El Renacimiento - La época de Miguel Ángel y Leonardo da Vinci (1/2) | DW Documental

St. Peter's Square with St. Peter's Cathedral, better known as St. Peter's Basilica, a monumental and magnificent building with large statues of apostles that look like idols, it is the most impressive monument of the Renaissance. The colossal arcades of columns recall ancient temples. The Basilica. St. Peter's is the largest church in the world, just a few generations before his time it would have been impossible to build such a building, no one would have been able to plan and organize the work, no one had the necessary knowledge of mathematics, static physics, it simply would not have been possible then. mid 16th century artists and scholars gained prominence the renaissance had arrived human beings achieved what for more than a thousand years seemed impossible in just four generations they had the knowledge to carry out gigantic projects such as St.

Peter's Basilica as if a turbocharger will accelerate the development of Europe the driving force was men like Michela

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o Buonarotti universal geniuses who found solutions to all problems that made what seemed impossible a reality his work is effective to the present but what is his secret the secret of an era in which that the world seemed to change that of the Roman Renaissance 1547 he stood out among the multifaceted of the Renaissance Michela

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o Buonarotti in the construction work of St. Peter's Basilica, probably the largest in Europe, he was a master builder, architect and artist in one person now He is already 72 years old but he is still a man driven by ambition Michelangelo was a titan of the Renaissance he was a painter sculptor architect incorrect researcher ingenuity a universal scholar one of his works became an icon of an entire era and he himself became the prototype of modern man who entered the world scene with the Renaissance, perhaps Michelangelo's David, the most famous sculpture in the history of art, men like Michelangelo were the managers of an era in which art and culture, knowledge and technology were they developed almost explosively florence 1501 michaelangel surprised his contemporaries with works that bordered on the miracle in a 12 ton block of marble david had to sculpt a task in which two sculptors had previously failed for michaelangel it was the beginning of an obsession during For three years he worked continuously on the five-meter-high sculpture, the first monumental statue of the High Renaissance and his David is a statement with him Michelangelo managed to create a human figure in the pose of a god, men equal to gods, something like the creed of his era in the renaissance the image of man changed completely at the end of the 12th century pope innocent 3 had said man is excrement slimy excrement a despicable being and the sin of man according to the medieval concept is visible in man during the renaissance it can be feel bored with this pessimistic image of man in the Renaissance there was the concept that man is practically like a god in his creation endowed with reason and powers and how his image can practically become a god just ten years after the completion of the David Michelangelo completed his bassinet for Dad's funeral monument July 2nd He also has superhuman dimensions An enraged prophet with swollen veins and a formidable figure This is how the gods were represented in ancient times Michelangelo learned from the masters of antiquity but he did not teach them copy the renaissance is more than the revival of antiquity men like him created something new they continued to develop the technique and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans although the renaissance will not find a work of art that simply copies an ancient work of art the factor Decisive is that the Renaissance not only rediscovers the critical spirit of the Greeks, for example, and confronts the science and learning of antiquity as they continue to develop it by inventing something fundamentally new and reaching the ancient giants who were originally their teachers a work of the renaissance boticelli's spring one of the most famous works of the west the school of raphael of athens glorifies ancient thought or

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's mona lisa an icon of its time for more than 1000 years it was forgotten the art of capturing the spatial world of a realistic manner on a flat canvas a quantum leap for architecture the renaissance rediscovered central perspective emphasized symmetry architecture based on antiquity was one of its themes the art of building enormous domes had been forgotten in the middle ages and was rediscovered in the renaissance however the renaissance was not limited to art thanks to the invention of double entry accounting businessmen now knew what funds they had available and when the result the wealth of the new rich flowed into the pockets of the gifted an investment program For scholars and artists, so much had never been invented in such a short time, new machines were built and the machine man was studied.

It was the rise of anatomy and man now controlled time and wore it for the first time in the watches that were in his pocket. but from then on they also measured the orbits of the planets the stars showed sailors the way adventurers discovered new trade routes the known world tripled in size skip fine and there is probably no other place in the world where it was discussed So many and there were so many participants in large rounds of conversations, new things were invented one after another, the printing press began a new form of communication that was accepted by a large part of the population, academic elites, even clergy, of course, they could exchange ideas and in this way find things. new and innovative however what were the triggering factors of this state of emergency in history what were the ingredients of this explosive development because men like Michelangelo suddenly mastered in knowledge techniques that had been lost for centuries ah time jump rome In the century for the Romans, the construction of St.

