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Periodic Table of Elements Explained - Metals, Nonmetals, Valence Electrons, Charges

May 29, 2021
In this video I'm going to talk about the

periodic

table

and certain properties of the

elements

found in this

table

, so let's go over the first group of columns in this group, it has

elements

like hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, etc. , now hydrogen is considered a non-metal, but those below it, such as lithium, sodium, and potassium, are considered

metals

. They are known as alkali

metals

. They are very reactive. If you put them in water, they practically explode. Now each of these elements. In this column there are metals with one

valence

electron, they like to give away

electrons

and tend to form positively charged ions, also known as cations, so lithium, sodium and potassium ions will form a plus one charge.
periodic table of elements explained   metals nonmetals valence electrons charges
Now the next column is group two. Elements include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and even barium, so they are known as alkaline earth metals, they have two

valence

electrons

and form ions with a charge plus two. The alkali metals. Group one, are the most reactive metals we know. Alkaline earth metals are also reactive, but not as reactive as alkali metals. Here we have the transition metals. I'm not going to buy them all, but some transition metals are reactive, some are not, they vary, but there are some common elements. you want to know like zinc copper f e means iron AG is silver au is gold PT platinum HG mercury so those are some common symbols you want to get familiar with now that we have other elements like boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon helium argon Krypton aluminum gallium silicon germanium phosphorus arsenic antimony tin lead sulfur selenium teehee chlorine bromine iodine xenon and so on now group 8 these are known as noble gases helium has only two valence electrons the elements in the first row can have one and two electrons neon has eight valence electrons valence Noble gases are chemically inert for the most part, they don't really react much with the very stable ones.
periodic table of elements explained   metals nonmetals valence electrons charges

More Interesting Facts About,

periodic table of elements explained metals nonmetals valence electrons charges...

The next group is the halogens, which include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. These elements have 7 valence electrons and are known as group 7a or group 17 in a

periodic

table and form negative

charges

1 like ions halogens are very reactive there are non-metals but they are extremely reactive they are the most reactive non-metals that we know of the following column are chalcogen which is group 6a or group 16 of the periodic table and have six valence electrons and tend to form 2 negative

