, the faster it moves away from us for a photon, it seems like a race.

The further it is from the Earth, the further it moves away from it and only beyond the Hubble limit will the Earth stop accelerating, however, so is the Hubble Horizon. expandingallowing distant light to reach our telescopes over time, therefore in the future we will be able to see more and more traces of galaxies and stars beyond the limit, but the expansion brings with it not only positive aspects in the very distant future, the Hubble Horizon. will collapse, begin to shrink and stop around the galaxies of the local group, after that, no light from other cosmic bodies, unlike the light that has already gone beyond, will ever reach our cosmological horizon, we will be isolated from the universe whole, but that's not all The Event Horizon and the Hubble Horizon will merge in about 10 billion years forming a New Horizon with a radius of 63 billion light years and then we will not see any events Beyond this new limit after tens of billions of years all the light emitted beyond the limit will disappear forever despite human curiosity the universe seems to set limits to preserve its infinite Secrets we are surrounded by spherical horizons that do not allow distant light to reach to Earth, taking away our ability to immerse ourselves in the study of the evolution of Our universe.

Furthermore, within billions of years, these horizons will merge, blocking the light beyond Earth and completely depriving humanity of hope. to expand your knowledge of the unlimited universe. However, the rapid development of modern technology will allow us to record more and more data about deep space. In the future thanks to neutrinos and gravitational waves and even later we will be able to establish new particle horizons on other planets although we cannot get rid of them. Of these limitations we can manage them, it will take many more Generations before we can abandon our own Horizon, but when If we do so there will be an absolutely unlimited number of other Horizons that will also cross one day.

All that remains is to wait from the beginning. Of our species we have looked at the sky and reflected on the immensity of the universe, we have counted the stars, traced the constellations and dreamed of what lies beyond our little corner of the sky, but have we ever dared to think about the end, no? , No? the end of our fleeting human existence but the end of time itself what the last days of the universe will be like what we will see, hear and feel in those last moments will everything go out with a crash or something completely unforeseen will happen throughout history Humanity has prospered by exploring the unknown surpassing the limits of our understanding today we embark on the deepest journey, a journey to the end of time like grains of sand in an hourglass, each moment brings us closer to the inevitable conclusion of the universe, but how and when?

Will it happen and what does it mean for us mere mortals? Crossing unimaginable scales of space and time, we travel billions and even trillions of years into the future, a journey not of distance but of time in order to explore the ultimate destiny of the cosmos. journey to the end of time here we are in the anthropocene the era of man our time our era this is an era defined by the colossal influence of our species in this blue-green sphere we call home we have shaped manipulated and altered forever the same The structure of the Earth and the blink of an eye take the Holocene and the eleven thousand seven hundred year era in which all human civilization was born; has nurtured us since our earliest days, from humble hunter-gatherers to technologically advanced modern societies, the comfortable climatic conditions of the Holocene allowed us to prosper, invent, build, gave rise to agriculture, assemble the very notion of civilization;

However, as we progressed, the losses on our planet became evident, our relentless thirst for resources, our relentless expansion caused the changes that marked the end of the Holocene climate patterns are changing, extreme weather events are becoming the norm biodiversity is threatened the balance that has nourished us for thousands of years is on the brink of the abyss our actions have left an indelible mark on the conditions of the earth and have marked the beginning of a new era Geological epoch the anthropocene this is a chapter of the history of the Earth written by human hands while we find ourselves on the threshold of this new era a question arises what legacy we will leave to the next heir our journey brings us closer to the year 2500 revealing the dynamic changes The Earth would face the magnetic field of the earth.

Our protective shield against solar winds is undergoing a late change. The north and south poles are reversing. An event last observed 780,000 years ago. This surprising shift is disrupting our technology, forcing us to adapt in ways never before experienced. Let us be transported to the year 4385. We are witnessing the return of an old friend. The Comet, Hail Bob. It is a sight worth seeing. A brilliant trail of light illuminating the night sky. A vivid reminder of our place in the universe. Jumping ahead to the year 5000. We are faced with the grim reality of our past actions: the polar ice caps have melted, causing global sea level rise.

Many coastal towns that were once bustling with life now lie underwater relics of days gone by in the year six thousand. A colossal asteroid looms over the horizon, its collision with Earth is inevitable, causing a catastrophic event that will change life as we know it. In the year 8,000, we witness an extraordinary celestial event. A distant star that has reached the end of its life explodes into space. a spectacular supernova its brilliance eclipses all galaxies a reminder of the ever-changing landscape of the universe the earth and its perpetually moving cosmos remind us of the impermanence of our journey as we gaze upon the star-studded canvas of the universe we reflect on the trials and tribulations that await us On our journey towards the end of time the hands of the clock advance one billion years our son, the source of all life begins to change dramatically its luminosity increases by 10 percent scorching the Earth with insatiable heat temperatures increase photosynthesis ceases in 1.1 billion years The green carpet that once covered the Earth begins to fade and is replaced by arid landscapes devoid of life.

The air becomes scarce and the oxygen we need is depleted. The relentless heat is accelerating and within 1.3 billion years, Earth's once vast oceans are beginning to evaporate what once was. a blue pearl in the cosmos is gradually turning a dry brown the great seas and oceans become mere memories our journey takes us to the last chapter of the history of the Earth in the year 7.5 billion in which the sun transformed into a giant Red consumes our once lush planet marking the end of Earth's existence, our homeworld that has nourished us for billions of years is now returning to the cosmic dust from which it was born, fast forward to the year 10 billion after its fiery death, our son is reborn as a white dwarf, a weak cooling. remnant of his former self from the raging inferno of nuclear fusion now just burning.