Peter's Basilica would have been a perfectly feasible task at that time and this is demonstrated by the Roman Forum, the seat of power of an empire that ruled over the entire Western world and exported its lifestyle. Rome- dictated the art, culture and architecture of an entire era at that time a million people lived in Rome' 20 times more than in one of the largest cities of the Renaissance London however the splendor of Rome' was based on the oppression of millions of slaves entire nations were subjugated for centuries the military machine of Rome managed to keep the empire united however then the barbarians the tribes of the Germanic Goths and Vandals took the lead in the 5th century the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist rome- capot mundi the capital of the world the metropolis of a million inhabitants fell into decline the dark ages began the knowledge of antiquity was lost knowledge in all areas especially in engineering and architecture in mathematics and physics the ruins of antiquity became quarries A few generations after its collapse, no one was capable of doing anything comparable.

Already in 330, the Roman emperor Constantine had moved his capital to the Bosphorus. Constantinople became the new center of the empire. Later, the empire disintegrated into a western and an eastern part until In the 15th century, this Eastern Roman Empire was preserved as an ancient island on the shores of the Bosphorus. More than half a million people lived there. They called themselves Romans and Romans. Their emperors felt at the same level as Caesar Augustus. Constantinople was the second Rome. and its patriarch the head of orthodox Christianity and constantinople was the backup of antiquity its scholars were leaders in all faculties eastern rome was the bastion of antiquity in a medieval world until then no one had been able to conquer this metropolis on the shores of the Bosphorus, however, a seventh of the population were merchants from Genoa, pizza, and the Republic of Venice, the so-called Latins, a wealthy minority unpopular among the Eastern Romans who had a reputation for being arrogant and controversial.

At the beginning of 1171, riots occurred in the neighborhood. Genoese in the Pera district Emperor Manuel the First with menu accused the Venetians of being troublemakers as a consequence Venetian merchants were arrested, imprisoned and their property was confiscated Venice defended its compatriots in vain It was the beginning of a decade-long conflict that finally ended in a catastrophe for Constantinople because the conflict culminated in a crusade that would go down in history as the fourth. They did not fight against people of another faith but a war of Catholic Christians against Orthodox Christians. On the night of April 13, 1204, the resistance of the imperial troops for three days the city was sacked by the crusaders many inhabitants were abused, raped or murdered this played a great role in the development of the renaissance that will collapse byzantium that will be ruined by the west itself in the fourth crusade that later fell into the hands of the empire Ottoman and that many scholars fled to Italy taking manuscripts and that they would then try to incorporate new values ​​texts new ideas to a culture that they considered barbaric that was an innovative impulse of unknown magnitude works of incalculable value accumulated in the libraries of constantinople all the knowledge of the Antiquity, hundreds of scholars and artists abandoned the desecrated city and fled to the West.

In their luggage there were valuable books. The scholar Manuel Crisol Horas was one of them. The Chancellor of Florence offered him a professorship at his university. He also sent Crisol Horas a list of works. ancient that I desired in this way the techniques of ancient artists were rediscovered in the West movement frozen in marble a liveliness and realism unknown in the Middle Ages ancient frescoes inspired painting also reached the West ancient works of engineering this unleashed a wave of technical innovations were taught again the ancient ideas of the movement of the stars and the sciences especially mathematics and physics experienced an unexpected boost after centuries and then European peaks learn from various advanced cultures learn from the Greeks from the Romans from the Arabs learn from Byzantium and also from the Indians the famous Arabic numerals actually come from India they develop something new from this yes that is to say they not only copy but they learn these things and disseminate them in printed form they discuss about it in a way that was not the case in any another culture florence 1410 a city state with 50,000 inhabitants as large as london and brimming with self-confidence this italian city was something like a silicon valley of the renaissance here knowledge agglomerated the elites of the east taught artists and scholars gathered plans for the cathedral of maria del fiore arose around 1300 ambitious plans because it should become the largest church in christendom a prestigious project larger and more beautiful than the cathedrals of pizza siena or milan and it was with a length of 153 meters the dome of florence today ranked in fourth place at that time it was number one with a diameter of 45 meters its dome is also a world record the work on the 4,000 square meter fresco initiated by the painter giorgio vasari who was praised as an artist biographer should be a competition for the last judgment of michelangelo however vasari's series of figures is lost in the height of the dome the viewer can barely see it 1,418 more than 100 years after construction began the cathedral was not yet finished, the dome was missing.