charges

nitrogen phosphorus arsenic those elements have five valence electrons and typically form 3 negative charges boron aluminum gallium have three valence electrons and they form more three charged ions now, the next group in the middle that has carbon, silicon, germanium, has four valence electrons, but their charges can vary.
periodic table of elements explained   metals nonmetals valence electrons charges
Carbon and silicon you don't usually see in anionic form, but group four elements can form +4 charges or +2 charges, a good example is tin and lead. Tin has two oxidation states, the +2 oxidation state and the plus 4 oxidation state. It's the same thing, it could be plus 2 or plus 4 and then you also have other elements here that are known as internal transition metals, the First row represents the lanthanides and the second row is the actinides. Now on the periodic table, sometimes you can see a line that looks like this, elements that are very close to that line and behave like metalloids. elements on the far left, so basically this whole group here are metals, metals conduct heat and electricity, they are also malleable, they can be hammered into sheets and they are ductile, they can be made into a wire, so there are metals that metals like. they give away electrons so metals are electropositive since they give away electrons they form positive charges now the elements on the upper right side of the periodic table represent non-metals non-metals do not conduct electricity they are insulators and like to acquire electrons non-metals are electronegative as that acquire electrons they obtain negative charges fluorine is the most electronegative element on a crack table on the other side under rubidium you have cesium and then under francium francium is one of the most electropositive metals francium really likes it, really wants to give away a fluorine electron really wants to acquire an electron so the two have opposite behavior now along the red line we have something called metalloids metalloids are like between metals and non-metals they are not pure insulators like non-metals and they are not as good like metals in terms of electrical conductivity metals conduct electricity very very well non-metals do not conduct electricity at all metalloids conduct a small amount of electricity some of the most common metalloids you will see in chemistry are silicon and germanium always If you shine light on a metalloid or if you increase the temperature of a metal, the electrical conductivity would increase if you increase the temperature of a metal, the electrical conductivity decreases metals become superconductors if you can cool them to a very low temperature close to absolute zero now other What you need to know about the periodic table are the representative elements.
periodic table of elements explained   metals nonmetals valence electrons charges
Representative elements include elements that are not transition metals, so elements that are not in this block or internal transition metals, those are not representative elements, everything else is known as representative elements. group 1 group 2 group 13 to 18 or group 3a to 8a and those are known as representative elements in the periodic table. There are two numbers that are important that you should know, so let's look at the symbol for fluorine, which is f, you will see that there are two numbers, a number nine above and 19 below the element symbol, the smaller of the two numbers represents the number atomic and the larger number is the average atomic mass.
You could simply say atomic mass, the atomic number is always equal to the number of protons. so fluorine has nine protons the atomic mass represents the number of neutrons and protons so fluorine has nine protons 10 neutrons add up to 19 let's consider that an atom of lithium lithium has an atomic number of 3 and if we average the mass number is approximately 7 So, the number of protons it has is 3 protons, if you take the difference between 7 minus 3, if you subtract the mass number and the atomic number, you will get the number of neutrons, now in an atom, the number of protons and electrons is the Likewise, an atom is electrically neutral, so a lithium atom has two electrons.
If you draw, let's say this is the nucleus of the lithium atom, in a first shell it contains two electrons and in the second shell it has one electron, the number of electrons in the outermost energy. The level represents the valence electrons, so lithium has a total of 3 electrons, it has one valence electron and two core electrons. The core electrons are the electrons that are inside the atom, now inside the nucleus of the atom, which is where the protons and neutrons exist. In that location, the three protons and four neutrons are inside the nucleus of the atom, that's where the mass of most atoms is, within that tiny little region of the nucleus, the electrons are orbiting around the nucleus.
Now here you have a question. I have learned from physics that like charges repel each other, if you place two positive charges next to each other they will generate a force that will accelerate them away from each other, but if you place a positive and a negative charge next to each other. These two will experience a force of attraction, so the nucleus has protons that contain positive charges and neutrons that are neutral, why don't the positive charges separate? Do these two charges repel each other? Shouldn't they fly? Besides, it turns out that the electrical force that wants to separate the protons is balanced by another force known as the strong nuclear force.
There is another force that keeps the protons and neutrons locked together. Outside of that, we have the electrons that are attracted to the protons, but the electrons are They move very quickly around the atom and the force of attraction between the electrons and the protons helps the electrons stay in orbit around the nucleus, so those are some basic principles you'll want to get familiar with with an atom, but work on some problems. to find the number of electrons, protons and neutrons inside an atom, so keep this in mind: the number of protons is equal to the atomic number and the number of neutrons is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number the number of electrons inside an atom is equal to the atomic number: the charge of an atom is electrically neutral, so it has no charge, which means that for atoms the protons and electrons are equal, but for an ion that has a charge, the number of protons and electrons is unequal consider these two examples aluminum and the aluminum ion plus 3 the atomic number of aluminum will always be 13 and the mass number is approximately 27 in the periodic table 13 is at the top but as long as you are trying with every time you write an isotope of an element they are elements with different mass numbers but with the same number of protons or the same atomic number usually written this way: you have the atomic number at the bottom and the mass number at the top, but don't let it confuse you the smaller of the two is always the atomic number the mass number is the larger of the two numbers so how many protons does aluminum have? the number of protons will always be equal to the atomic number to find the number of neutrons it is the difference between a mass number and the atomic number then it is 27 - 13 so aluminum has 14 neutrons now the number of electrons will differ between an atom and an ion the number of electrons is the atomic number minus the charge an atom is neutral it has no charge so it will be 13 minus 0, therefore 13 electrons now for the ion will be 13 minus the charge of 3 13 minus 3 is 10, so what the aluminum ion has 13 protons and 10 electrons so we can see why the overall charge is positive 3 if you add these numbers now one of the first quizzes you may receive in your chemistry course is a quiz on how to identify elements, naming them or how to identify a property of a certain element, so I'm going to interrogate you at this point, so let's get started. with the name and the elements, I'm going to give you a list of symbols and I want you to write the names of each of these elements, so what are the names of the five elements that you see here?
H means hydrogen, C is carbon and E is neon and is nitrogen if silicon try these, feel free to pause the video while you write the names of these elements f means fluorine s is sulfur and a is sodium K is potassium fe is iron P is phosphorus Co is cobalt We look like copper ge is germanium CL chlorine ARS argon CA is calcium al is aluminum and is nickel CR is chromium P D means palladium au is gold AG is silver PT is platinum HG is mercury and PB is lead SN is 10 SB is antimony a chi is helium allies lithium mg is magnesium MN is manganese so let's try some more examples okay I think it's good enough go ahead and name these elements pause the video try it and then unpause when you're ready B II is beryllium RB is rubidium BA is barium se is selenium I is iodine kr is Krypton germanium U is uranium Zn zinc CD cadmium TI titanium and be careful with T oh, that's thallium.
Sometimes you may be asked about other questions related to the elements, so let's say that if I give you a list of elements, phosphorus, selenium, manganese, chlorine and krypton, if I ask you which of these elements conducts electricity, which element would select the correct answer is manganese manganese is a metal metals conduct electricity the other four elements are non-metals are insulated remain so as not to conduct electricity now which of the following elements contains two valence electrons is potassium calcium gilliam chlorine or sulfur then Let's find the number of valence electrons that each of these elements contains.
Potassium is in group one of the periodic table. It is in the first column so it only has one valence electron. Calcium is in group two so it has two valence electrons gallium is in 3a or 13 has three valence electrons chlorine has seven sulfur has six: the answer is calcium now let's say that if we have chromium, strontium, sulfur, gallium and silicon, which of these elements has most likely to form a negatively charged ion, also known as an anion, is a chromium? Sulfur is a gallium, which it is not, so let's look at the charges these elements like to form.
Strontium is in group two, so it likes the +2 charge form. Gallium is in group three a, so it likes to form a +. 3 charge: All metals generally form positive charges, non-metals form negative charges, so we are really looking for the non-metal. Chromium is a transition metal and transition metals could form multiple charges. Chromium could be +2, sometimes it could be in the oxidation plus 3. State, but it will not be chromium, silicon is a metalloid and,Typically, silicon generally forms positive charges rather than negative charges. Two common oxidation states are the plus two and plus 4 oxidation state. Sulfur is a nonmetal and

