Elon Musk, ISS R&D Conference, July 19, 2017

Alright everyone, I hope you're enjoying your lunch. I must say it was a really exciting morning, but there is much more to come. It's amazing to me that many bold ideas are becoming actions and new players from our last panel. like Rubbermaid Maiden Space NIH and Katz and Burke, I said Rubbermaid, ah, okay, how are we doing? My boys are in trouble with that, thanks for that, okay, I hope that's the last word I want to say. Sorry about that Tupperware, I think. It's because Cindy was working very hard on the positive side of that, after she described her experiment, many of these players are investing in space as an achievable destination for research and innovation of human activity, she will join us in a few minutes someone who has played a major role in changing the equation of what we can achieve in space and on Earth by embracing seemingly impossible ideas;

However, before we introduce Elon Musk, we have an exciting announcement as we talk more and more about the addition of these innovative new users like Tupperware. conducting research not only to benefit life here on Earth but also to benefit businesses. Everyone in this room will be familiar with a company that will be the newest part of the Space Rd community. Please join me in welcoming Target Corporation as our new company. ISS User Target will launch an International Space Station research competition in the fall aimed at solving a global problem that is relevant to its industry. Please welcome Cindy Bhutto, who you previously saw on the Leo Marketing panel, to talk more about the Target Research Challenge.

Thank you. Craig, thank you, we talked earlier about our mission to use the International Space Station as a platform for innovation and seek to solve these big challenges. We are very happy to announce that the goal is to solve or understand more sustainable cotton production using the International Space. Station, this is a really important goal, is such a good partner from a social responsibility point of view that they have announced a number of long and short term sustainability goals and have also started looking at green innovation technologies, which we are doing now with this sustainability of cotton.

The challenge is that we are looking at the International Space Station as the platform to look at things like gene expression with seed, water and membrane technologies and remote sensing applications that could result in more sustainable cotton production and I bet you don't. They knew in today's world it takes around 700 gallons of water to produce one cotton t-shirt and what Target is doing is looking at their entire supply chain from a sustainability standpoint trying to learn something through this challenge. on the space station. the land for more sustainable production, so again we couldn't be happier. We are very happy to announce this partner.

If there is a website that you can see behind me that is already up, it will have all the details for this challenge. which will start in September, so stay tuned and again, we are very excited to announce this partnership with Target. We are pleased to share that through this competition, Target will significantly invest in space research that will enable new projects to fly to the ISS. Alright, I love that this is another big step in our nation's utilization and investment in space research. We are proud that casus has provided more than $100 million in non-NASA external funding for ISS National Laboratory research to date.

I'm excited to work with you and see groundbreaking new research headed to the space station. You can learn more online and all of you researchers and implementation partners will be looking for your ideas, so let's move on to the next long-awaited one. part of the show a conversation with Kirk Shireman and Elon Musk from a logistical point of view Elon and Kirk will answer questions after their talk, there are microphones placed on that side of the room and on that side of the room and I see them like this We will answer questions from those microphones due to audience congestion Elon Musk is a true visionary leader who has helped redefine multiple industries.

We are honored to have him join the ISS Rd Conference for the second time he has been with us. Also years ago in Boston, showing his commitment and passion for the International Space Station, he founded SpaceX in 2002. It is his third successful company after the innovative companies zip, and PayPal on May 22, 2012. Musk and SpaceX made history when a company launched its Falcon 9 rocket into space when an unmanned capsule vehicle was sent to the International Space Station with a thousand pounds of supplies for the astronauts, marking the first time a private company sent a spacecraft to the Station.

Since then, SpaceX has generated many important milestones and delivered hundreds of innovative experiments to the ISS from many companies and organizations in this room today, in addition to SpaceX, Elon, co-founder, CEO and project architect of Tesla, a company which is redefining the automated way of the industry when I think about innovation beyond borders. topic of our

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I can't think of a better representation of that concept in our generation, please join me in welcoming Elon Musk and ISS program director Kirk Shireman to the stage. Okay, I'm getting an indication that there was a slight delay in your transportation.

