How The Norsemen Became The Seafaring Vikings | Wings Of A Dragon | Timeline

their flames burned soon they would conquer their world they are not yet a nation and no ruler will command their troops yet for some time they will call upon their pagan gods to give them strength and prosperity but soon their voices will be heard in distant lands and others will fear and admire They will be loved and hated firmly, their axes will shape the ships that will carry their people across Europe to Asia and two yet unknown lands beyond the horizon to the west, stories will be told and retold for centuries. , their sagas will send messages throughout millennia, when people see their ships coming, they will be very impressed or very scared, the

dragon

has come for its prey and its

wings

will fly with the wind and carry men across the oceans .

I think they at least made it to New York. They were in Florida maybe in Mexico they will be known to the world as Vikings that Vikings avoid got a bad press in European history partly because their tendency to burn down the newspaper office attacking monasteries and other literacy centers and this course we didn't get them write their names forever etched in the history of places near and far. Death and destruction. The traces of some Vikings end in a dark vault in Copenhagen. Perhaps as a legacy of its violent past we have the remains of approximately. 450 Greenland Norse Vikings in one of the first church cemeteries in Norse Greenland, there is a mass grave with 13 individuals, bones completely dismembered and completely jumbled with the skulls arranged nicely along one edge of the other grave and several of The skulls had marks from very violent cuts from other swords or axes.

Perhaps the obvious signs of a violent life are only distracting us from the other, possibly more truthful story, about a culture that rose above others and reigned for half a millennium. This was once a man who worked the land in distant Greenland, his remains and those of other men, women and children who settled on an Arctic coast add a chapter to an amazing story of survival and heroism. Each bone now reads like a chapter in a book that gives scientists insight into daily life. A thousand years ago, well, we look at the skeletons and we can certainly see that nutrition, at least at the beginning of the settlement period, was fine.

We don't see any obvious signs of malnutrition, but the story begins in Scandinavia in 750 AD. on one of the many small farms and villages along the coasts and waterways, although the people involved were often blonde Scandinavians, the term Viking is not an ethnic term and cannot be taken as a national identity, there are also Slavic Vikings , Irish Vikings and, to be a Viking. It's more of a term for an activity carried out by this diverse group of people living in northern Europe at the time and the Arab emissaries traveling north were shocked and frightened by what they saw: they were the filthiest of God's creatures. every day that passed.

They must wash their face and head and do this in the most dirty and filthy way possible. I have also fallen into 922 observing that to their surprise they comb their hair every day due to the thousands of kilometers of coastline that

seafaring

activities have been a part of. a cultural heritage long before the death of the Vikings the rich fishery along the Atlantic coast was the basis of many important settlements and the farms in the area were self-sufficient and rich with housing for extended families gold silver glass and textiles the Vikings They proudly express their beauty and status and original art, but more than anything they were farmers who peacefully cultivated the land and cleared the forests for agriculture and, on most of the large farms, there was a shipyard.

In a few months, a new ship would take shape based on a shipbuilding tradition with roots dating back to For hundreds of years, the craftsman developed ships that would forever change the face of history and in homes women used the standing loom to weave the

dragon

's

wings

the powerful sails that gave the ships extraordinary power the Vikings were proud of their ships and the artists made sure that the impression did not go unnoticed by anyone, but were they truthful or did they allow artistic freedom to the represent the ships? Modern shipbuilders and maritime archaeologists have long been puzzled by the rigs of the Viking ships depicted, because experience is good in trying to reconstruct the ships and make them sail worthy history has offered little help we have a problem with ship finds Vikings you see that most of the finds have been made in very shallow waters or along the coast and in places where the local population has been able to get Edler ships and steal all the ships and, consequently, we will not find wars, nor cruelty , no sales, no mast, nor any of the pia belonging to the ship, only a few Viking ships have been found and the finds have often only consisted of scattered remains. planks and parts of the rigging by carefully piecing together the remains Ola Kremlin P Edition and his colleagues can conclude that the fleet of Viking ships was surprisingly diverse: the bulky freighter known as the Qatar had 950 square feet of sail and

became

the freighter the trade routes of the

vikings

, there are the small boats used for fishing, fairing and short local voyages, the long boat powered by sails and oars, is the dragon warship of the sagas built to strike fear into enemies .