nonmetals

like to acquire electrons, so sulfur is going to form a negative two charge, it is in group 6a of the periodic table, elements like oxygen, sulfur, selenium, like to acquire two electrons to form a two negative charge, so now let's try another question, let's say if you are given the following elements. bromine selenium germanium potassium magnesium cobalt and uranium so here is the first question which of the following elements are considered metals circle all the elements that are metals then potassium magnesium cobalt and uranium are classified as Mo now which are non-metals bromine and selenium are not metals ge germanium is the metalloid now out of the elements listed what is an alkali metal the only alkali metal we have is potassium now what is an alkaline earth metal alkaline earth metals are found in the second column of the periodic table and then magnesium is a alkaline earth metal now which is a transition metal and which is an internal transition metal cobalt is a transition metal but uranium is an internal transition metal uranium is part of the actinide series now which element represents a halogen and which is a chalcogen bromine is a halogen and selenium is a chalcogen which of these elements is the most reactive metal the most reactive metal includes the alkali metals so that would be potassium which element represents the most reactive non-metal the most reactive metal is the halogen, then it will be bromine and which of these elements do you think is radioactive.
The one most likely to be radioactive is the heaviest, which are usually the internal transition metals. The heaviest element we have here is uranium. It has the highest. Atomic number elements with very high atomic numbers, usually like 90 and above, most of them are usually radioactive, so many of the elements you see in the actinide series, most of those elements are radioactive and uranium It is one of them. Which of these elements? It is chemically inert, very stable, it is phosphorus, nickel, chlorine, argon or carbon, the one that is most stable is the noble gas, argon, the noble gases are chemically inert, it is very, very difficult for them to participate in a chemical reaction, something very reactive like fluorine is needed to produce it.
These elements react but for the most part they are chemically inert Now which of these elements wants to give up electrons The elements that we want to give up electrons are metals The only metal we have here on this list is nickel, which is a transition metal, so that all metals like to give up electrons instead of receiving electrons. Now, which of the following elements can conduct electricity? So we know that metals will always connect electricity, so nickel is one of them, the rest are non-metals, most non-metals, as we mentioned before. It does not conduct electricity however there is one exception on this list and that exception is carbon carbon has many different forms or allotropes two common forms of carbon are diamond and graphite a diamond does not conduct electricity however diamond is an excellent conductor of electricity heat graphite in the On the other hand, due to its structure, graphite is one of those rare

nonmetals

that actually conduct electricity, so the graphite form of carbon and nickel can conduct electricity.
Now you need to be familiar with the elements and their physical states. You need to know the seven diatomic elements. Hydrogen is diatomic Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule The same occurs with oxygen fluorine chlorine bromine and iodine, so they exist as diatomic molecules at room temperature Hydrogen is a gas Nitrogen is a gas and oxygen is a gas Fluorine is also a gas and chlorine is the gas, bromine is a red liquid and iodine is a violet solid at room temperature. Now there are a few other elements you need to take into account. Most metals are solid at room temperature.
However, mercury is one of those rare metals that is liquid at room temperature. Another element of interest is gallium. At room temperature, about 25 degrees Celsius, gallium is a solid; However, if you slightly raise the temperature to about 30 degrees Celsius, Gilliam will begin to melt into a liquid. In fact, if you put it in your hand, the heat of your hand can make gilliam melt into a liquid now this is all I have for this video. I hope you found it beneficial, so thanks for watching and have a great day.

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