Embers, a silent spectator of the Great Cosmic Drama that continues to unfold for 100 billion years. There is a deep silence over the cosmos. The stars. The lighthouses of the universe begin to go out. one by one they leave behind a chilling darkness a universe in twilight a billion years after the extinction of the stars the temperature in the universe drops having originated in the fiery origins of the Big Bang we sink into cosmic winter discovering that the universe is gradually slides into darkness the age of Starlight has ended the universe has become a cosmic graveyard these are the last remains of the stars that once illuminated the cosmos they shine with a faint ghostly light a chilling reminder of the universe's fiery past 10 years ago quadrillion years these white dwarfs have become the dominant celestial bodies this is the age of degeneration it is a ghost universe that echoes memories of galaxies and stars that once shone brightly the age of extinction is a vivid reminder of the endless cycle of birth and death in the universe, but even in its last breath the universe continues to evolve gravity the sculptor of the universe continues his work gravity never rests it tears stars and planets from their orbits throwing them into the cosmic void these gravitational interactions sometimes lead to the birth of new stars their creation heralded by ultra-bright supernovae Echoes of the past universe meanwhile the white dwarfs begin to disappear over billions of years they cool and reduce their light they dim until they disappear completely the dying white dwarfs are reborn as black dwarfs A black dwarf is the final evolutionary state of a star invisible to the eye It marks the fall of the universe into darkness The era of black dwarfs begins The universe wants a spectacle of light and color Now it is a shadow of itself The journey to the end of time continues in coldness and darkness as time passes the universe continues its relentless expansion each region of space stretches and thins space-time itself is elastic what was once an organized hole now expands ceaselessly until it becomes something like a multitude of distant islands lost in a boundless ocean, but within this void a silent catastrophe occurs protons the basic components of matter and life begin to disintegrate protons the heart of each atom disintegrates into ghostly neutrinos and photons matter as we know it is disintegrating the universe is slowly erasing the last vestiges of its physical history All that remains are light particles and black holes at this point in the journey Familiar physical phenomena end up plunging us into a new era of cosmic history we are in the era of black holes even the seemingly eternal black dwarfs have disappeared, surrendering their mass to the relentless puddle of the expanding universe the last remains of stars have disappeared, converted into cosmic dust black holes are becoming the main, if not the only, celestial objects dotting the universe in an era dominated by black holes the remains of galaxies that once lived supermassive black holes are of particular importance born from the death of massive stars and the merger of holes Smaller black, these Celestial Titans have grown to incredible sizes, absorbing matter and energy on a scale beyond what we could have imagined.

These cosmic events emit gravitational waves that cause ripples in the fabric of space-time. We can consider them as the last sounds of the The universe on the verge of its end the slow ringing of a bell that resonates through the vast Cosmos such extraordinary objects in the universe as black holes are not as eternal as one might think at first glance the famous physicist Stephen Hawking introduced the concept in the late 1970s now Known as Hawking radiation, the process by which black holes lose energy and therefore mass over time, this phenomenon is the result of specific properties of physics. quantum near the event horizon, where pairs of particles and antiparticles appear, one of the particles is absorbed by the black. hole that helps the other break its bond and escape into space, this leads to a net loss of energy and therefore the mass of the black hole on enormous time scales slowly causes the black hole to lose mass and shrink in size.

This process was once overwhelming. The gravitational pull slowly weakens and the result is the evaporation of a black hole. Such events mark the death of the last important objects in this universe, leaving behind a vast, seemingly endless cosmic void. Since the Big Bang, our universe has been expanding under the influence of a special force. We call dark energy. A hypothetical form of energy called dark energy is believed to permeate all of space and act as the antithesis of gravity, causing the expansion of the universe to simultaneously accelerate dark matter, which makes up 85 percent of the matter in the universe.

The universe creates a gravitational attraction that acts as a counterweight to this acceleration. Although dark energy appears to be the dominant force today, we must consider the possibility of a shift in the balance of forces. There are several theories that suggest that it is likely that more dark matter could emerge. As the universe slowly expands by increasing its gravitational influence, if the gravitational influence of Dark Matter exceeds the strength of dark energy, the expansion of the universe could begin to slow and possibly even reverse. This is comparable to the rubber band effect: the universe is stretched more and more.

Before the time of abrupt contraction arrives, this process is also known as the great contraction, the great compression will inevitably cause the universe to collapse in on itselfsame, the density of matter and energy will increase dramatically at some point we reach the critical point of this compression at the moment of maximum density and temperature, everything existing would be crushed to an infinitesimal point in this extreme state, the fundamental laws of space and time are distorted beyond recognition. It is here and in this Singularity that another big bang could occur, such a cataclysm could begin the birth of an entirely new universe a new cycle of continuity of existence this journey gives us a sense of our place in the cosmos we realize that our existence It is nothing more than a brief moment in the great timeline of the universe.

The journey to the end of time takes us back to the beginning and perhaps this is where we find the greatest revelation in a universe of infinite possibilities. The end is just another beginning. At once you have caught yourself wondering what will happen in the future in a hundred thousand or even a million years and For you we try to look behind the screen of the future through the evolution of the stars that we see in the sky every night until absolute oblivion. Today we will try to tame time and discover what our universe will be like in 100 million years.

Your seat belts in a few seconds will find themselves at the very beginning of the life of the universe and will travel until its last moments. We are about to begin. Of course, nothing in our universe can exist forever in 100 million years. The massive stars we see every night will disappear, leaving only fields of nebulae. Stars begin as large molecular clouds of gas and dust, evolve over tens of millions of years, and then remain shining in space for millions or billions of years. Stars in particular, although they hardly change during their life eventually due to the synthesis of hydrogen to form helium their temperature and brightness decrease and their core shrinks the death stage begins to last a little less than their real life then stars with a mask nearby from the Sun and around 9 to 10 billion years they become red giants after billions more years they completely fade away leaving behind only remains in the form of white dwarfs and a column of gas and dust from which new stars are born However the 100 million year period will also affect our sun it will become brighter and warmer by one percent and one or two larger in years the sun will heat up to a point that is fatal but what would happen if this process could be slowed down?