Personally, I am very attracted to the combination of aesthetics. and functionality and this is the supreme expression of that and Danish scientists were lucky enough to find several sunken Viking ships the five Viking school ships extraordinary in the sense that here we have five different types of ships from the late Viking Age of the Eleventh century. century representing five different types of boats and different origins, one boat from the island, from western Norway and two from Denmark, Max Vina and Eric Anderson had to discover how the boats sailed and looked at every hole and every detail to understand it.

Its functions, the wear around the holes, indicates the previous direction of the ropes and the details of the rigging, in a way that you yourself must be a sailor to understand all the clues you find in the finds, for example, etc. , that is very important and is practical for sailors. They didn't look for answers in books, they took to the sea, the tradition of the single square sail has continued for over a thousand years in northern Norway, where even the first graders say they are small Viking boats for fishing in Lofoten. Among many things, finding a hole in the ship and understanding how it was used as part of Riggin navigation gave Eric and Max their final clues.

Suddenly it all made sense and the Viking Age sale could be recreated by adding the sale to a people helmet. which had been used in this part of the world for hundreds of years was probably the most important factor in establishing Viking rule. Suddenly, a world of commerce opened up. The largest ships were capable of transporting up to 40 tons, most often in wooden barrels, but also in the form of people and farm animals. Despite this, the ship's draft of only five feet could enter shallow ports. deep and in this place in northern Germany there were only fields, today there remains a city known as Altura that grew to become a power in the Viking world.

It is the first town and in this tone we have a very special town architecture so it is possible that many people find a place in a very small place the farmers

became

merchants a rural lifestyle changed to an urban one while maintaining control over the trade and controlling the Trader routes using warlike and defensive tactics soon gave the Vikings the advantage. Amber quilt and good quality wet stones were important ingredients in the Viking trading system and, with an extensive wilderness to the north and east, the Vikings soon dominated the lucrative fur trade. They cover the kings and sultans of distant empires and Viking traders sold and traded for salt and precious metals, but their generosity also included the living during the excavations at HIDA boo.

Archaeologists found Erin's handcuffs unchanged and that is an indication that they were sold here on Haida Boo. slaves in the market without a doubt the city of hai therby was a place where many different people and cultures met. From here the ships left in all directions. The Vikings of what is now Sweden took up their oars and sailed across the Baltic Sea entering the extensive river system. which would take them to the Caspian and Black seas in the south. The people they met were known as the Rus and they soon established dominion over a land that still bears their name.

Russia again a successful ship design with a ship that could be The Vikings stopped ashore when necessary, but the voyages took their toll. Many warriors died far from home with the rise of a written language. Their exploits and heroism were immortalized in elaborate rune stones. The shots that the Slavs, the Davidians and the Vests then said. For the people of Rus, our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. She came to rule us and reign over us. The land under American control expanded greatly and kyiv became the capital. They often sailed to Constantinople, but failed in two attempts to conquer it.

However, in the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor noticed his strength and bravery and made the Vikings his personal mercenary guard. The Vikings were elite traders backed by their own military power and the exact attribute infers that the slaves of their Slavic subjects traded with the Arabs for silver, but Viking expansion whether East or West still relied on the development of ships in the Viking Ship Museum in Denmark. Suren Nielsen is in charge of building replicas of boats but the important thing is to follow the grain, that the piece of wood that is put on the boat follows the fibers. of the wood, so it has grown in the right way.

I make two pieces here just to show you what's important and in this piece the fibers go here like this straight and this is a cultured piece from nature and if you hit it here as you can see here the fibers didn't follow the shape of the piece so it broke and that This is the important thing, as you can see in this piece of wood, the fibers follow from one end to the other and therefore it is unbreakable, that is what makes this piece very strong. An industry was developed in the forests of the Viking Age.

Skilled shipbuilders looked for natural curves in the wood lines that would fit the shape of the hull of the ship they planned to build. Boards were cut from the tree. The trunk and beams carved into the curved branches, oak was definitely the preferred material, but shipbuilders in northern Scandinavia would have to make do with pine. I think it was impossible for one boat builder or ten construction documents to build a boat like This has to be it: there was an industry with a lot of people in the forest buying the big planks and they carried roughly cut planks to the port and down there there were boat builders Assembling the ship today, the tradition is upheld by a small team of shipbuilders at the Viking Ship Museum was ER expert in Denmark on this bed is the longest ship replica ever built at 100 feet long this slender ship appears to defy the rules of boat building there are a lot of points where I think this is not strong enough this is too thin this is too weak in all those cases when when the boat goes out to sea it is strong enough it would be fine the boat is built using the clinker technique with overlapping boards I believe it is one of the few elements of life that has survived for over a thousand years in the living tradition of much of northern Europe and North America as a true heritage viking The design allows for considerable flexibility.