Second misstep, three strikes, I'm out, but I'm not going to take up your time. Kirk and Ilan will appear momentarily, come up on stage and start the conversation, thank you. In the afternoon we thought we'd start by making Gregg very uncomfortable, so I hope we were successful, where is Gregg? You know why? Okay, I hope I made Barry uncomfortable, so Ilan, thank you so much for being here today. Ilan traveled from the West. Coast this morning, so we appreciate you taking the time and coming here and talking to us. Bill hopes that all of us have had a pretty good

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so far, at least in my opinion, over a thousand people signed up for the first time.

So the ignition increases and there are a lot of people interested in space and low Earth orbit and the International Space Station and the work that is being done. Anyway, we're very excited about the work being done and excited to have you here today. Thank you so much. Valerie, so you were here several years ago, July 2015, not long ago, I guess two years ago, and you had a discussion like this with Mike Suffredini and a lot had happened since 2015 for Spacek, so can you talk about how? things have improved how they've progressed how you feel about how the industry has progressed and SpaceX in particular sure what I think we're entering a new era of space exploration that is extremely exciting and it's not just about base number of other companies that have developed new approaches, NASA is accepting their purchases, which is really exciting in the way contracting for space station resupply is done.

I think it's a great model that, frankly, should be adopted across government. I talked a little about this. at the governors conference and was actually using NASA's nasty cargo resupply contracting process as a really great model for government in general, you know where you have to compare years of fixed price milestones based on a Hotmail sensor that are mainly hardware oriented and then if one of the two competing companies does not reach the milestones, then the rest of the milestones are competed with another company and that is what happened with cargo replenishment. It started with SpaceX and Kistler Kisser made some progress but was not going to be close to being finished. and then there was some science competition for second place and they got a mission completion line and I was SpaceX and orbital to provide NASA with Kagra Space Station services and have a competitive dynamic, I think it's a very powerful to get a great result for NASA as a customer and I think it's just great, it was a great model very well executed and to the extent that that is applicable in other areas of NASA, the government I think there is the potential to a revolutionary progress at that point.

From a technical point of view, the most important thing that has happened in recent years, which I am very excited about and I think makes the difference for access to space, is the landing of the Falcon 9 booster rocket and, in the future, and yes Do you ever get a chance to go to the cave or Vanderburgh to see what I actually recommended? It's a lot of fun and there will be a lot of those flights because for the rest of the year we will have about a dozen checked flights. to go this year and then after landing on the reef you find that same booster with minimal work for the booster and we think we can get to the point where, in the not too distant future, the rate will probably be for the next year where the sakai groups can be reborn in 24 hours, so the key to this is that all you have to do is inspect and no hardware has been changed, not even the paint.

This is very important, so that's our aspiration for next year, obviously, while paying close attention to the mission. safety and reliability, but we think we have at least a technical path to achieve that and then the work I think was pretty close to being able to recover the fairing, so it forms a huge nose cone on the front of the Falcon 9 which is a cone five-point nose two meters in diameter, on which you can basically fit an entire type of city bus, and that's just that bearing with all its systems and the acoustic damping and the rating will last in a separation system of about five meters. or a six million dollar team and the analogy that I use with my team is like the guys imagine that we had six million dollars in a pallet of cash and that means that six million dollars is falling through this guy and what?