Still, a period of 100 million years is incredibly long for humanity during this time of our science. will be able to reach a level that may seem like science fiction to us now within 100 million years it will probably be able to tame the stars and determine how much longer they will shine thanks to stellar engineering during this period of time humanity will hypothetically be able to replenish the fuel reserves of the star or artificially influence its nuclear reactions, then the sun could survive longer and not threaten life on the planet. Manipulating stars can also create conditions for the development of life on planets that are not currently considered particularly habitable.

Humanity of the future will be able to extract hydrogen and helium from stars to produce energy. Human civilization will grow to an incredible scale, so the resources offered by the planets alone may not be enough to supply energy to such a large number of people. In addition to fuel extraction using the theoretical Dyson sphere, which would harvest stellar energy in the vicinity of a star, it would preserve resources and the environment on planets where people would hypothetically live. On the other hand, what would happen if stellar engineering allowed us to accelerate their aging by collecting fuel, in this case life nearby?

These stars will be dangerous and the galaxies in which these stars are located will begin to age rapidly, yes, not only stars are affected by the passage of time, galaxies and in particular the one we inhabit appeared at the beginning of the formation of the universe and continues to advance towards Oblivion, however, before dying, galaxies like stars will go through a long path of evolution, but by merging with others over a long period, smaller galaxies will become part of larger ones, so in 100 million years the number of small galaxies will probably decrease. In addition to the mixing of spiral and elliptical galaxies increasing slightly, future humanity will see repeated examples of galaxy mergers, especially with small galaxies, which can lead to the formation of new structures such as wave tails and, in particular, black holes. supermassive, the Milky Way.

The path also advances towards another Andromeda galaxy although we should not worry even in millions of years its collision would occur in about 5 billion years and in 100 million years our galaxy will have traveled about 978,000 light years although this will not affect us Either way, after the same amount of time, galaxies will change their location by moving to areas with different densities that will affect their morphology and star formation in different ways, but in the future, bright and beautiful galaxies will also fade away. The reason for this is the death of especially massive stars that determine the color and brightness of galaxies.

After the last explosion of a star, most of its gas will remain inside the galaxy keeping it alive but some will leave the galaxy because of this. fewer large stars form, the galaxy suffers and in millions of years there will probably only be a black hole in its place, in fact, it is impossible to find anything static in our universe, absolutely everything is in motion, including perhaps the universe itself since the beginning, the Big Bang. never stopped expanding in the early stages of the hot phase of the big bang, the universe expanded faster than light only after cooling, when the energy density of matter increased and protons, neutrons and electrons were formed, the speed It decreased a little and in 5 billion years it slowed down a lot.

However, both now and in the future the universe will not stop expanding. It must be understood that expansion does not mean that matter is moving but that time itself is expanding like a balloon with two dots drawn the more you inflate it the further apart the dots are, however this hardly affects objects that are connected by gravity like our galaxy and Andromeda or even ourselves, the amount of ordinary and dark matter always remains constant However, in large volume we can see that other galaxies are moving away from us and within 100 million years the local group galaxies may be so far away that It will be a little more difficult for us to see them while galaxy clusters like clj 1001 are far away. plus o220 will probably be almost invisible however the expansion of the universe is accelerating the expansion rate is 44 miles per hour which means that every 3.26 million light years the speed increases this will not end well for the universe in millions of years it would be Cosmic bodies find it more difficult to form the building blocks, they would fall apart too quickly.

The main factor in this is dark energy because it can hypothetically counteract the gravity of matter. Dark energy is a hypothetical energy and a necessary property of time that can have inevitable consequences in the future. In the future, within 100 million years the expansion rate may increase so much that galaxies will stop merging and therefore evolve. The mass of dust and gas that is ejected after the death of stars will disperse. Stars will form less frequently. Furthermore, within billions of years there will be gas leaks. it can become too fast in this case absolutely nothing will be able to form there are no stars there are no galaxies there is no life heat death will eventually come heat death is not related to the transformation of our universe into a hell through the evolution of stars The scenario of the future destiny of the universe is based on the second law of Thermodynamics According to which in a closed system the entropy or state of disorder increases over time, that is, the energy will be dissipated in such a way that absolutely nothing will be able to form something unified.

You can think of it as thermal energy leaving your cup of tea and dissipating into the room. Eventually, the temperature of the tea becomes the same as the room, so it can no longer warm up when you drink it, so the drink doesn't do its job and the galaxies will. They will be too far apart and the stars will begin to fade because there will be no more influx of energy or matter necessary for the evolution of stars, planets or other space objects the universe will become completely dark and empty Dark energy can threaten not only death by heat in the future if the expansion becomes many times faster over the next hundred million years then the universe can expect absolute death in the future Stars will not stop forming as in the previous scenario nothing will exist not even fundamental particles since matter like stars remains unchanged.

If they do not increase their mass through expansion, when in a few billion years the expansion can become considerably rapid, the stars will not resist such an influx of energy and will simply explode. . Another scenario for the end of our existence is the great tear. suggests that since the acceleration of the expansion probably cannot be influenced in 200 billion years, it will be so rapid that the gravitational interaction will be broken, the planets will abandon their orbits and, subsequently, the electromagnetic force that maintains the integrity of the stars will not be able to resist dark energy. with even more time not even the atoms will be able to resist and will be shattered, furthermore there is the possibility that after the big bang everything in the universe will return to the first stages of the big bang, however, what will remain in the singularity will not resemble the plasma that was at the beginning of the Big Bang will be cold and dilute instead of hot and dense.