They can move like a dolphin in the sea. and they do not stand out as a rigid element that would hammer against the waves. This is the secret of the Viking ship. Modern shipbuilders decided to put their ancestors and their design to the test at the Danish Maritime Institute. Naval architect Kim Henrickson. prepares for an examination of the characteristics of the pavilions, the clinker construction method quickly demonstrates its quality concept, so to speak, the number of passengers is very similar to that of modern ocean vessels, for example on the Volvo Ocean Race, the number of passengers is a light displacement boat, even when they are carrying cargo and it is skimming the surface, you see that there is no friction with the water, the air bubbles are forced under the boat along the overlapping planks, the Air operates as if lubrication resistance were minimal. gyoon our moral egerton built and sails his own viking ship, the viking ships that were built from the same starting to serve him at more than 30 knots, he begins to serve and then it is easy to sail at a speed of 15 18 20 knots, only theFaster modern sailing ships can match those speeds, but it will take more than a fast ship to conquer the world.

The skills of the Viking sailors were outstanding and they dominated the oceans for almost half a millennium. Initially, the Vikings surfed along the coasts as long as they could see. that land navigation was easy once they set course for the open sea the rules changed lord enter schlund a retired dane The sea captain has many things in common with his ancestral Viking captain and is sure that they knew how to navigate the oceans. A small piece of wood found during an excavation in Greenland could contain the truth: the certainty of Viking navigation Schlund believes that the piece originally looked like this and that the Sun at different times of the year would cast a shadow along the carved lines in the wood the curved line fits the movement of the sun during a summer day in Scandinavia the curve is relevant to the sixty degrees north latitude we have been experimenting with We asked Ruud to run it on the computer and they fit quite well with 60 or 61 North, which is the line that saved from Canton through Greenland.

There are others who do not believe that the lord and Tear Salon can base their claim on a Viking sun. Compass prepared to test the theory asked the forensic technical department of the Danish police to do an analysis. Carl, who closely examined the piece of Greenland wood, was most interested in the lines carved into the wood, whether they were accidental or made with a purpose. His conclusion is clear and simple. Pigeons, my conclusion from the investigation is that the lines were drawn on purpose, not randomly carved lions. pine SQ r a book from the late Viking Age, makes it absolutely clear that the Vikings had excellent knowledge of astronomical navigation, for example, they knew and used knowledge of a spherical world, they knew about the moon and tidal currents, and they could calculate the Time for Evan.

They flowed to any place on earth and described the quadrant that allowed them to measure the height of the Sun. They made tables for its declination day by day during the year and used the North Star for navigation. The stroke of the oars was their clock and measured the The distance they traveled in a few strokes, observed when passing a floating object, gave them the distance in time. Based on all this knowledge, they established distance tables for most European shipping routes, including in the Mediterranean, by comparing their numbers with modern satellite navigation, we can conclude that the Vikings' distance estimates were wrong by less from 2 to 4 percent.

The information and ream clearly show that Viking culture did not develop in isolation in Scandinavia for hundreds of years before this time, knowledge had survived and spread from peoples such as the Greek geographer Ptolemy active in the 2nd century AD. or reached the Vikings from the distant court of the caliph of Baghdad, but the experienced sailor would also use other signals for navigation: he knew that whales would appear as he approached Iceland and that the seabirds in the air indicated he was quite close to land after that flying birds brought it to land at the beginning of the 8th century.

Irish monks seeking voluntary exile to serve God landed on the remote island of Iceland. The stories telling of their arrival must have reached the Vikings in Norway and caused the first wave of emigration to the new land. The North Atlantic Vikings were known as the mid-ranking Norse chiefs were overtaken by others as the kingdoms of Slowly forming Scandinavia saw their opportunity to rule by finding a new land. I think it's useful to distinguish between the mentality of the bosses going out mainly to find a place where they could be bosses, almost all of them had lost power struggles somewhere further east, either in Norway, going to Iceland or in Iceland and then going to Greenland, I think for the other people Going with the chiefs, they were basically looking for land, looking for a better life, looking for a place where they could be more prosperous farmers, they brought their extended families, slaves and their animals to Iceland, a whole community agriculture relocated many of the early settlers.