Would we try to catch him? I say we do it I say we try it, you know, worst case scenario it ends up at the bottom of the ocean, but maybe we'll catch it and then we'll pay you six million dollars. Let me know when Ed gets back with the cash, yeah. I mean, I'd like to try and you know it might also be a lot of gas because the car costs six million dollars, but I think we have a decent chance of getting the bearing back by the end of the year and possibly the flight already by the end of this year or early next year and that only leaves the alpha stage of the rocket, the upper stage to be about 20% of the cost of the mission, so if we make it through the stage and we go, we are about 80% reasonable and then I think We've put in a lot of quests, we may even bring back the second stage, so we're going to try to do that, although our main focus will be on the dragon for the next tick, Euler, next year or so. two spacecraft, which is what we will expect, which is a next-generation Dragon spacecraft with a Crew Dragon crew that has all the ecosystems and the ability to perform an onboard launch to orbit and perform an automated docking maneuver to get it make. it doesn't need to be both with the help of the arm, you can do a direct docking to the river and then that will be once it is operational, the new method of carrying both, call the ground staff to the space station, so if I say which It's our main focus is to make sure that we stay on track to get a station included, as we promised NASA in the middle of next year, that will be really exciting.

I think it will be great to get the public side up. Yes, it really has been a while since we lost astronauts. we so yeah we're all looking closer yeah and I would just like to thank the people at NASA for giving space an extra opportunity to do this and I just want a word of thanks for the working relationship with the NASA, which is excellent, in fact, that's it. governors last week who have known for a long time that my password was I love NASA that's really true you know they just gave it to all the hackers around the world yeah I hope I don't have some email accounts old electronic for more well, yes, you have to change this, let's intervene, yes, very good, so how come you talk a little bit on Commercial Crew?

How's that going? I know you know flying humans fly, there are more systems involved of course the risk is higher, yeah how is it progressing? um, you know, it's been a lot harder than the cars, for sure, yeah, it gets lost, it's not the kind of people in the picture, it's really a giant step to make sure that things go well, you know, and surely, the EDA. Oversight from the other side of NASA is much more difficult. It was thoughtthat technology. development field and then Rd, you know, I try to spend as much as we can on R&D in my companies, so we really maximize Rd.

I mean, I spent most of my time in engineering, probably 80% of my week is dedicated to engineering means, so We know that the money we get is income and we return it to Rd and part of it is longer term, yes, you know, like for example the vehicle for the bars, look some drinks and communication things from bars potentially with capacity and yes, but I. I'm a super priority site as the top five funniest things sound, so try to mark that up high here. Hello, my name is Chris Lafleur. I work in Congress for Representative John Conyers.

A couple of days ago I read that you talked about artificial intelligence and the dangers. about this and how, as a businessman, you are totally against regulation and things like that, but because you know a human being, you think it is essential that we get ahead of this issue. Yes, can you explain in more detail why you are saying that? we can't see and/or what you should do as a policymaker to, I guess, protect your own, uh, okay, well, I think it's hard to appreciate how far artificial intelligence has come and how far it is.

We move forward because we have a double exponential at work, we have an exponential increase in hardware capacity and we have an exponential increase in software talent going into AI, so whenever you have a double exponential it's great to predict that the predictions they will almost always be too conservative in terms of thinking of you beyond what you are, you know you start to see things like they seem like videos where you can pretty accurately simulate someone and put words in their mouth in the nevus, both they use Google if It's really quite amazing and then they had the so-called Generative Adversarial Network where two of them competed with each other to make the most convincing video so one would generate the video and then the other would identify where it looked fake and then that. that would be able to fix that and then go back and forth to the point where you can say which is the real video, which was the biggest and also there were some very public things like alphago defeating or being from kovai alphago, the vesko champion of blue balls, people thought that defeating go was never or was 20 years away, that the best go player in the world was defeated and now that same alphago system can defeat the top 50 players simultaneously with zero percent chance that win and that's a year later so the degrees of freedom to which artificial intelligence can be applied are actually increasing.

I think at 10:00 or 9:30 yeah, that's pretty crazy, so I think we're just starting out and this is on hardware that's not really suited for neural networks that you know, like a GPU, maybe they'll make you better. than the CPU, but something more than a chip optimally designed for neural networks is an order of magnitude that goes to the GPU and that is that there are a lot of optimized neural networks. The chips are coming out late this year or next year, so I think we should do that, but the other role of government is to make sure the public is safe, like addressing our public safety issues, and I think so.