No matter how terrible the hypothetical end of the universe may be, there is a possibility that this end will happen. be a new beginning another danger to the entire universe may be hidden in ourselves we all know that everything around us is made of atoms there are two elementary particles in the nucleus of an atom a proton and a neutron we also know that these particles are stable within the core, meaning they cannot disintegrate, but what if this is not necessarily true? The proton is one of the most common particles in the universe. It can exist even outside the core.

The proton has reasons to be stable, that is, the laws of conservation of charge of energy and barium number, although according to the standard model of physics the proton cannot decay in any way, more recent theories, such as the theory of the grand unification, which combines the three fundamental forces, electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions into one, allows this, so in the distant future there is a possibility. that this particle will decay, this seemingly improbable process is unlikely to cause a disaster throughout the universe, but if it happens on a massive scale, then in millions or even billions of years part of the universe will cease to exist, the decay of the proton will destabilize the nucleus of atoms and produce decay products that can affect the entire structure of the universe as matter begins to decay, but the entire world will not disappear, the entire system of galactic evolution in the regions where the proton decay occurred will would alter, people in the future can exhale the protons in their bodies will likely decay, but the 100-million-year period may bring another threat besides heat death and the Big Bang.

If the proton collapse is too large and strong, it will trigger an inevitable terrible end-of-the-world scenario. the universe, but not only because of protons, the destruction of all matter in the universe without even a hint of its previous existence is hypothetically possible through a bubble. You've probably heard of the Higgs boson, which is a fundamental component of the Higgs field. field that permeates the entire universe and to which particles gain mass when they interact with it. In addition, the Higgs field can affect the vacuum. We are used to thinking that a vacuum is empty space, but there are quantum fields in it, so a vacuum simply contains as little energy as possible for the field to determine whether the universe is in a true vacuum or a false vacuum a true vacuum means that the universe is stable and has the lowest possible vacuum energy state a false vacuum on the other hand means that the universe is metastable, that is, with a higher energy but less stability according tomodern theoretical data our universe is metastable, this is precisely the threat to all future life and matter if within 100 million years an event occurs in the universe that would have enormous energy, such as a massive decay of protons, which a small particle of the universe will hypothetically be able to enter a state of true vacuum, so a bubble of true vacuum will form that will expand at the speed of light, destroying all matter and fundamental particles in its path.

Life can hardly appear in any form afterwards. With such intervention the universe as we know it will change over time and one day become completely unknown to us, it will continue to evolve but like all of us it will start to fade away at some point, we don't know when it will happen. No matter how much we try to look into the future, we will never get an accurate prediction. One thing we can say for sure about the future is that humanity will see more than one outstanding discovery that perhaps within 100 million years will reveal the entire history of the universe and ourselves to humanity from the future foreign space the final frontier a fascinating cosmic tapestry of stars, galaxies and nebulae woven by the threads of the universe itself, but what happens when we find a gap in this Grand Design, a place where the cosmic Loom seems to have shaken off leaving an almost unfathomable immensity.

Nothing imagines an area of ​​space so vast and empty that if you traveled at the speed of light it would take you more than 330 million years to travel through it; It is about 23 times larger than our own Milky Way. Way galaxy a region is so barren where the average density of galaxies is so surprisingly low that it challenges our understanding of cosmic structure this is not science fiction but a very real and very mysterious feature of our universe welcome to the great void a cosmic mystery a abyss of darkness beyond the understanding of the universe and its formation, to truly appreciate the significance of our cosmic journey into the void, we must first travel back in time, when the concept of cosmic voids was just a glimpse in the eyes of astronomers.

At the end of the 18th century, a new era of astronomy emerged with the invention of the telescope. Astronomers began to map the cosmos with unprecedented precision, but as they mapped the brilliant expanse of the Milky Way they could barely imagine the vast cosmic structures that lay beyond their field of vision. Let's go back to the 20th century, the arrival of modern telescopes and observation techniques have opened up the universe like never before. Astronomers realize that our Milky Way is just one of billions of galaxies spread across an unimaginably vast Universe. When the distribution of galaxies was plotted, they began to notice something strange in some areas.

There were far fewer galaxies than expected. These areas were originally thought to be observational anomalies. They later became known as cosmic voids. Only in the second half of the 20th century did the concept of cosmic voids begin to gain momentum in the world. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s of redshifts, the method used to measure the distance to galaxies, revealed that the large-scale structure of the universe—galaxies were not scattered randomly, but appeared to form a sort of network. cosmic with vast expanses of voids between them. The advent of digital technology and more powerful telescopes in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has expanded our understanding of these gaps.

Sloan's digital sky surveys and 2df redshift surveys have produced detailed three-dimensional maps of the universe that reveal cosmic voids in their entirety the discovery and exploration of cosmic voids from astronomers' first hints to today's advanced instruments and methods represents a fascinating chapter in our quest to understand the universe; Yet despite our progress, these vast Realms of Nothingness continue to baffle scientists, the great void remaining a separate mystery in As we delve deeper into its Mysteries, we cannot help but wonder how it was formed. Astronomers looked further and discovered with greater precision an intriguing pattern in the distribution of galaxies.

Let's start with the fact that on a large cosmic scale galaxies are not scattered randomly throughout the Universe, but come together to form complex networks of cosmic structures. These networks, often called the cosmic web, consist of galaxy clusters, threads connecting these clusters, and vast empty spaces between them. The voids look like vast regions with a smaller number of galaxies and a stark contrast to the dense clusters and threads of the cosmic web. Understanding the large-scale structure of the universe was an important milestone in our understanding of cosmic voids. These gaps were not simply the absence of galaxies but integral parts. of the cosmic fabric Now that we have traversed the cosmic labyrinth that leads to the discovery of the voids, let us delve into one of the most mysterious voids confirmed to date, so large that it has been nicknamed The Great Void, welcome to the Buddhist void named after the The constellation in which the Bodus void is located, discovered by astronomer Robert Kirchner and his team in 1981, is one of the largest voids known in the universe.