There were also Nordic-Celtic intermarriages and some scientists claim that the Eastern European Slavs were also among the first at the beginning of the settlement period. Iceland had extensive forests, but within 50 years the land was cleared, possibly for timber, but more likely to clear the land for Pastoral anthropologist Tom McGovern of Hunter College in New York has examined the remains of early settlements in Iceland. It's easy to see the Viking colonizers from the North Atlantic coming in and essentially infecting these virgin lands with European insects and themselves and destroying the ecosystem. It is quite clear that when the Vikings crossed the North Atlantic they carried with them a number of ideas in their heads about what they wanted in terms of an ideal farm: it certainly included pigs, cows, sheep, goats, horses, the whole mix with which They had grown for thousands of years ago in Europe, when they introduced this pack into the North Atlantic, it had impacts, it caused deforestation, it caused the loss in many cases of grass and the opening of erosion, but another part of the Viking settlement strategy was that people who arrived later were forced. renting their animals to the pioneers, who in turn became richer and politically stronger for the newcomers, it was also difficult to gain access to fertile lands and many of them probably thought about moving to new virgin territories;

It was still a hard life in Iceland At the threshold between ancient pagan religions and the promises made by Christianity, some would not abandon pagan traditions, such as eating horse meat, committing infanticide, or adhering to pagan funeral traditions. The remote colony had an option, but it had no wood available for the houses and the ocean. The warships a trade pact with Norway that depended on the Norwegians' demand that those landed here for Christendom was inevitable, but on Icelandic farms were told stories of distant lands cited by brave sailors for many young Norsemen, the stories and sagas created dreams of a different life. but they also describe the dangers of going further west the arne then spoke our journey will be thought out and considered since none of us sailed through the Greenland Sea despite this they set sail and sailed for three days until the land disappeared below the horizon They were harassed by north winds and fog for many days they did not know where they were safe Eric the Red, a low-ranking chieftain fled west after killing a man in Iceland.

His was the first attempt to colonize a new land further west after hard times on the ice were rewarded with a beautiful view in the years to come. Eric the Red, now the highest ranking ruler of a new land, sold his concept. of a green land to his followers creating an exodus out of Iceland, which was torn by religious and political disagreements but the first convoy that sailed to Greenland was badly hit. Of the 25 ships that left Iceland only 14 arrived at Eric the red settlement his promise of a green land was not a lie a thousand years ago the climate was much warmer than it is today and in the protected fjords the forests grew tall, the grazing areas were good and soon some 3,000 people occupied hundreds of new farms along along the southwestern coast of Greenland, as long as ships reached the southern tip of Greenland they could find shelter away from the herd. ice today a group of danish archaeologists are trying to paint a picture of harriel sness the community that grew up here they don't find many remains but one unearthed discovery is especially interesting what we believe we have found here is a house at the north pole. a construction in the shape of a ship without a wall towards the sea, so we believe that it is a house that they have built there, they built boats perhaps during the winter to have shelter from storms and things like that and we believe that this is one of the many houses of Norse boats in Greenland, so this is just the beginning of a larger project, perhaps this is also the shipyard, the dock where broken down ships could be repaired before attempting journeys further west for the Vikings, this was a world new and they still had to learn how to make the most of it.

Many things were new and surprising: the Inuit and Norse arrived in Greenland at about the same time the Inuit came north crossing from Arctic Canada. The meeting was probably a surprise to both and, although there were stories of hostilities, the meeting was most likely friendly, unlike the Norse, the Inuit already knew what arctic resources were their ropes made of sealskin, ivory of walrus tusks and the skin of seals and polar bears. Rope ivory in particular was a highly prized trading commodity that made the Greenland colony flourish and made European merchants willing to maintain regular contact, but Christianity grew stronger and even the pagan chief Eric the Red found himself forced to build a small church for his wife and we can only guess what was on the negotiating table, but the Norse, true to their commercial reputation, also made Christianity was a source of income by renting out their small churches to settlers who needed land consecrated for its dead.

Barney, a young and daring Norseman, once got lost at sea and drifted in the fog towards a land he did not know, but which he was sure was not Greenland. He had heard about his story of a land without name sparked the interest of other Nordic sailors one of them was Eric the Red Sun life Eriksson the currents and wind patterns near Greenland favor a trip to North America the ever-present fog is a problem but when sailing the currents, a ship would slowly approach Baffin Island. Leif Erikson called this arid land island, which means slab land because of its stony appearance.