I think the right step is to set up some government or agency that at first is just there to get information, so it's not about shooting from the hip and just putting rules in place before anyone knows anything, but you self-manage, you have a idea of ​​profit, once the internal is profit, then start applying rules. and the regulations that we have for the crafts that they prefer for cars, good for drugs, for food and I don't think anyone wants the FAA to go away or the FTA to give away or, you know, any of those regulatory agencies, so I think we just need to make sure people don't take shortcuts on AI safety, so maybe it'll be a big deal and come like a tidal wave.

Fine, thanks. Look here, ask the evening lions and I'm a film director and they're producers and I'm currently working on a documentary about future scenarios across humanity, which actually led me to this amazing conference where I can learn in big about my research in the area of ​​space exploration and in the previous three days there has been a lot of talk about what I think is an extremely beautiful phenomenon about this kind of dual philosophy behind space exploration and space solutions, about solutions that are returning to Earth and they can benefit humanity in a very, very wide area, and today we have been talking about the commercialization of the space area and it raises a lot of questions for me about the social responsibility behind gigantic companies that would probably take over how the space industry would develop in the near future, so I am very curious to know what it will look like in the long term. these kinds of people benefits or social goals for SpaceX and especially in the context that you are an entrepreneur investing in infrastructure and transportation, a difficult solution that would probably change the way most of us live and the way we We communicate with each other.

It's very curious how you view that in terms of long-term mission, long-term philosophy and what your advice would be or maybe some kind of reassurance signal to other of your colleagues and to all of us. I'm not sure I fully understand the question, um, yes or the answer, but yes, I'm thinking mainly of lower long-term benefits of the RNG efforts that your companies would undertake and that could actually also not only serve to build a service that can be useful for business type of people but also benefit societies in a broader context and also knowing that it will probably interest the business industry, even though it will probably develop very quickly and grow.

How do you see the social responsibility of companies that actually do that and where are the limits of what can be done and what should be done? In the same way that you think about, for example, open AI missions and areas of AI development, can you trace that that could translate into space and historical efforts? Well, I think there's a pretty big societal benefit or civilizational benefit to being a multiplanetary civilization, you know? it dramatically increases the likelihood of expansion of human civilization if we are a multi-planet species versus a single-planet species sometimes that's also interpreted more as if we should focus everything on Earth it's like well, you know, but we should focus on almost everything on Earth, but I think about whether it should be maybe 1% or 2% of our resources that are applied to making life multiplanetary because there are certain irreducible risks, so on Earth you know that it is possible that on In the future there will be some global war that will set many of us back. levels of technology, you know for a fact that if it were a major nuclear war, and it was, the general decline of societies over time we see this throughout history, we look at ancient Egypt, ancient Rome, you know they had repeated maximum technological levels and then for reasons. that's not obvious, it declined and you know something simply by being a multiplanetary civilization that has human bases throughout the solar system.

I think persuasive is very exciting and inspiring and it should be things that are exciting and inspiring and that make you look forward to it. waking up in the morning like there's a future is exciting, this is underrated, you know, it's tunnels, I'm sorry, I'm really sorry, and yes, but there has to be things that get you excited about life, so you can't just solve problems , you know, a meal was real. calm after calm it has to be like you're excited about the future it starts here's why and space is one of those things that makes people around the world you know when, when Apollo 11, when they landed on the moon , I'm serious. was something for all of humanity really was yes, so to speak, it feels like a television for 50 miles around, people walk 50 miles just to go get that television, but what should happen, then, in a sense, People think well, what about what? for the nations of the world like you know what fire inspires them and we need things like that without we are going to have a single OP, okay, thanks for here, hello, in quick questions.