How big is it in comparison? The diameter of this void is approximately 330 million light years. If you were to travel at the speed of light, it would take you 330 million years to cross it, which is from one side to the other and which is about 23 times the size of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The bodus void is not only large but also incredibly empty in an area of ​​space where we normally expect to find ten thousand galaxies there are only 60 in the bodus void. Think of it as a cosmic desert, a vast expanse of emptiness in the middle of a densely populated, galaxy-filled Cosmos.

The presence of such a colossal void contradicts the cosmological principle that states that when viewed from a sufficiently large distance. scale the universe should appear approximately the same in all directions the mysteries of bodus void are not limited to its size and emptiness, for example some of the galaxies that inhabit the void are strangely arranged in a tubular structure and this feature is not yet explained completely as we continue. our journey across the cosmic seas our next stop will be another prominent void that has earned the impressive name of supervoid this is the supervoid aeradonna the supervoid aerodona is named after the constellation in which it is observed it is not just a void but A super hole is one of the largest structures ever discovered in the universe just to give you an idea of ​​the scale this super hole extends across about a billion light years.

If you travel at the speed of light, it would take you a staggering billion years to cross it. From one side to the other, the Eridana supervoid is not only enormous but also incredibly barren; although it is not as devoid of galaxies as a Buddhist void, its vast space is still surprisingly barren compared to the galaxy-rich cosmos that surrounds it, but what makes the Eridana supervoid particularly intriguing is not only its size or void, this supervoid is related to a mysterious cosmic phenomenon known as the Relic radiation cold spot a Relic radiation cold spot is an unusually cold region in the cosmic microwave background the afterglow of the Big Bang Some scientists speculate that This cold spot could be the result of the aerodonus supervoid.

The enormous vacuum could cause a phenomenon known as the saxophone wolf effect where photons lose energy as they pass through the vacuum, resulting in a colder zone of relic radiation as we continue our journey through cosmic space. In the deserts we encounter another mysterious expanse of emptiness. Welcome to the super empty of Cons Benatici. This supervoid located in the constellation of hunting dogs is a compelling illustration of the scale and immensity of our universe. Khan has been a teaching supervacuum as are his counterparts in a region. of space with significantly fewer galaxies than expected To understand the scale of this super Gap, consider this: it is an incredible 1.2 billion light years in diameter, about eight times the size of our Milky Way galaxy, traveling at the speed of light, it would take more than a billion years to traverse it from one end to the other like a cosmic desert among the lush forest of galaxies.

The hound dog supervoid is an area of ​​deep emptiness, while the size and emptiness of the supervoid Cannes benatichi are fascinating, the question remains: how did such a massive vacuum arise? What process in the early Universe could have led to such a vast expanse of vacuum? Although the exact process that led to the formation of voids is still not resolved. Several compelling theories have been proposed. The first potential scenario involves the concept of cosmic inflation. It is believed that shortly after the big bang the universe underwent rapid expansion or inflation that stretched space itself. Quantum fluctuations during this inflationary period may have intensified on a cosmic scale, leading to denser and less dense regions of space for billions of years. regions forming clusters and galactic filaments and leaving behind less dense regions that became cosmic voids the second theory has to do with dark energy a mysterious force that causes the universe to accelerate Dark energy may have played a role in the formation of voids which push galaxies from less dense regions to denser ones, effectively inflating these voids over time.

Finally, the formation of cosmic voids may also be related to large-scale structural processes in the universe as matter and the universe They group together under their own gravity forming structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. formed naturally in the remaining spaces, this process is similar to the formation of bubbles in a loaf of bread as it rises and bakes, just as dough forms solid structures around pockets of air, the universe forms structures of matter around the empty space, these are just some of the theory that scientists are exploring to explain the formation of these cosmic anomalies, but it is vast and mysterious as these large voids are just one piece of a complex cosmic puzzle that scientists have yet to piece together. the exact processes that lead to formation. of voids are shrouded in mystery and discovering them is a daunting task one of the main problems is the scale and complexity of the universe the universe is vast and filled with countless galaxies, each with its own unique properties, understanding how these galaxies interact and How they affect the larger cosmic structure is a Herculean task, another difficulty is the elusive nature of dark matter and energy.

These unseen forces are believed to play a crucial role in shaping cosmic structures and voids, but our understanding of them is still in its infancy without a clear understanding of what dark matter and energy are actually influencing. voids remains a considerable challenge despite these obstacles. Current research in this field is dynamic and ever-evolving scientists are using increasingly sophisticated tools and techniques, from advanced telescopes to sophisticated computer simulations to explore space. mysteries of the great voids Large surveys, such as the Sloan digital Sky survey, show the distribution of galaxies throughout the Universe, providing invaluable data for studying cosmic voids, while computer simulations allow us to recreate the evolution of the universe in different conditions, which helps test theories to avoid formation.

In the quest to understand the origin of these vast cosmic voids, each new discovery, each piece of information, brings us one step closer to understanding the truth. Great voids have profound implications for cosmology and our understanding of the universe and its structure. First, they present a unique experience. perspective on the role of dark matter and energy, all-too-elusive but dominant components of our universe. Dark Matter, although invisible, is the basis of the large-scale structure of the universe, its gravitational pull helps form the cosmic network of galaxies and nullifies the very existence of These vast voids suggest that dark matter played a key role in the configuration of the universe we observe today, while Dark Energy, the mysterious Force that governs the accelerated expansion of the universe, may also play a crucial role in the growth of these voids by moving galaxies away from less dense areas. regions dark energy can inflate these voids on cosmic time scales, but the implications of cosmic voids extend even furtherfurther.