They sailed south, found forests and the further south they became the taller with the trees he called. the position mark land the land of the trees animated by what they saw they continued they spent two days at sea with the northeast winds before seeing land they sailed towards it and reached an island in good weather they found jus in the land they collected in their hands and drank and thought they had never tasted anything like the sweet archaeologist Brigitta Wallace has followed in Erickson's footsteps in life finding the remains of his and other Norse expeditions to North America, she knows that the Vikings called their Newfoundland, Finland , the land of wine and she is I am convinced that the name reflects the discoveries they made searching for Vinland.

I think I really like to turn my map over and remember that we come from Greenland and here are lonely prairies in northern Newfoundland where I worked and I think Vineland is the entire coast. around the Gulf of st. Lawrence, the only remnant of a Norse settlement found in North America on the present-day Lanzi Grasslands, is most likely the original camp of the late Erikson, as described in the sagas. There has been a long debate about the accuracy of the saga accounts. The stories were written over 200 years ago after the original events occurred and details were no doubt lost or changed through oral storytelling over time, but enough can be verified through archeology to allow for a series of conclusions that the men dominated, but some women were present to do what was normal. female choice such as cleaning cooking how to maintain clothing we can also guess that the exploration team was made up of a strong leader an expert craftsman and several slaves the sagas also tell us that the trips were exploratory but that if they found the right place they would settle and They would establish a colony there, many artifacts found at the North site indicate that the ships were repaired there, they had arrived in their large vessels but carried smaller boats in tow, we know that the blacksmith was busy making new rivets to replace the corroded ones and to place new planks on the hull near the ship's repair site, archaeologists found chunks of corroded iron using X-ray photographs that revealed the old rivets inside, but one of the most surprising results of the excavations is neutron analysis of the jasper stone used to make fire. found in bedrock in Greenland, Iceland and North America were tested and compared to stones found in the ruins of Newfoundland, the building stonesThe next house originated in Iceland and fits well with the saga's description that Erikson's companions came from Iceland.

Butternuts found at the site indicate that the explorers had been in the inner parts of the St. Petersburg Gulf. Lawrence, which was the closest place to find these nuts, and the wild grapes that produced the much sought after wine, came from warmer climates on the tip of Newfoundland, the Norse must have started voyages to other places, it is not very likely that People as ambitious as they would have been content to stay in a very cold place in Newfoundland or in the northern places where there was sea ice half the year. Icelandic writer Paul Berry Thorsen's theories have sparked debate, especially his claim that the north sailed to the present day.

New York none of this has been corroborated in archaeological discoveries we know that there was an important Norse in Dorset and northern Newfoundland and I have a hard time seeing that they would continue as far south as New York already in the Gulf of San Francisco. . Lawrence, you get the most wonderful resources for a Norseman, why would anyone bother continuing to sail along the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia? It's still hard work today, a millennium later. Erickson Gunnar Morrow Edgerton's original voyage decided to sail the same distance from Iceland to Greenland and to North America, replicas of smaller ships joined him along the coast of Newfoundland to commemorate the Vikings' original voyage, but only the larger books could have sailed further, and as a sailor, Goona is convinced that he knows the mentality of the life of Erickson and his followers, their way of thinking is no different. that yours today we are always trying to go further and further, that is in the nature of man, for a Viking on a Viking ship to sail towards the tomatoes of Newfoundland and stop there would be something really stupid.

I think they were at least down. to New York I think they returned to Florida maybe Mexico when Gunnar sails into New York Harbor. He is certain that the sagas have accurately described this as one of the places that Norse explorers traveled to. Paul Barry Thorson is of the same opinion that New York Harbor is, I think, what they called hope, which means lagoon, actually what it is, and they told about a river flowing from the north, which the Hudson River calls Stephanie and her company sailed to the lagoon and called on land, there they found fields of themselves.

They planted wheat and vines on the hills, dug trenches along the high tide mark, and when the tide went out, there were sacred fish in them. Paul Berry Thorsen's conclusion is that the hops settlement could have been located in present-day Brooklyn and that the fish they found was the winter flounder. The sagas tell us about the Norse encounter with the Native Americans. The Norse spoke derogatory terms of the natives calling them scales, one of the passages in the sagas that are initially difficult to understand is why this grayling like the Native Americans went from happily trading with the Norse one day accepting strips of red cloth and buckets full of milk in exchange for votes for furs and then the next day they return angry. and they don't even talk they just start fighting and of course today we know what happened the screenings they went home and drank the milk from hunting and gathering people are lactose intolerant most of them couldn't digest the milk and they reacted like although they have been poisoned, I'm sure they assume they were and came back looking for revenge the next day, so I think that milk is certainly part of the reason why Scaling and Norseman got along badly in North America, there would be no coexistence peaceful with the Native Americans the Norse had no superior weapons and knew they were losing the battle it is very easy to say from the sagas that the Norse were afraid of the aborigines who were already in North America and why shouldn't they be, I mean they were outnumbered by the thousands Karlsefni and his men had already realized that although the land was excellent, they would never be able to live there safely or free from fear due to the native inhabitants, so they prepared to abandon the place and return home, but perhaps the attempt to colonize a new land was unfortunate from the start.