In the Middle Ages, no one had the knowledge to solve the static and technical problems. However, then Filippo Brunelleschi appeared. He was an architect and sculptor inspired by the ancient vaulted buildings of the Pantheon and Hagia Sophia. He had clear ideas about how he could carry out this ambitious project. Since Brunelleschi was also an engineer and inventor for the construction of the dome, he developed his own crane systems, new developments that would revolutionize construction technology. Brunelleschi's machines were a novelty in their time and were admired only for the rope that carries the loads. of stone, it weighed half a ton, it was 7 centimeters thick and 180 meters long.

Years later, the master builder obtained the exclusive right to manufacture a ship with a crane system. It was the first patent in industrial history. Filippo Brunelleschi managed to rediscover perspective. central a technique that had been largely forgotten since ancient times a geometric construction system for representing realistic three-dimensional views thus took the construction work out of his head to represent it on paper and provided a visual basis for the discussion that is the birth of architecture the central perspective also inspired painting the paintings became realistic projections of reality the artists captured the viewer in a spatial world as if it were part of the stage the Renaissance paintings achieved a proximity to reality hitherto unknown the rediscovery of the Perspective was a powerful engine of progress in the small and competing states of Italy, especially Venice, Milan, Florence and Pisa, the architects of the Renaissance.They became those who earned the most, they were not anonymous as in the Middle Ages, but rather celebrated and pampered elites, the Venetian nobles had palaces built in the new style, the Swiss architect Antonio Contino planned and built the Bridge of Sighs, one of the most photographed motifs of the world this new architectural style became an export success the city hall of zurich a masterpiece of the late renaissance one hundred years before the sculptor and master builder antón y sherman built one of the most picturesque examples of the italian renaissance the city hall of the Swiss Lucerne symmetry and, borrowed from antiquity, a clear system for the arrangement of columns arches and domes architecture gardens sculptures formed an integral masterpiece I wanted to please decorate serve the pleasure of men and not the praise of God the art of age media was essentially a religious art this can also be seen in the fact that the artists are practically unknown to us it was common to sign some things but we often talk about the master of such and such work because we do not even know his name in the renaissance it also occurs an authorization art is freed from religious themes it returns to everyday life it also describes everyday life much more precisely if we think about the central perspective it is about describing everyday life accurately and suddenly powerful and extraordinarily self-confident artists appear Even those who confront the most powerful set conditions that are extended by the powerful, a Michelangelo, for example, an artist who can surely impose certain points on the table.

In 1347, the plague broke out in Europe in England, taking away around 45% of the population in seven months. finally there were hundreds of thousands there is no other comparable catastrophe in history after that nothing was like it was a trauma that was processed in art the plague changed the world finally even the man himself solutions lynn marc tip this refusal the plague not only had a impact on the culture and arts of the renaissance the assets of the dead passed into the hands of the survivors and whoever survives will see life with completely different eyes 1 day let's enjoy our days let's have the best time possible maybe also surrounding ourselves with fine arts the other will come out to his accounts with God balance his eternal account and will do something for his salvation as a medici who builds a complete church the truth is that the plague deeply influenced the meaning of people's lives the motto of the renaissance was live in this world enjoy of your life that did not exist in the Middle Ages' naked bodies everywhere beautiful people in paradisiacal landscapes open eroticism the last judgment of Michelangelo the armies of heaven naked whose genitals could be seen a revolution in Florence the plague wreaked havoc alone a fifth of the inhabitants survived the black death the plague also changed the distribution of wealth promoted a new species magnates people who were unimaginably rich families like the medicis merchants bankers despised in medieval feudal society were now the designers of the new era time travel to the year 1400 25 the sculptor donatello and his patron cosimo de medici the first great patron of the arts a great banker a secretive tactician and strategist with practically empty methods he was one of the richest men of his time his money gave impelled the development of the art and architecture of Florence and was the initial spark of the Italian Renaissance ah, however its success would never have been possible if it had not been for a small invention that had revolutionized banking, a simple formal financial instrument became a catalyst Two accounts were kept, the credit account with income and the debit account with expenses.