Studying these voids can provide important information that can help refine our current cosmological models and theories, for example the size and distribution of cosmic voids can be a unique test of cosmological models if a model can accurately predict the properties of these gaps this confirms their accuracy, conversely, any discrepancy between model predictions and observations may indicate the need to refine or even develop a new theory of physics, in fact, these great cosmic gaps once considered mere Empty spaces have not occupied the slightest place in our quest to understand the universe, but what if these voids are more than just empty space?

Its study has generated theories beyond our familiar Universe that border the Realms of the speculative and the extraordinary. This theory includes the concept of alternative universes or multiverse. This is the idea that our universe may not be the only one but one of many universes that exist in parallel with each other. According to some theorists, great voids could potentially be more than just vast spaces. of the void, in fact, could be interfaces or gateways to these alternative universes. This assumption has its roots in certain interpretations of quantum mechanics and string theory that postulate the existence of other dimensions in addition to the three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension that we find if these dimensions exist.

They could potentially contain many alternative universes, each with their own set of laws and physical properties. In this context, large voids can be areas where our known four-dimensional Universe thins and gives way to these other dimensions; However, it is important to note that this idea is highly speculative, although it offers an intriguing perspective and has inspired countless science fiction stories, it is far from being accepted by the mainstream scientific community. To date we have no concrete evidence of the existence of alternative universes or other advancing dimensions WE come across the idea mentioned above the idea that unites the immensity of the universe with the infinitesimal quantum world this concept is nothing more than quantum fluctuations in a quantum sphere particles of energy constantly appear and disappear creating a foaming sea of ​​fluctuations but what?

What do these microscopic phenomena have to do with the gigantic cosmic voids? The answer dates back to the early stages of the development of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang, during this period the universe was extremely small and hot and in such a state quantum effects could have a significant impact on the cosmic scale. The quantum fluctuations occurring at this time may have intensified as the universe expanded, these amplified quantum fluctuations could lead to an uneven distribution of matter and energy. Regions of lower density could become, over billions of years, the vast cosmic voids we see today in this scenario.

The large voids are like ancient footprints etched on the surface. fabric of the universe by quantum fluctuations in the first moments of its existence, it is important to note, however, that while this theory is intriguing and has some basis in our current understanding of physics, it still remains a hypothesis, verifying said theory is a difficult task requiring precise measurements of the large-scale structure of the universe, as well as a deeper understanding of quantum physics and cosmology, however, the prospect of connecting the quantum realm of the smallest cosmic scale with the largest is tempting, another fascinating hypothesis immerses us in the complex abstract world of topology the mathematical study of space and its properties in the context of the universe topological anomalies or spatial defects refer to irregularities in the structure of space-time as well as the Structure Defects These defects may represent areas where the normal structure of space-time is disturbed, but where might these anomalies have come from?

To answer this question, we have to go back to the inflationary period of the universe, a fraction of a second after the big bang, during this phase of ultra-rapid expansion, the universe grew exponentially, although this inflation smoothed out the overall distribution of matter and energy, It may also have exaggerated small irregularities in the fabric of space-time causing topological defects. These defects could then act as a place around which matter could not easily accumulate, eventually leading to the vast empty spaces we know as the Cosmic Void. The study of cosmic voids would not be complete without the study of one of the most mysterious parts of the universe, black holes, specifically we are talking about primary black holes, as opposed to the black holes we are familiar with, which form as a result of the collapse of massive stars.

Primary black holes are supposed to have formed shortly after of the Big Bang. They may have been created by extreme density fluctuations in the early universe. Now you might be wondering what these ancient black holes have to do with our great cosmic voids. One claim suggests that these voids may be filled with primary black holes. According to this idea, the large voids may be the result of a large number of primary black holes hidden in these regions, since they do not emit significant radiation and would be difficult to detect directly. However, its presence will have a gravitational effect that will effectively cleanse its environment and contribute to the enormous void we observe in the cosmic world.

Another theory intertwines the history of the emergence of large voids with elusive dark matter. Dark Matter, although it is believed to be undetectable by conventional means. Making up about 85 percent of the matter in the universe, it plays a crucial role in forming cosmic structures that weave a vast intertwined web linking galaxies. These strands of Dark Matter known as filaments support the universe and guide the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters. but what would happen if something broke these threads? What if a massive event or unknown Force could cause these threads to collapse or disintegrate? That's where cosmic voids come into play.

According to this theory, the collapse of the threads of Dark Matter could lead to the formation of these enormous voids, the collapse of these filaments would interrupt the flow of matter leaving behind vast empty expanses, so, as we have already understood, these vast expanses far from being barren wastelands, they are a treasure trove of clues and mysteries about the universe. and its composition, from the formation of the large-scale structure of the universe to the behavior of dark matter and energy. The mystery of the great void forces us to rethink our understanding of the cosmos, and while we may not yet have all the answers, The Question We Ask in Every Void We Explore brings us one step closer to unlocking the mysteries of the cosmos and remembering them every time.You look up at the night sky and see not only stars and galaxies but also invisible cosmic voids.

These silent Guardians of the cosmos continue their eternal vigil guarding the secrets of the universe and its vast expanses approximately 13.8 billion years ago a singularity an entity of infinity Density and gravity arose that quickly swelled and cooled, giving rise to our universe . We know this event as the Big Bang; However, speculation about such things does not provide answers, it only raises more and more questions. What was there before the Big Bang? Does it even exist? a before in the universe where time itself was born from this primordial explosion we are the last chapter of an endless cycle of cosmic death and rebirth the greatest minds of our species have proposed theories each one is amazing while the next some talk about other universes While others posit a universe that breathes, collapses and expands in an infinite cycle, let's try to make sense of what really happened before the beginning of time.