I heard that the dragon is no longer planned to land propelled is true, yes, it was a difficult decision. The dragon is capable of landing so Greg is capable of landing propulsively and technically he still is, although you would have to land on a nice soft landing pad because we have removed the little legs sticking out of the heat shield, but technically he is still capable of landing. do it. The reason we decided not to do as much research is that it would have taken an enormous amount of effort to qualify that for safety, particularly for crew transport and Then there was a time when I thought that the Dragon's approach to landing on Mars (we have a heat shield on the base and side thrusters) would be the right way to land on Mars, but now I'm pretty sure it's not the right way. and that there is a much better approach and that is what the next generation of SpaceX rockets in spacecraft are going to do, so yeah, just the difficulty of safely qualifying the dragon's propulsive landing and the fact that from the point in view of the evolution of professional technology it was no longer so. in line with or we were sure it was the optimal way to land on Mars, that's why we're not pursuing it, it might be something we bring back later, but it doesn't seem like the right way to apply resources right now.

Tall, long, my name is Elia Overbee, I am a PhD student and I study genomics. We have all evolved together. We made many technological advances in the space system. My question is not about technology, but about biology, what are the main biological concerns? You have about human health on long-duration missions, such as a mission to Mars, and have you identified any solutions to these problems? Well I say Garten Mars is not for the faint of heart and it is risky, dangerous, uncomfortable and you could die now. Want? Wow, you know, what a lot of people answer will be Aldo and the person with scurvy.

Hell yeah, then you know there will be problems. I don't think it's a case where you'll be irradiated to death a long time ago. I don't think that's the case at all, you know, the radiation levels are more or less, at worst, now they're actually equivalent to smoking on the road. Smoking is bad enough, but I think with a little protection from water we can reduce a large percentage of the incremental radiation and that should be enough so that the kind of marginal risk of cancer is not something that is going to be a hindrance. spectacular.

That's my best review to date. There is a lot being learned about solar winds and fast particles and or not, and one of the things that I learned recently that I wasn't thinking of fully understanding is that I always thought that if particles from the Sun, the type of solar wind, go directly up from the Sun, but they follow the magnetic field lines, so you can actually receive the particles from the side, even though it was kind of a directional thinking wall towards the Sun, so you need some protection, at least in a gallon, for four or four or more. five sides and if so, I think it's not something spectacular, but it definitely is, you know, if safety is your main goal, I would go to Mars.

You know there's a lot of work going on on the ISS right now to understand risk. humans for a long time, we are certainly in the Van Allen belts in the raging radiation environments, but it's all about understanding what happens to humans the longer they stay, so far we've had a bit of a human stay. more than a year and that's it, so in the history of the species they've had someone off the planet for just over a year and we're talking about three years to go to Mars, well, you know, I think you get the point. maybe maybe.

Sure, but it's over the years, you know, they're very early for things we haven't found yet, so we'll learn more as we go, hopefully we'll learn more before the ISS is ready, yeah. actually, here you know, Maz is just the same kind of approximate quadrant from the previous six months every two years, I mean a kind of Trance slightly off site because it's like a transfer quadrant, but if you can make the ship and from Mars within that six month window, you can reuse it twice as often, so there is actually a lot of merit in being able to get to Mars in less than three months, you get there quickly and you come back, where the jump makes a vehicle is larger. and refuel, so anyway, well, the interesting problem will be, I'm sure we'll work on it, yes, as we go, a lot of refueling in Earth orbit is not primarily oxygen, but the realities of the propellant are good for the word, for the propellant for fuel moreoxygen. professor, I guess the profit prop load will have to be diverted, we will have to invent a new word, so I answered well, a question here Dimitri, the star, perform in Los Angeles first, thank you very much for digging those tunnels, they will be very useful during Olympics, my question is: What Tesla cars will we see you writing the crew module to Isis and vice versa thinking that I would like at some point, I would like, yeah, I think making things work, you know, I would like, yes, maybe three three? or four years something yes great okay we will put it in a manifesto okay the next question here hello I'm Ana Sofia the bag arrived and I have a kind of follow-up to the biology question from before is one thing to say Obviously, going to Mars is not It will be a safe experience, but there are some essential technologies, especially we are looking to put humans there permanently, that will have to be developed with biological capabilities, talking about flight. it adapts to habitats, eventual artificial biospheres for people to live in.