Probably the first complete double-entry accounting can be proven in 1340, Genoa accounting ledgers with income and expenses of the government, the owner of the company. account knew at all times how large his capital was he could compare his financial past with the present the medici were bankers they granted loans they registered secure letters of credit for travelers redeemable in many countries the precursors of travelers checks were global players cosimo de medici won enormous sums of money and spent the 600 thousand florins again until his death more than 250 million euros in taxes donations to the needy constructions and art a whole troop of creative architects and artists depended on his financial drip who beautified his life the medici palace It is a splendid setting of Renaissance art.

It is hard to believe that Cosimo ordered the architect not to make it too magnificent so as not to arouse the envy of the other patrician families. The Medici also invested in their salvation and paid for the construction of a new church, the Basilica. of san lorenzo as a patron cosimo medici promoted the careers of artists and something that until then had never existed the cult of stars this star is born in an intellectual environment in a market full of competition where creative humanists artists of all kinds are often promoted very well paid by patrons who also expect the glory of these artists and more splendor for their cuts and the imagination increasingly comes to the foreground instead of the real ability of the painter of the sculptor and in this way in a competitive market some figures emerge prominent whose ranks were known then as we know them today this means that the artist has despised human genius would have been a particularly common phenomenon and donatello one of the first great artistic personalities of the renaissance was almost 60 years old when he presented cosmo medici with the designs For his David the conqueror of Goliath it was his most important work, a brave work because Donatello's David is naked just a few generations before, ancient statues were destroyed only because they represented naked people Donatello's David is the first sculpture of a naked human real size since ancient times without a doubt medici donatello were aware of the revolutionary nature of this work andas a andrey culture since unlike other cultures the renaissance was not afraid of representing naked or almost naked bodies this was of utmost importance for the development of Medicine cannot practice anatomy without showing naked people.

This was crucial for the advancement of another perspective of man who is no longer perceived only as something fueled by spirits and controlled by the stars but as a machine that mechanically functions an organism in organisms before. by Donatello no one had dared to represent a discovered human body this was as unusual as his interpretation Donatello's David is not a muscular figure but a somewhat feminine looking man fascinatingly realistic however where does Donatello's knowledge about the body come from human, with the enthusiasm of the early Renaissance for the ancient world, interest in anatomy grew, practically there could be no artist, sculptor or painter of the Renaissance, who had not studied at least theoretically the human machine, the illegal trade in recently deceased bodies flourished, however, due to mistreatment of corpses there were many places draconian punishments but curiosity triumphed over fear probably Donatello had also dissected corpses as well as Albrecht Dürer Michelangelo or Leonardo Da

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one or two generations after him however already in the time of Donatello in the early Renaissance the structure of the human body was already well known in artistic circles knowledge that created completely new and real illustrations of man men like Donatello were mostly artistically gifted scholars or learned artists and as fate would have it, Donatello's interpretation of the Old Testament hero will fall short. much the popularity of another sculpture of David from the Renaissance that also emerged in Florence, Michelangelo's David, 5 meters high, a monumental statue with the attitude of a god half a century after Donatello, it is a symbol of the self-confidence of the new man the renaissance man the eruptive aspect of the renaissance is that people become aware of their strengths and abilities in a new way and that they display tremendous energy there is a tremendous increase in human self-esteem in the middle ages the illiteracy rate was higher At 90 percent the few who knew how to read and write were almost exclusively men of the church they were the ones who produced books they owned and treasured the life's work of a copyist between 10 and 15 books this makes them incredibly valuable at that time a book cost the equivalent of a farm for spears in favor example a beautiful codex a bible requires the sacrifice of an entire flock of sheep a book can be purchased gradually for a cheaper price that means that reading is democratized knowledge becomes accessible for each time more people and therefore more and more people can participate in scientific discussion in scientific discussions about innovations this is the only way to explain that europe becomes the continent of innovation to a much greater extent than any other continent on earth but The men of the church not only copy but also change in this way they falsify the sources giving their vision as the word of God this gave them power however in the Renaissance the monopoly of knowledge finally falls, one of the most important bastions of the church a sense of truth and search for sources arises and this of course comes from access to sources and one begins to analyze these sources with the old classical principles of source criticism and dare to do something and no longer simply accept the classical legends of the church mainz 1450 his invention is perhaps the most significant in a thousand years but we don't even know what johannes gutenberg the mainz book printer was like his achievement was that he combined the already known processes of reproduction and printing into a comprehensive system in essence it is the hand casting instrument with the help of which the letters of the printers could be cast individually faster and finer ultimately the invention of modern letterpress printing and with it the birth of mass communication yesterday and Today the same principle, people multiply opinion, thereby also changing the value that people gave to information in the Renaissance, the printed word was worth more because it was read in writing, the book printing press was truly of epic importance and Gutenberg was probably the only person who left behind the greatest consequences in the history of the world in a thousand years, reading spreads more and more and the great scientific innovations, the religious revolution, that is, the reform, would not have been possible without the printing press in the first 60s.