Imagine a breathing universe, expanding outward from a point, growing for billions of years, and then shrinking. in all matter and energy this is the essence of the theory of the oscillating universe this model assumes that our universe is only one phase in an endless cycle of expansion and contraction a cosmic dance that has no beginning or end each cycle begins with the big bang a explosive moment of creation followed by a long period of expansion over billions of years this expansion slows and then reverses the universe begins to contract which eventually leads to the Big Crunch during the Big Bang galaxies collide stars are compressed into all matter and energy is compressed into a singular point of infinite density very similar to The Singularity from where the Big Bang occurred but this is not the end but the beginning of another cycle The Singularity explodes with another big bang initiating the next iteration of the universe the life of each Universe in this The model could be billions and even trillions of years and each Big Bang prepares the ground for the next Big Bang.

It's a fascinating concept, isn't it like a cosmic pendulum swinging back and forth between expansion and contraction destroying and recreating universes on its way? However, the theory of an oscillating universe is not without its flaws and criticisms; we have yet to understand many factors related to the expansion of the universe, its exact energetic composition and how gravity behaves on such scales, and the data we have collected. of the cosmic microwave background seem to point to an increasingly accelerated expansion. It is not a possible future contraction but, as always, science continues to evolve and theories once rejected could find new life in light of new discoveries throughout our time. exploration of space and time, we have always thought that our universe is unique and unique. bubble of reality floating in an infinite sea of ​​nothingness, but what if we are not alone?

What if our universe is just one among an unimaginable multitude of other universes, each with its own laws of physics, its own history, its own beginning and end, this is the premise? of the Multiverse Theory imagines a vast Cosmic ocean in which countless bubbles appear and disappear, each of these bubbles represents an independent universe and our universe is just one of them among this Cosmic foam, some of these universes may be different from ours, they have different physical constants or even other dimensions may be surprisingly similar; they may even contain life as we know it. What would happen if some of these universes preceded our own?

Could our Big Bang have been caused by an interaction with another universe? The concept of the Multiverse challenges our understanding of our place in the cosmos. It is a theory that remains highly speculative, while the Multiverse theory is fascinating, after all it is also controversial. If these other universes are out of our reach, how can we detect or study them? And if the theory cannot be tested, can it be considered scientific? Multiverse Theory continues to be the subject of research and debate among physicists. It represents the edge of our understanding where science blends with philosophy and observable facts give way to deep questions about the nature of reality itself despite the supposed multiplicity of universes with all their variety of physical forces. and dimensions Let's return to our realities: our understanding of the universe is based on two pillars of modern physics, quantum mechanics that describes a world on the atomic and subatomic scale and general relativity that describes a world of very large dimensions, but what? what happens when you are?

Two worlds collide according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, space and time are intertwined in four-dimensional fabrics known as space-time, massive objects distort this fabric creating what we perceive as gravity, on the other hand, mechanics Quantum presents a world in which particles can exist. in various states they appear and disappear simultaneously it is a world that defies our everyday logic these two theories are found in the singularity of the big bang and in the heart of black holes where the scales of quantum mechanics and gravity intersect, scientists have Long sought a theory of quantum gravity to reconcile these two contradictory views, an interesting idea that emerged from this search is the no-holds-barred proposal advocated by physicist Stephen Hawking and James Hartle.

According to this theory, the universe did not emerge from a singularity, but rather space and time are finite but unlimited. the surface of the Earth just as you can travel across the Earth without falling off the edge you can travel through the universe without colliding with a boundary the universe would be a four-dimensional sphere and the Big Bang would be a soft point similar to the north pole of the Earth but there is noa singularity in this model, asking what happened before the Big Bang loses as much meaning as asking what is north of the North Pole.

This is a pretty good way to solve the problem of the singularity at the beginning of the universe like the other theories we know. We have discussed the Limitless proposal is not without criticism and is still the subject of ongoing research; However, it represents an intriguing attempt to bring together incredibly large and incredibly small worlds, pushing the limits of our understanding of the origin of the universe. field of string theory theoretical framework in which the fundamental components of the universe are not particles but rather one-dimensional entities called strings each string can vibrate at different frequencies and these different vibrations produce different particles electrons quarks photons all of them can be currents by simply singing In notes different, but string theory does not stop there;

It also predicts the existence of more than three spatial dimensions with which we are familiar. These additional dimensions may be compacted or hidden from our perception, but nevertheless fundamentally affect the fabric of reality in the context of our topic a variant of string theory the pre-bigbang scenario or as it is also called the periodic model of the egg suggests that our universe may have been created by the catastrophic collision of two worlds or brains of the Multiverse what happens after such a collision the two brains bounce apart and separate only to gravitationally come together and collide again billions of years later, perhaps creating another universe, then, what was before the Big Bang, well, in this model it could have been another universe similar to ours, existing in a brain parallel to ours and yet a chain.

The theory itself, although incredibly elegant and capable of combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has no empirical evidence and, as we already know, such things are very difficult to verify, but what if we choose a different approach instead of looking for a universe that preceded ours? What if we reconsider? The very notion of nothingness When we think of a vacuum, we often imagine absolute nothingness, but in the world of quantum mechanics the vacuum is far from empty. It is a bubbling soup of particles and antiparticles that arise spontaneously and then destroy each other. This phenomenon. It's called vacuum fluctuations.