Do you think your company will play a role in developing those technologies? Do you think biology has a place in X space work or will it be outsourced to other unrelated companies? Before you answer, you should know. That NSF was here a competition of genes and space and he flew on a SpaceX Dragon and it's a way was that SpaceX 10, when was that SpaceX 8, so and very smart lately? I think, in fact, I think she's smarter than me in high school and then that. Anyway, now I have good luck with your answer, okay biology, UPS has an important role to play in any kind of permanent space or city on Mars.

Yes, I'm serious, for spacex 16 we're trying to make sure we can get people there reliably. a cost that they can pay and get cargo, they are a number of covert operations, you know, because in the business there is a kind of threshold cost per ticket or cost per ton of service and mars below which a self-sustaining city can be developed and above which It may not be that that kind of critical economic and technical threshold is what we are focusing on at SpaceX, but we will probably have to do some fundamental work at Alec Depot, basically a propellant plant on Mars, but our intention is let them know that they don't.

We don't want to get in the way of what others are doing, we want to make sure that, say, if someone makes an investment and wants to do something creative on Mars, knows a business or does some scientific endeavor that SpaceX doesn't compete with. you know, because they need to feel good, we're not going to come in and arbitrarily compete with them, we want to make sure that they feel like there's going to be a fruitful environment for dinner and going there. do something special, so our focus will be some kind of fundamental utility transportation, survivability and we know and we will do more if we need to, but we want to make sure that a lot of people can go and do all those things on Mars or the moon and I feel like SpaceX is going to do anything but try to help them.

We don't, we don't interfere or compete. You know, they must feel the opportunities there are. The next question is here. Hi Yvonne, my name is Tracy. and I am not here for any reason related to my career or my area of ​​study. Actually, I'm here as a very calm and slightly authoritative mother to my ten-year-old daughter Harper and a sister to my 14-year-old son. brother Ben, who are in the audience today and who think of you the same way I guess I thought of Madonna at the same age. I praise you in that spirit. I wanted to get your advice on how to do that with kids who are very interested in space, engineering and entrepreneurship, thanks, sorry cara, engineering and entrepreneurship, what's your advice?

Well, yeah, well, you know there's a lot of technical problems to solve, so I guess, as you know, we started studying engineering and physics and Biosciences and I thought that would be the way to go, yeah, a lot of poems to solve to make for a city to function on Mars. We were thinking of it as kind of a semi-joke by putting a folded scripture on our website. for urban planning in parentheses Mars, but if this is to be emphasized, it is not a problem solution, it will be that there was a lot of building and problem solving, so those who like the right skills to work if anyone is interested in go beyond Earth. or you know the space and the channel, thank you, we're glad you're here, I'm glad your kids are here for their future for all of us, so thank you for coming to watch here.

Hello, my name is Gerard from NASA Johnson. Space Center and my question is in your search because Mars, do you foresee using expandable spacecraft modules as a stepping stone or even an eventual organization? Well, I think there will definitely be inflatable things on our own Mars, you know, on the trip there. There may be some that are not as playable, but we are currently not establishing that it should be Mars. I think there would be quite a few, yeah, okay, thank you, inflatable and maybe just building it with the materials that are, yeah, ready, pray exactly for the local materials.

You don't have to take it with you, yes, no, you have to take that tunnel, the drilling machine there, although everything will be fine now. The ground ones are very heavy, very heavy, well built by aerospace engineers. I'm not worried about waiting for the tunnel boring machine, actually it's like waiting for one that's nice and heavy, but the one on Mars, you'd have to redesign it to be super light, that's complicated and I'm just taking into account the different conditions on Mars. Yeah, realizing that, you know, the Curiosity rover and the tires chewed up by the sharpness of the dirt and gravel, it's a very foreign environment for us and even in very subtle ways, so yeah, see you next time. ask.