You can't start a new settlement with just a couple of people. They need hundreds and they didn't have hundreds to spare. The attempt to remain in North America continued. For possibly up to 40 years and although the sagas only mention five different voyages, we have reason to believe that many more ships sailed along these coasts. Returning to Greenland, these people soon faced a new problem: the climate had worsened and agriculture It became increasingly difficult for climate theory to explain the disappearance of the Norse in Greenland; It has been an accepted fact for a long time, but scientists are starting to question this theory, pointing more to ecological and socio-economic factors that added to the existing climate problem x' Danish scientist Nadja Mickelson is looking for new evidence.

There are many theories as to why the North disappeared from Greenland. One of them is that they actually caused heavy erosion in the area by overgrazing and cultivating the landscape, producing grass for their hosts' livestock and livestock, and what we want. What we want to do is see if we can prove that theory or disprove it by finding strong sand deposits and soil erosion in this area. Other evidence comes from bones left in the houses. We see evidence that the bones released were broken very finely and it seems that they have gone to the trouble of making this bone soup by extracting some good from the bones that we have at various sites in the western settlement area.

Cut dog bones sometimes gnawed in the upper floor layers of Norse houses in Iceland. and Greenland and other places normally didn't eat their dogs, but it seems that the last day is in these settlements that made everything happen, so we have evidence that something really bad happened in the western settlements: the end of the famine. It took its toll, more bodies ended up in Greenland cemeteries and people who died far away when Vinland North America were also returned to Greenland to be buried as Christians, had to be buried in consecrated ground. Now I'm walking over one of those What we think could be a church to my left you have the defense around the cemetery and to my right the ruins, but to be sure it's actually a church we have to dig as soon as we've found one tomb with a skeleton in We know that people have been buried here and we are sure that we have found them in a church in Copenhagen.

Archaeologist Jetta Arne Borg has teamed up with physician Niels Linear of the Panama Institute in the hope that her analysis can shed light on the last days of the Norse. in Greenland the use of tooth enamel for analysis provides some of the answers the oxygen isotope readings of the teeth made it clear that this climate change that we knew about from frozen drilling also directly affected the humans who live up there the bones also show signs of more infections and the possibility that people have become shorter perhaps as a result of malnutrition, which could indicate that living conditions do indeed deteriorate somewhat over the four hundred years of life in Greenland, but who Or what is to blame for this change in life in Greenland?

Animals contributed to survival problems. Nausea did not find the sand deposits he was looking for, so this seems to indicate that it was not the Norse who actually caused the soil erosion and that the decline of Norse culture here in Greenland was Their landscape was not caused by the overgrazing and the destruction of coal, but certainly the climate became colder and the fjords became blocked by more ice. Residents were unable to bring timber from Labrador or Norway and maintaining the ships was very difficult. What happened was that the ice lenders and the green lenders became increasingly isolated and increasingly reliant on other people's ships to reach them and it is a kind of terrible irony that these two initially great

seafaring

peoples ended up effectively without access to the sea due to its lack of maritime ships like the Scandinavian kingdoms.

Formed in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Viking Age came to an end in Europe, but the Norse in Greenland continued to live for another 200 years as they had for almost half a millennium and then suddenly disappeared, only green ruins left. , not a single Norse I don't think we need a catastrophe to explain why the north disappeared with a lower population. Slow and orderly immigration over a hundred or two hundred years could explain why the Norse settlements were abandoned. The Vikings in the Norse remained European until the The bitter end did not choose to live like the Inuit and survive in an arctic land.

For many of them, the last Viking journey was back to Iceland, Scandinavia or other European places where they would be comfortable and feel at home, but the Vikings had always left their mark. In shipbuilding, maritime navigation and naval language, the dragon had folded its wings but history will always remember the people who made the Viking voyages.