The vacuum fluctuation model, also known as the quantum fluctuation model, suggests that our universe may have originated from one of these vacuum fluctuations. A small bubble of false vacuum could have inflated in the universe due to the principles of quantum mechanics. Due to the phase transition or quantum tunneling it would begin to expand rapidly and its edges would be pushed outwards by the negative pressure inside this bubble, the energy of the false vacuum could be transformed into matter giving rise to stars, galaxies and, finally, you. and to me, so what was there before the Big Bang and the vacuum fluctuation model could have been a quantum vacuum, a sea of ​​short-lived particles and antiparticles, and our universe was just a random bubble that managed to grow until become something larger, while the vacuum fluctuation model is an interesting possibility. raises difficult questions, such as why this particular bubble expanded while others did not and how we reconcile the idea of ​​an eternal quantum vacuum with the apparent age of our universe, but as we delve deeper into the world of physics quantum we find that it holds.

More Intriguing Possibilities One of these possibilities is related to the field of research that combines quantum mechanics with cosmology, which brings us to the next model, the big bounce theory. Imagine a universe that expands, contracts, and then bounces elastically. That's the basic idea of ​​the big bounce theory. Instead of a singularity in which all laws of physics cease to exist, the big bounce theory holds that our universe may have been born from the remains of a previous contracting universe. In this model, the universe is not compressed into a singularity due to quantum effects. It returns to a very small size and begins to expand again, giving rise to what we now call The Big Bang.

This theory, like the theory of the oscillating universe, postulates a universe without beginning or end but with an infinite cycle of expansion, contraction and rebirth in this way. avoids the singularities that affect the other models; However, unlike the oscillating universe theory, the big bounce focuses specifically on the transition point, the bounce between contraction and expansion, so how does quantum mechanics fit into this? Quantum effects are thought to play an important role in very small models. scales at which rebound can occur according to Quantum Mechanics particles can cross barriers even if they do not have classical energy to do so.

Some theories suggest that the Universe could use a similar quantum tunneling effect to bounce from a contracting state to an expanding one again this year. The theory is highly speculative and faces important problems both theoretical and observational. Can we find evidence of a previous phase of contraction in our current Universe? Can we develop a quantum theory of gravity that can handle these extreme conditions? However, the big bounce theory is not without its flaws. The physics of what can make the shrinking universe return to normal is still being researched. Understanding how this process can occur without violating the known laws of physics is the main obstacle to this theory.

The big bounce theory does not yet fit within our traditional notions of time and causality, however, as always in science, there are competing theories. For example, our universe could have been born from a cosmic object that we have already discovered but barely understand. something mysterious that is all-consuming but perhaps also creative a black hole mysterious black holes Giants of the universe formed by the collapse of massive stars are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can leave it the base of a black hole according to the general theory of relativity is a singularity a point where the density becomes infinite and the curvature of space-time reaches an extreme degree, but what if these cosmic entities were not the end but the beginning?

Some physicists speculate that singularities within black holes could give rise to new expanding universes, so our universe could be the inner part of a black hole. belonging to another parent universe, in this model the Big Bang would correspond to the formation of a black hole singularity in the parent universe and the expansion of our universe corresponds to the internal growth of the black hole, so what was there before the Big Bang could be the interior of a black hole in Another Universe and perhaps each black hole in our universe can give rise to a new universe within itself, of course, this idea, like all the ones we have discussed, is a hypothesis and is not without problems , how can we test this?

Theory: Can we observe the effects of the parent universe and how do we reconcile this with our current understanding of black holes and singularities? Loop quantum gravity or lqg is a theoretical framework intended to reconcile the two giants of 20th century physics, quantum mechanics, which describes the same Small and general relativity, which describes very large loop quantum gravity, involves that space itself is not continuous but consists of small discrete loops; It consists of small indivisible loops, just as a piece of cloth consists of interwoven threads applied to cosmology. Loop Quantum Gravity or, more accurately, Loop Quantum Cosmology offers a bounce scenario similar to the big attacks we discussed above.

In fact, Loop Quantum cosmology provides a specific quantum mechanical description of the evolution of the universe, including the big bounce scenario rather than collapsing into a singularity as required by traditional Big Bang theory. and the general theory of relativity, the universe shrinks to a minimum size but quantum gravitational effects become significant and counteract the contraction, then the universe rebounds and begins to expand again, this means that our universe may have experienced a series of expansions and contractions, each of which began with a quantum leap so what was before the Big Bang from the point of view of the loop Quantum cosmology may be another phase of the universe the phase of contraction that preceded the quantum leap in Loop Quantum cosmology the idea of ​​a quantum bridge is really fascinating this bridge represents a transitional phase that connects our universe with its predecessor instead of the Singularity the universe undergoes a quantum jump and begins to expand this jump this transformation from contraction to expansion can be seen as a quantum bridge from the old universe to the new.

This quantum bridge is not a physical bridge in the conventional sense, but rather a phase of the evolution of the universe controlled by quantum gravity. So what lies beyond the Big Bang according to Luke Quantum? cosmology the previous universe is connected to ours by a Quantum Bridge although this Theory eliminates the Singularity at the Big Bang and offers an elegant quantum description of the evolution of the universe it still faces considerable difficulties however if correct it offers us a surprising image a universe but with no beginning or end undergoing infinite cycles of contraction, leap and expansion, although these theories offer intriguing possibilities for the most part, they are still in the realm of speculation, each has its strengths, its weaknesses and none of them have evidence yet conclusively experimental in His favor, even as we get closer to the answer to what was before the Big Bang, we should expect each answer to open even more questions, but the beauty of science lies in the process of exploration and Discovery itself.

Researchers around the world tirelessly study these theories and improve their models and the study of even a single theory goes a long way in advancing the whole picture, so in a nutshell what happened before the Big Bang at this time is not known. We know for sure, but whatever the answer, the search itself enriches our understanding and inspires us to keep searching.