Hello Alan, my name is Pricilla Chandra. I am a regenerative medicine scientist at Wake Forest University. My question is about her company near a link that creates brain-machine interfaces. So what do you think this technology is? How is it useful to humans when they are? Do you know how to go to low Earth orbits or even deep space exploration? Do you have any plans in that direction? Well, the reason I want to create a neural link was mainly to offset the existential risk associated with artificial intelligence. I think we will. Hear intelligence no, we won't be able to beat AI, so if you know the saying, we can't beat them, join them, so having something is kind of exciting, wait to link, you know, mass human will with The result of AI being an extension of the individual human being, that's really the point of the neural link now down the road.

I think it will be very good for addressing any brain damage that is as a result of a stroke or injury or something like that. congenital or just memory loss when you get old that kind of thing and you know, I'll have velvet long before it becomes some kind of brain AI, some buying situation, so if we play it, you'll see it coming, everyone who won . No or what happened suddenly Betty, do you think it increases the long-term relevance of human exploration and yes, I think it does, but for me it has increased my long-term motivation that it's not just necessary. to be made by robots, you know, yeah, if that answers your question, that's your question, oh yeah, okay, let's say maybe there's one more question here and we'll summarize it here on the left, okay, hello , caller from the space nation as we are building the first global training program in Estoril for everyone.

My question relates to: did you tell about the unstable International Space Station before and how is it a shame that it is not better known around the world, probably compared to, for example, the shuttle program? And thinking that in the future we will need thousands and more space pioneers, so how do you see the importance of this public commitment and especially at a time when we have more and more tools to do it? Do you have specific plans for that and how do you see that affecting acceleration? Isn't that kind of effect for the transition of all humanity into space and under the new space age?

Well, I think more and more human spaceflight will automatically attract the public, since you point out that in dealing with the space shuttle there was a lot more engagement when the space shuttle launched. I think if public policy is some path, even if it's long-term, where they themselves can go further or to the Moon or Mars, I think their level of interest increases dramatically and they may not even want to go, but they have a son or a daughter or another brand that really wants to do it and they want to support their friends and family in that ambition, but ultimately it really needs to be something that looks like it could be accessible to a large number of people and then I think we will achieve that a lot of people get involved and one of the things about participation I also think for the U.S.

Anyway, we'll have it. People launch it from the United States. Oh, absolutely, I can't tell that to young people around the world. He said, "Oh, you know, you guys are still flying. Well, absolutely never stop flying. Yes, we've had people live on board. Is that you? I've known for almost 17 years and you don't see the smoke in the fire, Right? I see those days when they knew eternal television and there's a ferry going and it has seven people on board and they watch it and today at least in the to us it's half a world away, you know, here within. one week starting Friday we're launching three people yeah but it doesn't feel the same as if it's happening in our backyard and yeah in Florida absolutely so we're looking for that to happen very soon here in the.

USA and we wish you the best of luck. Well, thank you very much for being here today. Thank you for joining the conference. We are a big part of the ISS and a big part of the research and development that continues on the ISS. , so thank you very much. I'm glad you were able to help. Thank you for having me. I would like to send my thanks as well for the incredibly insightful and frank discussion you have. I've had it with the group, so we really appreciate it and in conclusion, since we're at the ISS R&D conference, I loved your quote of I don't think people understand how cool it is, so I hope that Let's all go and spread it. that word and the tunnels are cool too, I appreciate it, we're running a little late so if you're going to the technical sessions, if you could quickly walk over to them, we'll start them as soon as the rooms fill up and for those of you who go to attend the Congress reception which will begin at six o'clock this afternoon in the Rayburn House office building and then we will start again tomorrow at 8:15, so thank you very much everyone.