Years after the invention of the printing press, 400 biblical editions appeared in vernacular languages. At the same time, the number of lay people who knew how to read and write increased. More and more people now had direct and immediate access to biblical texts. The word of God. The Renaissance man. he feels close to god he feels himself becoming god that could not have been said in the middle ages' it would have been considered a blasphemous phrase people invoke the bible and say we are creations of god god made us in his image we are practically little gods god is closer to man in the renaissance than he ever was in the middle ages' however not books but leaflets were the main business of printing presses they were affordable cost the wages of two or three hours of a worker anyone could print flyers and thus publish their opinion verses drawings dominated three themes sensations and miracles religious instruction and finally political and military propaganda illustrated flyers also developed the first forms of caricature they served as a so-called opinion or warning comparable to today's social networks They served a basic need the massive dissemination of one's own opinion are from the Renaissance the leaflets the literature that is printed very quickly that is printed tomorrow in Nuremberg spreads very quickly and the day after tomorrow it reaches Zurich and therefore the information becomes much more fast and it is also more difficult to control.

It cannot be stopped by a censorship of the church that says what is correct because the flyer has already been distributed a long time ago, that is, one understands the enormous impulse of the free thought of the Renaissance just by observing the media printed history and in particular flyers mass communication generates a new type of man the star its creator is giorgio vasari the same painter and architect but above all biographer of the most dazzling actors of his time the artist was especially impressed by

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also portrayed raphael or michelangelo leonardo was unconventional a very gifted prodigy of creativity strange with a vanity that bordered on the grotesque who was not afraid to declare his homosexuality bashary was the first to coin the term ruins and this rebirth and give to its artists that limbo that turned them into stars in the highlight of society already built in vilte built the image of an artist that did not really correspond to the real life of that time most of the artists were artisans is what a great number considered himself and how others considered them, but Bashary constructs the genius and thebizarre madman who is overcome by ideas he constructs an image of the artist that seems strangely familiar to us today he constructs the modern artist the painter holbein was the first to portray his family the painter princes botticelli and albrecht dürer even portrayed themselves the self-portrait became the expression of a new self-confidence and finally Rafael and Titian were the first painters to sign their paintings another step towards the self-understanding of a star the greats of art were suddenly famous in their world something unthinkable 100 years before the titans of the renaissance especially leonardo da vinci michelangelo were celebrated courted and paid like kings also around 1300 glass blowers venice invented the convex mirror an underrated invention since compared to the mirrors of antiquity the venetian variant provided a image practically undistorted and bright most people of the middle ages probably saw their face at most blurry like a reflection in water the glass mirror allowed human beings for the first time to see themselves well perhaps that is why the man of the renaissance was more self-aware than the man of the middle ages, self-confidence and pride in one's own achievements were no longer sinful and humility was no longer modern, also the man who raises his head and walks erect and that he is endowed by God with this upright walk that uses his intellect as a special gift from God.

Those are the new values ​​and of course humility continues to play a role, however it is behind the idea that we can achieve something and that God wants us to be able and to do it, but what is the secret of the titans of the Renaissance? They had a magic formula for their creativity. In any case, their brilliance reaches our times.